The Portland Arts Tax , formally the Arts Education and Access Income Tax , is a $ 35 tax paid by residents of Portland, Oregon to support school teachers and art focused nonprofit organizations . Residents age eighteen or older with $ 1,000 or more of taxable income are required to pay the tax. The tax was instituted when Portland voters passed Oregon Ballot Measure 26-146 in November 2012.
31-416: Portland residents were initially required to pay the tax by April 15, 2013. However, the deadline was moved to May 15 when the city amended the tax to exempt residents who earn less than $ 1,000 of taxable income but live within a household with income above the federal poverty line However, on May 15, the online payment system crashed as a result of too many last-minute payments. The website to submit payments
62-466: A crash reporting service will report the crash and any details relating to it (or give the user the option to do so), usually to the developer(s) of the application. If the program is a critical part of the operating system, the entire system may crash or hang, often resulting in a kernel panic or fatal system error . Most crashes are the result of a software bug . Typical causes include accessing invalid memory addresses, incorrect address values in
93-485: A hardware exception occurs that cannot be handled . Operating system crashes can also occur when internal sanity-checking logic within the operating system detects that the operating system has lost its internal self-consistency. Modern multi-tasking operating systems, such as Linux , and macOS , usually remain unharmed when an application program crashes. Some operating systems, e.g., z/OS , have facilities for Reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS) and
124-594: A malware , it serves as a vehicle for delivering malicious software by breaching security controls . Exploits target vulnerabilities, which are essentially flaws or weaknesses in a system's defenses. Common targets for exploits include operating systems , web browsers , and various applications , where hidden vulnerabilities can compromise the integrity and security of computer systems . Exploits can cause unintended or unanticipated behavior in systems, potentially leading to severe security breaches . Many exploits are designed to provide superuser -level access to
155-464: A segmentation fault , when the subroutine returns. However, if an exploit overwrites the return address with a valid value, the code in that address will be executed. When crashes are collected in the field using a crash reporter , the next step for developers is to be able to reproduce them locally. For this, several techniques exist: STAR uses symbolic execution, EvoCrash performs evolutionary search. Exploit (computer security) An exploit
186-476: A client application. A common form of exploits against client applications are browser exploits . Exploits against client applications may also require some interaction with the user and thus may be used in combination with the social engineering method. Another classification is by the action against the vulnerable system; unauthorized data access, arbitrary code execution, and denial of service are examples. Exploitations are commonly categorized and named by
217-496: A computer system. Attackers may use multiple exploits in succession to first gain low-level access and then escalate privileges repeatedly until they reach the highest administrative level, often referred to as "root." This technique of chaining several exploits together to perform a single attack is known as an exploit chain. Exploits that remain unknown to everyone except the individuals who discovered and developed them are referred to as zero-day or "0day" exploits. After an exploit
248-628: A lawsuit against the City of Portland in Oregon Tax Court , claiming the arts tax was a head tax and therefore violated Article IX, section 1a of the Constitution of Oregon . On March 18, Mayor Charlie Hales asked Portland City Council to pass an "emergency" ordinance amending the language of the tax to exempt residents with an income under $ 1,000. On June 4, the Oregon Tax Court dismissed Bogdanski's lawsuit. The Court did not uphold
279-621: A municipal tax law." Bogdanski vowed to appeal the decision to a regular judge of the Court, or even to the Oregon Supreme Court . On March 6, 2017, retired attorney George Wittemyer argued the constitutionality of the tax before the Oregon Supreme Court . On September 21, 2017, the Oregon Supreme Court ruled against Wittemeyer, saying the tax was not unconstitutional. Wittemeyer, like Bogdanski, had also argued that
310-422: A target network. By compromising a system, attackers can leverage it as a platform to target other systems that are typically shielded from direct external access by firewalls . Internal networks often contain a broader range of accessible machines compared to those exposed to the internet. For example, an attacker might compromise a web server on a corporate network and then utilize it to target other systems within
341-565: Is a method or piece of code that takes advantage of vulnerabilities in software , applications , networks , operating systems , or hardware , typically for malicious purposes. The term "exploit" derives from the English verb "to exploit," meaning "to use something to one’s own advantage." Exploits are designed to identify flaws, bypass security measures, gain unauthorized access to systems, take control of systems, install malware , or steal sensitive data . While an exploit by itself may not be
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#1732798148870372-421: Is disclosed to the authors of the affected software, the associated vulnerability is often fixed through a patch , rendering the exploit unusable. This is why some black hat hackers , as well as military or intelligence agency hackers, do not publish their exploits but keep them private. One scheme that offers zero-day exploits is known as exploit as a service . Researchers estimate that malicious exploits cost
403-401: Is displayed, hence all the user sees as a result of the crash is the desktop. Many times there is no apparent action that causes a crash to desktop. During normal function, the program may freeze for a shorter period of time, and then close by itself. Also during normal function, the program may become a black screen and repeatedly play the last few seconds of sound (depending on the size of
434-413: Is not allowed by the operating system. The operating system then triggers an exception or signal in the application. Unix applications traditionally responded to the signal by dumping core . Most Windows and Unix GUI applications respond by displaying a dialogue box (such as the one shown to the right) with the option to attach a debugger if one is installed. Some applications attempt to recover from
465-457: The code that actually triggered the crash. In early personal computers, attempting to write data to hardware addresses outside the system's main memory could cause hardware damage. Some crashes are exploitable and let a malicious program or hacker execute arbitrary code , allowing the replication of viruses or the acquisition of data which would normally be inaccessible. An application typically crashes when it performs an operation that
496-400: The global economy over US$ 450 billion annually. In response to this threat, organizations are increasingly utilizing cyber threat intelligence to identify vulnerabilities and prevent hacks before they occur. There are several methods of classifying exploits. The most common is by how the exploit communicates to the vulnerable software. A remote exploit works over a network and exploits
527-448: The program counter , buffer overflow , overwriting a portion of the affected program code due to an earlier bug, executing invalid machine instructions (an illegal or unauthorized opcode), or triggering an unhandled exception . The original software bug that started this chain of events is typically considered to be the cause of the crash, which is discovered through the process of debugging . The original bug can be far removed from
558-484: The German word " Abend " meaning "evening". Depending on the application, the crash may contain the user's sensitive and private information . Moreover, many software bugs which cause crashes are also exploitable for arbitrary code execution and other types of privilege escalation . For example, a stack buffer overflow can overwrite the return address of a subroutine with an invalid value, which will cause, e.g.,
589-528: The Internet, such as abend.org . This usage derives from the ABEND macro on IBM OS/360 , ..., z/OS operating systems. Usually capitalized, but may appear as "abend". Some common ABEND codes are System ABEND 0C7 (data exception) and System ABEND 0CB ( division by zero ). Abends can be "soft" (allowing automatic recovery) or "hard" (terminating the activity). The term is jocularly claimed to be derived from
620-538: The OS can recover from the crash of a critical component, whether due to hardware failure, e.g., uncorrectable ECC error, or to software failure, e.g., a reference to an unassigned page. An Abnormal end or ABEND is an abnormal termination of software , or a program crash. Errors or crashes on the Novell NetWare network operating system are usually called ABENDs. Communities of NetWare administrators sprung up around
651-498: The art tax constituted an unconstitutional head tax. The court disagreed, saying that because the tax takes income into account (i.e., no tax for under $ 1000 taxable income), "the city's art tax is not a prohibited 'poll or head tax.'" Crash (computing) In computing , a crash , or system crash , occurs when a computer program such as a software application or an operating system stops functioning properly and exits . On some operating systems or individual applications,
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#1732798148870682-427: The audio buffer ) that was being played before it crashes to desktop. Other times it may appear to be triggered by a certain action, such as loading an area. Crash to desktop bugs are considered particularly problematic for users. Since they frequently display no error message, it can be very difficult to track down the source of the problem, especially if the times they occur and the actions taking place right before
713-441: The crash do not appear to have any pattern or common ground. One way to track down the source of the problem for games is to run them in windowed-mode. Windows Vista has a feature that can help track down the cause of a CTD problem when it occurs on any program. Windows XP included a similar feature as well. Some computer programs, such as StepMania and BBC's Bamzooki , also crash to desktop if in full-screen, but display
744-407: The error and continue running instead of exiting . An application can also contain code to crash after detecting a severe error. Typical errors that result in application crashes include: A "crash to desktop" is said to occur when a program (commonly a video game ) unexpectedly quits, abruptly taking the user back to the desktop . Usually, the term is applied only to crashes where no error
775-466: The error in a separate window when the user has returned to the desktop. The software running the web server behind a website may crash, rendering it inaccessible entirely or providing only an error message instead of normal content. For example: if a site is using an SQL database (such as MySQL ) for a script (such as PHP ) and that SQL database server crashes, then PHP will display a connection error. An operating system crash commonly occurs when
806-414: The most sought after exploits (specifically on the underground exploit market) because the target typically has no way of knowing they have been compromised at the time of exploitation. In 2022, NSO Group was reportedly selling zero-click exploits to governments for breaking into individuals' phones. Pivoting is a technique employed by both hackers and penetration testers to expand their access within
837-428: The same network. This approach is often referred to as a multi-layered attack. Pivoting is also known as island hopping . Pivoting can further be distinguished into proxy pivoting and VPN pivoting: Typically, the proxy or VPN applications enabling pivoting are executed on the target computer as the payload of an exploit. Pivoting is usually done by infiltrating a part of a network infrastructure (as an example,
868-409: The security vulnerability without any prior access to the vulnerable system. A local exploit requires prior access or physical access to the vulnerable system, and usually increases the privileges of the person running the exploit past those granted by the system administrator. Exploits against client applications also exist, usually consisting of modified servers that send an exploit if accessed with
899-478: The tax's constitutionality, but rather ruled that the city tax was not within its jurisdiction. The ruling stated: "The court concludes that it does not have the statutory authority to hear Plaintiff's challenge to the City of Portland's tax. That is so because jurisdiction must start with a challenge to a tax law administered by the state and the Portland Arts Tax is not a tax law of the state, but rather
930-418: The type of vulnerability they exploit (see vulnerabilities for a list) , whether they are local/remote and the result of running the exploit (e.g. EoP , DoS , spoofing ). A zero-click attack is an exploit that requires no user interaction to operate – that is to say, no key-presses or mouse clicks. FORCEDENTRY , discovered in 2021, is an example of a zero-click attack. These exploits are commonly
961-694: Was functional one week later; June 10 became the third and final deadline to pay the tax. The administrative-costs cap of 5% has been exceeded in every year of the tax's existence. From 2013 to 2018, the Portland Revenue Bureau reported administrative costs of 8%, with approximately 25% of Portland residents refusing to voluntarily pay. In 2018, the City Council voted unanimously to lift the administrative cap of 5%, and presented no administrative cap in its place. On March 7, 2013, Lewis & Clark Law School professor Jack Bogdanski filed