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62-446: The faculty of the college has had a distinguished leadership. The provosts of the college have included the writer James B. Hall, the painter and psychologist Pavel Machotka, filmmaker Eli Hollander and composer David Cope . In early years, the college community was famous for Friday-afternoon sherry hours and afternoon croquet matches on the quad , suggesting that "l'esprit de Santa Cruz" was not far from that of Oxbridge . Situated on

124-467: A bioactive component. They are made of inert materials like stainless steel (such as the stainless steel ring (SSR), a flexible ring of steel coils that can deform to be inserted through the cervix) or plastic (such as the Lippes Loop, which can be inserted through the cervix in a cannula and takes a trapezoidal shape within the uterus). They are less effective than copper or hormonal IUDs, with

186-553: A tenaculum , and then use an insertion device to place the IUD in the uterus. The insertion device goes through the cervix. The procedure itself, if uncomplicated, should take no more than five to ten minutes. For immediate postpartum insertion, the IUD is inserted following the removal of the placenta from the uterus . The uterus is larger than baseline following birth, which has important implications for insertion. After vaginal deliveries, insertions can be done using placental forceps,

248-674: A " trip ." The Porter Dining Hall is one of five dining halls on campus and is known to host events throughout the year. Fridays during the hot months of the year, Porter hosts its "Patio Party", inviting students across campus to enjoy BBQ, "mocktails" and music. The closest dining hall is the Kresge/Porter dining hall in Porter College, with the Porter Market (previously known as the Hungry Slug, and before that

310-494: A 90% decrease in bleeding with hormonal IUDs. Cramping can be treated with NSAIDs . More serious potential complications include expulsion (2–5%) and rarely perforation of the uterus (less than 0.7%). IUDs do not affect breastfeeding and can be inserted immediately after delivery. They may also be used immediately after an abortion . The use of IUDs increased within the United States from 0.8% in 1995 to 7.2% from

372-499: A doctor's office (meant to be left indefinitely), and surgical removal is usually needed. Until the mid-1990s, the state-preferred IUD was a stainless steel ring, which had a higher rate of complications compared to other types of IUD. It gave rise to the idiom 上环 ( Shànghuán ) meaning "insert a loop". Nowadays, the IUDs include T and V shapes, the former being the most common and easiest to remove. To implement

434-636: A failure rate of about 0.8%, while hormonal ( levonorgestrel ) devices fail about 0.2% of the time within the first year of use. In comparison, male sterilization and male condoms have a failure rate of about 0.15% and 15%, respectively. Copper IUDs can also be used as emergency contraception within five days of unprotected sex. Although copper IUDs may increase menstrual bleeding and result in painful cramps, hormonal IUDs may reduce menstrual bleeding or stop menstruation altogether. However, women can have daily spotting for several months after insertion, and it can take up to three months for there to be

496-428: A longer inserter specialized for postpartum insertions, or manually, where the provider uses their hand to insert the IUD in the uterus. After cesarean deliveries, the IUD is placed in the uterus with forceps or manually during surgery prior to suturing the uterine incision. Generally, the removal is uncomplicated and reported to be not as painful as the insertion because there is no instrument that needs to go through

558-616: A mass Live-Action Role Playing, or LARPING . Nearby the college is Empire Cave (and others in Cave Gulch, across Empire Grade from the campus) and Porter Meadow, which are popular local attractions. Empire Cave is notable for being the endemic stomping grounds of the Empire Cave Pseudoscorpion , the population of these arachnids being so small and isolated as to be primarily threatened by intrepid explorers, foolhardy party-goers, and psychedelic nomads looking for

620-469: A meadow overlooking the Monterey Bay , Porter's original focus was on the visual and performing arts with a unique college major in aesthetic studies (including areas like criticism, creative writing, film, photography and crafts which were not covered by the more traditional boards of study). Porter has long been a center for fine and performing arts. The college complex includes three active galleries,

682-504: A naked "walkabout" where roughly 50 Porterians and students from Kresge and (then) College 8 walked the colleges naked in October 1989 in part to relieve the stress of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . The quake cancelled classes for days and UCSC students were left with little to do for distraction. Though Porter College's reputation is associated with outrageous parties, bohemian lifestyles, and uninhibited artistic expression, presently

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744-448: A pseudonym. In 2022, Cope published the book Ethics of Computer-Assisted Music . Cope argues that just as there are differences in the application of ethics and morals among diverse cultures across society, there are similar ethical complexities that exist within the field of computer music. Sources IUD An intrauterine device ( IUD ), also known as an intrauterine contraceptive device ( IUCD or ICD ) or coil ,

806-514: A regular or emergency method of contraception, copper-releasing IUCs act primarily to prevent fertilization. Emergency insertion of a copper IUC is significantly more effective than the use of ECPs, reducing the risk of pregnancy following unprotected intercourse by more than 99%. This very high level of effectiveness implies that emergency insertion of a copper IUC must prevent some pregnancies after fertilization. Emergency contraceptive pills To make an informed choice, women must know that ECPs—like

868-857: A result, they are used to treat menorrhagia (heavy menses ), once pathologic causes of menorrhagia (such as uterine polyps ) have been ruled out. In a 10-year study, the levonorgestrel coil was found to be as effective as oral medicines (tranexamic acid, mefenamic acid, combined oestrogen–progestogen or progesterone alone); the same proportion of women had not had surgery for heavy bleeding and had similar improvements in their quality of life. The progestin released by hormonal IUDs primarily acts locally; use of Mirena results in much lower systemic progestin levels than other very-low-dose progestogen only contraceptives . Regardless of IUD type, there are some potential side effects that are similar for all IUDs. Some of these side effects include bleeding pattern changes, expulsion, pelvic inflammatory disease (especially in

930-409: A side effect profile similar to copper IUDs. Their primary mechanism of action is inducing a local foreign body reaction , which makes the uterine environment hostile both to sperm and to implantation of an embryo. They may have higher rates of preventing pregnancy after fertilization, instead of before fertilization, compared to copper or hormonal IUDs. Inert IUDs are not yet approved for use in

992-589: A variety show. Porter is now also the home to several apartment buildings that are available to second year students and upper classmen. Currently, Freshmen and new Transfer students are not allowed to apply to live in the Porter Apartments. While personnel surveillance is strong in the dormitory and adjoining quad area, rarely do CSOs or RAs patrol the Porter Meadow. Consequently, the Porter meadow

1054-477: A wide range of books, which are often used as textbooks. New Directions in Music, first published in 1971, is currently in its 7th edition and is the standard text for contemporary music. In 2009, Cope was interviewed by the media in anticipation of the release of a CD containing music composed collaboratively by Cope and Emily Howell , a computer program. Cope has also published a series of detective novels under

1116-462: A wider range of sizes and shapes than hormonal IUDs. Disadvantages include the possibility of heavier menstrual periods and more painful cramps. IUDs that contain gold or silver also exist. Other shapes of IUD include the so-called U-shaped IUDs, such as the Load and Multiload, and the frameless IUD that holds several hollow cylindrical minuscule copper beads. It is held in place by a suture (knot) to

1178-402: A woman has not become pregnant and the uterus sheds its lining in preparation for the next cycle. IUDs tend to thin the lining of the uterus, leading to less menses by volume or a lack of menstruation altogether. There is a condition known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) which causes women to miss their periods and can lead to an increased risk of endometrial cancer. However, an IUD causes

1240-606: A worker's collective called Sluggo's Pizza) adjacent to the dining hall. The servery offers chef-customized traditional style entrees, signature salads, and pizzas. The dining hall is well known for having a variety of vegetarian and vegan options and also has a wonderful outside deck with a view of the adjacent Porter meadow and the Monterey Bay ocean view. 36°59′39″N 122°03′56″W  /  36.99424°N 122.06557°W  / 36.99424; -122.06557 David Cope David “Dave” Cope (born May 17, 1941)

1302-496: Is a small, often T-shaped birth control device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy . IUDs are a form of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC). Users are more satisfied with contraceptive implants such as IUDs than any other birth control method. IUDs are safe and effective in adolescents as well as those who have not previously had children. Once an IUD is removed, even after long-term use, fertility returns to normal rapidly. Copper devices have

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1364-552: Is an American author, composer, scientist, and Dickerson Emeriti Professor of Music at UC Santa Cruz . His primary area of research involves artificial intelligence and music; he writes programs and algorithms that can analyze existing music and create new compositions in the style of the original input music. He taught the groundbreaking summer workshop in Workshop in Algorithmic Computer Music (WACM) that

1426-419: Is labeled with the term intrauterine system (IUS). levonorgestrel levonorgestrel levonorgestrel -Prevents ovulation at times -Emergency contraception -Lighter periods after 3 months; some users experience amenorrhea Most copper IUDs have a T-shaped frame that is wound around with pure electrolytic copper wire and/or has copper collars (sleeves). The arms of the frame hold the IUD in place near

1488-427: Is no scientific agreement on whether using a menstrual cup increases the risk of IUD expulsion; more rigorous studies are needed. Unlike condoms, the IUD does not protect against sexually transmitted infections. Modern IUDs do not lead to infertility or make it harder for a woman to become pregnant, and fertility typically returns within days of removal. Some prior studies found an association between infertility and

1550-539: Is the primary spot for students smoking, drinking, or making noise in moderate to large groups. In the same vein, many students from this college take part in the First Rain yearly tradition, which is celebrated when the first rain of the Fall quarter falls. Students run naked through all colleges, much to the amusement of other students, to return to Porter College for warm showers. This tradition may have developed from

1612-534: The Dalkon Shield , an early IUD design which is no longer available. Modern IUDs do not cause increased infection, though the earlier Dalkon Shield may have, because it contained multifilament strings, which provided bacteria a space to grow and move up the string. IUDs manufactured after 2008 use monofilament strings in order to prevent this from happening. However, as with any medical intervention, IUDs can lead to increased risk of infection immediately after

1674-496: The blastocyst . The types of intrauterine devices available, and the names they go by, differ by location. In the United States, there are two types available: The WHO ATC labels both copper and hormonal devices as IUDs. In the United Kingdom, there are more than 10 different types of copper IUDs available. In the United Kingdom, the term IUD refers only to these copper devices. Hormonal intrauterine contraception

1736-593: The fundus of the uterus . It is mainly available in China and Europe. A framed copper IUD called the IUB SCu300 coils when deployed and forms a three-dimensional spherical shape. It is based on a nickel titanium shape memory alloy core. In addition to copper, noble metal, and progestogen IUDs, women in China can get copper IUDs with indomethacin . This non-hormonal compound reduces the severity of menstrual bleeding, and these coils are popular. Inert IUDs do not have

1798-412: The two-child policy , the government announced that IUD-removals would be paid for by the government. IUD removals are free for women "who are allowed to have another child" (see one-child policy ) or "who cannot continue to have the IUD for health reasons." In the United States, the price of an IUD may range from $ 0 to $ 1,300. The price includes medical exams, insertion, and follow-up visits. Under

1860-546: The Affordable Care Act, most insurance plans are required to cover all forms of birth control, including IUDs, although they may not cover all IUD brands. Among birth control methods, IUDs, along with other contraceptive implants , result in the greatest satisfaction among users. A study found that female family planning providers choose LARC methods more often (41.7%) than the general public (12.1%). Mechanism of action Copper-releasing IUCs When used as

1922-545: The History of Art and Visual Culture department, and various spaces in the complex have frequently been used for musical, theatrical, and dance performances. It also features a koi pond and cherry tree garden. Although designed as a traditional dormitory with a centralized dining hall, Porter soon gained a reputation befitting their artistic background by staging outrageously bohemian parties, including Halloween , "Step on My Face", "The End" (initially understood as "The End of

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1984-513: The UK) work by releasing a small amount of levonorgestrel , a progestin . Each type varies in size, amount of levonorgestrel released, and duration. The primary mechanism of action is making the inside of the uterus uninhabitable for sperm. They can also thin the endometrial lining and potentially impair implantation, but this is not their usual function. Because they thin the endometrial lining, they can also reduce or even prevent menstrual bleeding. As

2046-616: The US FDA, the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Ulipristal acetate (UPA). One study has demonstrated that UP can delay ovulation. ... Another study found that UPA altered the endometrium, but whether this change would inhibit implantation is unknown. p. 122: Progestin-only emergency contraceptive pills. Early treatment with ECPs containing only

2108-473: The United States in the late 1950s. In this time, thermoplastics , which can bend for insertion and retain their original shape, became the material used for first-generation IUDs. Lippes also devised the addition of the monofilament nylon string, which facilitates IUD removal. His trapezoid shape Lippes Loop IUD became one of the most popular first-generation IUDs. In the following years, many different shaped plastic IUDs were invented and marketed. These included

2170-562: The United States, UK, or Canada. In China, where IUDs are the most common form of contraception, copper IUD production replaced inert IUD production in 1993. However, as of 2008, the most common IUD used by immigrants presenting to Canadian clinics for removal of IUDs placed in China was still the SSR. Because the SSR has no string for removal, it can present a challenge to healthcare providers unfamiliar with IUD types not available in their region. Hormonal IUDs (referred to as intrauterine systems in

2232-527: The World," but also in response to the changing of the name of the college from College Five to Porter, later revised to "The End of the School Year," or "The Edge of the World," and now "Porterpalooza"), and, for a time, a parodistic Prom ("for all those who missed their High School Proms"). "Queer Fashion Show," formerly "Alternative Fashion Show" is a current annual program featuring student made fashion and

2294-530: The atmosphere at the college is much more subdued than in the past. Today, there are fewer Art majors at UCSC and thus fewer affiliated with Porter than in its earlier days. UCSC has also forced this break from reputation through stricter regulation and disciplinary action involving event planning, noise, lewdness, and drug policies. Like all colleges of UC Santa Cruz, these regulations are enforced by Coordinators for Residential Education (CREs), Residential Advisors (RAs), and Campus Security Officers (CSO). CREs live in

2356-475: The avant-garde—and techniques, such as unconventional manners of playing , experimental musical instrument , and microtonal scales , including a 33-note system of just intonation he developed himself. Most recently, all of his original compositions have been written in collaboration with the computer—based on the input of his earlier works. He seeks synergy between composer creativity and computer algorithm as his principal creative direction. Cope has published

2418-585: The birth control pill, patch, ring, shot, and implant, and even like breastfeeding —prevent pregnancy primarily by delaying or inhibiting ovulation and inhibiting fertilization, but may at times inhibit implantation of a fertilized egg in the endometrium. However, women should also be informed that the best available evidence indicates that ECPs prevent pregnancy by mechanisms that do not involve interference with post-fertilization events. ECPs do not cause abortion or harm an established pregnancy. Pregnancy begins with implantation according to medical authorities such as

2480-442: The body. In China , the use of IUDs by state health services was part of the government's efforts to limit birth rates. From 1980 to 2014, 324 million women were inserted with IUDs, in addition to the 107 million who had tubal ligation . Women who refused could lose their government employment and their children could lose access to public schools . The IUDs inserted in this way were modified such that they could not be removed in

2542-533: The cervical mucus, preventing sperm from reaching the fallopian tubes. Hormonal IUDs may also sometimes prevent ovulation. Copper IUDs do not contain any hormones, but release copper ions, which are toxic to sperm. They also cause the uterus and fallopian tubes to produce a fluid that contains white blood cells, copper ions, enzymes, and prostaglandins , which is also toxic to sperm. The very high effectiveness of copper-containing IUDs as emergency contraceptives implies they may also act by preventing implantation of

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2604-516: The cervix. This process requires the health care provider to find the cervix with a speculum and then use ring forceps, which only go into the vagina, to grasp the IUD strings and then pull the IUD out. IUD placement and removal can be taught both by manufacturers and other training facilities. The history of intrauterine devices dates back to the early 1900s. Unlike modern intrauterine devices, early inter uterine (from Latin inter- meaning "between" as opposed to intra- ) devices crossed both

2666-440: The copper IUD include its ability to provide emergency contraception up to five days after unprotected sex. It is the most effective form of emergency contraception available. It works by preventing fertilization or implantation but does not affect already implanted embryos. It contains no hormones, so it can be used while breastfeeding, and fertility returns quickly after removal. Copper IUDs also last longer and are available in

2728-473: The device only lasted for one year of use. Progestasert was manufactured until 2001. One commercial hormonal IUD which is currently available, Mirena, was also developed by Luukkainen and released in 1976. The manufacturer of the Mirena, Bayer AG , became the target of multiple lawsuits over allegations that Bayer failed to adequately warn users that the IUD could pierce the uterus and migrate to other parts of

2790-488: The dormitory buildings and are responsible for discipline following campus policy violations as well as offering assistance and guidance to Porter students. RAs, college students living in the dorms, and CSOs, trained and hired personnel, patrol Porter College offering assistance in emergencies or writing referrals for policy violation. Porter College is also home to the Transfer Community. Using sections of both

2852-416: The endometrial lining of a uterus to thin, which is the opposite of what occurs with PCOS.   The main mechanisms of action of IUDs occur prior to fertilization, by preventing sperm from ever reaching the egg. The copper-bearing IUD acts as a spermicide, killing or impairing sperm so they cannot reach the egg. IUDs that contain progestin cause the cervical mucus to thicken, which stops sperm from entering

2914-789: The first 21 days after insertion), and rarely uterine perforation. A small probability of pregnancy remains after IUD insertion, and when it occurs, there is a greater risk of ectopic pregnancy . IUDs with progestogen confer an increased risk of ovarian cysts , and IUDs with copper confer an increased risk of heavier periods. Mirena lists among its side effects mental health changes including nervousness, depressed mood, or mood swings. Menstrual cup companies recommend that women with IUDs who are considering using menstrual cups should consult with their gynecologists before use. There have been rare cases in which women using IUDs dislodged them when removing their menstrual cups, however, this can also happen with tampon use. Despite reports, as of 2023, there

2976-482: The first copper IUD, TCu200. Improvements by Tatum led to the creation of the TCu380A ( ParaGard ), which is currently the preferred copper IUD. The hormonal IUD was also invented in the 1960s and 1970s; initially the goal was to mitigate the increased menstrual bleeding associated with copper and inert IUDs. The first model, Progestasert, was conceived of by Antonio Scommegna and created by Tapani J. V. Luukkainen, but

3038-457: The infamous Dalkon Shield , whose poor design caused bacterial infection and led to thousands of lawsuits. Although the Dalkon shield was removed from the market, it had a lasting, negative impact on IUD use and reputation in the United States. Lazar C. Margulies developed the first plastic IUD using thermoplastics in the 1960s. His innovation allowed insertion of the IUD into the uterus without

3100-855: The insertion. According to the U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use , published by the CDC , women and adolescents under the age of 20 and women who have not given birth are classified in category 2 for IUD use, mainly due to "the risk for expulsion from nulliparity and for STDs from sexual behavior in younger age groups." According to the CDC, benefits generally outweigh the risks, and IUDs are recommended for young and nulliparous women, although more careful attention may be required. Women over age 20 and those who have previously given birth are placed in category 1, meaning no special concerns are placed on use. Some women experience amenorrhea , or lack of menstruation while using an IUD. Menstruation occurs when

3162-455: The large A and B buildings, the Transfer Community theme is home to nearly all transfer students who live on campus, regardless of college affiliation. Like most residential halls, the standard room option is a triple room with age-appropriate roommates. The addition of the Transfer Community has also greatly changed the culture and traditional arts-focus of Porter College as most of the transfer students are affiliated with other colleges. Just to

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3224-468: The need to dilate the cervix . The invention of the copper IUD in the 1960s brought with it the capital T-shaped design used by most modern IUDs. U.S. physician Howard Tatum determined that the 'T' shape would work better with the shape of the uterus, which forms a 'T' when contracted. He predicted this would reduce rates of IUD expulsion. Together, Tatum and Chilean physician Jaime Zipper discovered that copper could be an effective spermicide and developed

3286-525: The period of 2006 to 2014. The use of IUDs as a form of birth control dates from the 1800s. A previous model known as the Dalkon shield was associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). However, current models do not affect PID risk in women without sexually transmitted infections during the time of insertion. IUDs primarily work by preventing fertilization . The progestogen released from hormonal IUDs mainly works by thickening

3348-425: The procedure. The use of intrauterine lidocaine (paracervical block) is underutilized in the United States as an effective method to reduce pain associated with insertion. IUD insertion can occur at multiple timepoints in a woman's reproductive lifespan: During the insertion procedure, health care providers use a speculum to find the cervix (the opening to the uterus), pinch the cervix to stabilize it open with

3410-451: The south of Porter is a signature campus art piece, a large red abstract sculpture which has been endlessly portrayed on UCSC's promotional literature. It is known on campus as "The Squiggle," "The Flying IUD " and "The Porter Wave" in official literature, but is officially "Untitled." Students often gather at this sculpture to play guitar, to watch the sunset, or to even drum on the sculpture itself. On Sundays students gather to participate in

3472-407: The style of various composers, some of which have been commercially recorded —ranging from short pieces to full-length operas. His subsequent Emily Howell program models musical creativity based on the types of creativity outlined by Margaret Boden in her book The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms . As a composer, Cope's own work has encompassed a variety of styles—from the traditional to

3534-512: The top of the uterus. The Paragard TCu 380a measures 32 mm (1.26") horizontally (top of the T), and 36 mm (1.42") vertically (leg of the T). Copper IUDs have a first year failure rate ranging from 0.1 to 2.2%. They work by damaging sperm and disrupting their motility so that they are not able to join an egg. Specifically, copper acts as a spermicide within the uterus by increasing levels of copper ions, prostaglandins, and white blood cells within

3596-454: The uterine and tubal fluids. The increased copper ions in the cervical mucus inhibit the sperm's motility and viability, preventing sperm from traveling through the cervical mucus, or destroying it as it passes through. Copper can also alter the endometrial lining, and while studies show that while this alteration can prevent implantation of a fertilized egg (" blastocyst "), it cannot disrupt one that has already been implanted. Advantages of

3658-662: The uterus. It is difficult to predict what a woman will experience during IUD insertion or removal. Some women describe the insertion as cramps, some as a pinch, and others do not feel anything. Only 9% of nulliparous women considered the procedure painless, 72% moderately painful, and 17% experience substantial pain with insertion that needs active management. Approximately 11% of parous women feel similar pain. In such cases, NSAIDs can be effective when given in response to post-insertion pain, but have no significant effect when given prophylactically. Topical lidocaine has been found as an effective pain management drug when applied before

3720-504: The vagina and the uterus, causing a high rate of pelvic inflammatory disease. The first IUD was developed in 1909 by the German physician Richard Richter, of Waldenburg. His device was made of silkworm gut and was not widely used. Ernst Gräfenberg , another German physician (after whom the G-spot is named), created the first Ring IUD, Gräfenberg's ring , made of silver filaments. His work

3782-515: Was open to the public as well as a general education course entitled Artificial Intelligence and Music for enrolled UCSC students. Cope is also co-founder and CTO Emeritus of Recombinant Inc., a music technology company. Cope is the inventor of US Patent #7696426 "Recombinant music composition algorithm and method of using the same," which he filed in 2006. His EMI (Experiments in Musical Intelligence) software has produced works in

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3844-519: Was suppressed during the Nazi regime, when contraception was considered a threat to Aryan women. He moved to the United States, where his colleagues H. Hall and M. Stone took up his work after his death and created the stainless steel Hall-Stone Ring. A Japanese doctor named Tenrei Ota also developed a silver or gold IUD called the Precea or Pressure Ring. Jack Lippes helped begin the increase of IUD use in

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