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37-560: The Afghan scholar Abdul Hai Habibi claimed to have discovered the manuscript in 1944. He claimed it was a 19th-century copy of an anthology of Pashto poetry written in 1729 in Kandahar by Shah Hussain Hotak . The anthology is a compilation of works of hitherto unknown poets dating back to the eighth century. Habibi published the manuscript as a facsimile in 1975 but did not make the original document available for historical testing due to

74-589: A government of a country that has relocated and argues its legitimacy from outside that country. Voluntary exile is often depicted as a form of protest by the person who claims it, to avoid persecution and prosecution (such as tax or criminal allegations), an act of shame or repentance, or isolating oneself to be able to devote time to a particular pursuit. Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile." Internal exile

111-529: A murderess out of revenge, she fled to Athens and married king Aigeus there, and became the stepmother of the hero Theseus . Due to a conflict with him, she must leave the Polis and go away into exile. John William Waterhouse (1849–1917), the English Pre-Raphaelite painter's famous picture Jason and Medea shows a key moment before, when Medea tries to poison Theseus. In ancient Rome,

148-739: A number of books on Afghan history. Senzil Nawid writes: As a Pashtun, Habibi paid considerable attention to the history of the Pashto language and literature and the history of Pashtun dynasties, such as the Ludi and Suri Afghan dynasties in India; the Loyakan tribe of Ghazni; the Ghilji tribe of Qandahar; and the Abdali (or Durrani) dynasty that originated around Herat. One of the later important works of Habibi

185-429: A political variety, during the 19th and 20th century. Exiled political groups often develop complex media strategies, including diaspora engagement and investigative reporting, to maintain visibility, mobilise support, and address challenges of operating outside their home country. During a foreign occupation or after a coup d'état , a government in exile of a such afflicted country may be established abroad. One of

222-682: A special tax in order to re-enter the United States. In some cases a person voluntarily lives in exile to avoid legal issues, such as litigation or criminal prosecution . An example of this is Asil Nadir , who fled to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus for 17 years rather than face prosecution in connection with the failed £1.7 bn company Polly Peck in the United Kingdom . Examples include: Exile, government man and assigned servant were all euphemisms used in

259-487: Is a form of banishment within the boundaries of one's homeland, but far away from home. In some cases the deposed head of state is allowed to go into exile following a coup or other change of government, allowing a more peaceful transition to take place or to escape justice. A wealthy citizen who moves to a jurisdiction with lower taxes is termed a tax exile . Creative people such as authors and musicians who achieve sudden wealth sometimes choose this. Examples include

296-437: Is an early motif in ancient Greek tragedy . In the ancient Greek world, this was seen as a fate worse than death. The motif reaches its peak on the play Medea , written by Euripides in the fifth century BC, and rooted in the very old oral traditions of Greek mythology. Euripides' Medea has remained the most frequently performed Greek tragedy through the 20th century. After Medea was abandoned by Jason and had become

333-558: Is dated to the sixteenth century. The poems compiled in the Pata Khazana therefore extend the history of Pashto literature by about 800 years. The first translation into a European language, with a detailed critical commentary, only appeared in 1987, written by the Italian Iranologist Lucia Serena Loi . The most intensive critical occupation with the manuscript among Pashto scholars was published by

370-403: Is the author of over 100 books but is best known for editing Pata Khazana , an old Pashto language manuscript that he claimed to have discovered in 1944; but the academic community does not unanimously agree upon its genuineness. Habibi was born in Kandahar city of Afghanistan in 1910, in a Pashtun family of scholars of Kakar tribe. He was the great grandson of Allamah Habibullah,

407-699: The Central Tibetan Administration , commonly known as the Tibetan government-in-exile, and headed by the 14th Dalai Lama . Ivan the Terrible once exiled to Siberia an inanimate object: a bell. "When the inhabitants of the town of Uglich rang their bell to rally a demonstration against Ivan the Terrible, the cruel Czar executed two hundred (nobles), and exiled the Uglich bell to Siberia, where it remained for two hundred years." Exile

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444-896: The Jews following the destruction of the second Temple in Jerusalem in AD 70. Jewish prayers include a yearning to return to Jerusalem and the Land of Israel , such as " Next Year in Jerusalem ". After the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century, and following the uprisings (like Kościuszko Uprising , November Uprising and January Uprising ) against the partitioning powers ( Russia , Prussia and Austria ), many Poles have chosen – or been forced – to go into exile, forming large diasporas (known as Polonia ), especially in France and

481-494: The Soviet–Afghan War . He was 74 years old at the time of his death. He was fluent in Pashto and Dari . Pata Khazana , one of Habibi's major works, has been questioned by several prominent scholars for lacking strong evidence. British Iranologist , David Neil MacKenzie , concludes from the anachronisms that the document was fabricated only shortly before its claimed discovery in 1944. MacKenzie's central argument refers to

518-489: The papacy or a government ) are forced from their homeland. In Roman law , exsilium denoted both voluntary exile and banishment as a capital punishment alternative to death. Deportation was forced exile, and entailed the lifelong loss of citizenship and property. Relegation was a milder form of deportation, which preserved the subject's citizenship and property. The term diaspora describes group exile, both voluntary and forced. " Government in exile " describes

555-623: The 19th century for convicts under sentence who had been transported from Britain to Australia . When a large group, or occasionally a whole people or nation is exiled, it can be said that this nation is in exile, or "diaspora". Nations that have been in exile for substantial periods include the Israelites by the Assyrian king Sargon II in 720 BCE, the Judeans who were deported by Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II in 586 BC, and

592-662: The British-Canadian writer Arthur Hailey , who moved to the Bahamas to avoid taxes following the runaway success of his novels Hotel and Airport , and the English rock band the Rolling Stones who, in the spring of 1971, owed more in taxes than they could pay and left Britain before the government could seize their assets. Members of the band all moved to France for a period of time where they recorded music for

629-542: The German exile scene, "to bring the rich, scattered and murky experience of exile into epic form", as he wrote in his literary balance sheet. At the same place and in the same year, Anna Seghers published her famous novel Das siebte Kreuz ( The Seventh Cross , published in the United States in 1942). Important exile literature in recent years include that of the Caribbean, many of whose artists emigrated to Europe or

666-601: The Pashto Development Board of the Ministry of Information and Culture. This edition contained a complete facsimile of the original hand-written manuscript. Since its publication 33 years ago different opinions have been expressed about this book and certain people have cast their doubts upon it. Some have said that I have composed the book while others have claimed that it was forged by Shah Hussain , son of Haji Mirwais Khan . Such claims have been heard over

703-463: The Pashtun scholar Qalandar Momand in 1988. Another scholar Juma Khan Sufi in his critical exposition of Pata Khazana also questions the authenticity of the Pata Khazana. As the original manuscript is not available to the public, the authenticity of the document could only be checked by analyzing the orthography and style of the facsimile. Due to the large number of errors and anachronisms found in

740-584: The Roman Senate had the power to declare the exile to individuals, families or even entire regions. One of the Roman victims was the poet Ovid , who lived during the reign of Augustus . He was forced to leave Rome and move away to the city of Tomis on the Black Sea, now Constanța . There he wrote his famous work Tristia (Sorrows) about his bitter feelings in exile. Another, at least in a temporary exile,

777-470: The United States . The entire population of Crimean Tatars (numbering 200,000 in all) that remained in their homeland of Crimea was exiled on 18 May 1944 to Central Asia as a form of ethnic cleansing and collective punishment on false accusations. Since the Cuban Revolution , over a million Cubans have left Cuba . Most of these self-identified as exiles as their motivation for leaving

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814-706: The album that came to be called Exile on Main Street , the Main Street of the title referring to the French Riviera. In 2012, Eduardo Saverin , one of the founders of Facebook, made headlines by renouncing his U.S. citizenship before his company's IPO . The dual Brazilian/U.S. citizen's decision to move to Singapore and renounce his citizenship spurred a bill in the U.S. Senate, the Ex-PATRIOT Act , which would have forced such wealthy tax exiles to pay

851-693: The anachronisms that the document was fabricated only shortly before its claimed discovery in 1944. MacKenzie's central argument refers to the use of the modern Pashto letters ẓ̌e ( ـږ ) and ṇun ( ڼ ) throughout the script. These letters were only introduced into the Pashto alphabet in 1936 when the Afghan government reformed the Pashto orthography. MacKenzie claims that the two letters have never been found simultaneously in any genuine manuscript before 1935. Abdul Hai Habibi Abdul-Hai Habibi ( Pashto : عبدالحى حبيبي , Persian : عبدالحی حبیبی , romanized :  Abd 'ul-Ḥay Ḥabībī ) (1910 – 9 May 1984)

888-428: The authenticity or forgery of words may be evaluated and the facts clarified." Exile Exile or banishment , is primarily penal expulsion from one's native country , and secondarily expatriation or prolonged absence from one's homeland under either the compulsion of circumstance or the rigors of some high purpose. Usually persons and peoples suffer exile, but sometimes social entities like institutions (e.g.

925-520: The editor of the newspaper. In 1950s, he was forced to exile by living in Peshawar , Pakistan , because of his opposition to Afghan Prime Minister Shah Mahmud Khan . While in exile, he published a journal called Azad Afghanistan ( Free Afghanistan ). He was permitted to return to Afghanistan in 1961 to become professor in the faculty of literature of Kabul University . In 1966, he was appointed president of Afghan Historical Society and he published

962-539: The eminent scholar known as "Kandahari intellectual" who authored many books. Habibi's father died at an early age and he grew up studying in the mosques of Kandahar, and in 1920 he was admitted to the primary school of Shalimar. Being good at his studies, he received his diploma at the age of 15 and began working as a teacher in the primary schools of Kandahar. In 1927 he was appointed as the deputy editor of Tulo Afghan weekly newspaper in Kandahar and 3 years later became

999-521: The genuine professionalism achieved by Afghan historians of the period... As an academic , Habibi worked diligently throughout his life. He is the author of 115 books and over 500 papers and articles on the literature, history, philosophy, linguistics, poetics and the culture of the people of Afghanistan. Several of his books have been translated to English, Arabic , German and other foreign languages. Abdul Hai Habibi died on 9 May 1984, in Kabul , during

1036-528: The help of the late Abdul Ali Khanozay, a Kakkar at Psheen in 1943. First I translated it into Persian , provided explanatory notes and annotations and published it in 1944 through the Pashto Academy. In 1961 five thousand copies of the original edition were published by the Publications and Translation Department. Due to the great demand for the book, the third edition was published in 1976 by

1073-616: The island is political in nature. At the time of the Cuban Revolution, Cuba only had a population of 6.5 million, and was not a country that had a history of significant emigration, it being the sixth largest recipient of immigrants in the world as of 1958. Most of the exiles' children also consider themselves to be Cuban exiles . Under Cuban law, children of Cubans born abroad are considered Cuban citizens. An extension of colonial practices, Latin America saw widespread exile, of

1110-735: The most well-known instances of this is the Polish government-in-exile , a government in exile that commanded Polish armed forces operating outside Poland, and the African-based Free French Forces government of Charles de Gaulle during the German Occupation of Poland and France in WWII . Other post-war examples include the client All Palestine Government established by the Egyptian Kingdom , and

1147-524: The scholars not following the UN protocol. The original book resides at Afghan archives in Kabul for viewing. Since the publication of the first edition of the book, some scholars have raised doubts about its authenticity. Habibi dismissed such critics, stating that their arguments were not "scientifically based". Nevertheless, most experts consider it to be a forgery. The earliest known document written in Pashto

Pata Khazana - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-501: The script, the authenticity of the manuscript is widely excluded among scholars of Iranian studies. Some scholars, however, do not want to rule out completely the authenticity of at least parts of some poems compiled in the manuscript. There is no consensus on the time of fabrication. Loi considers the manuscript a forgery of the late 19th century, while the Iranologist David Neil MacKenzie concludes from

1221-429: The use of the modern Pashto letters Dze ( ځ [dz] ) and Nur ( ڼ [ɳ] ) throughout the script. These letters were only introduced into the Pashto alphabet in 1936 when the Afghan government reformed the Pashto orthography. The two letters have never been found simultaneously in any genuine manuscript before 1935. Habibi responded to his critics in 1977 by stating: "I obtained the hand-written manuscript with

1258-437: The years, but unfortunately, the critics have not compiled any detailed or scholastic analyses of the work so that they may be studied, and if found refutable, commented upon scholastically. Scholars in the field have not discussed this book in detail so far. What has been written has been brief and expressions of doubts. No scholastic or positive criticism from the viewpoint of linguistics or etymology has been provided so that

1295-558: Was Dante . The German-language writer Franz Kafka described the exile of Karl Rossmann in the posthumously published novel Amerika . During the period of National Socialism in the first few years after 1933, many Jews, as well as a significant number of German artists and intellectuals fled into exile; for instance, the authors Klaus Mann and Anna Seghers . So Germany's own exile literature emerged and received worldwide credit. Klaus Mann finished his novel Der Vulkan ( The Volcano: A Novel Among Emigrants ) in 1939 describing

1332-562: Was Tarikh-i Afghanistan dar ‘Asr-i Gurgani-yi Hind (‘History of Afghanistan in the Age of the Gurgani Rulers of India’), which he published in Kabul in 1966. Here as elsewhere, he showed his great strength in his knowledge of primary sources. He made use of this knowledge to write his bibliographical Rahnuma-yi Tarikh-i Afghanistan (‘Guide to Afghan History’), which he published in two volumes in 1970. An important reference work that points to

1369-481: Was a prominent Afghan historian for much of his lifetime as well as a member of the National Assembly of Afghanistan (Afghan Parliament) during the reign of King Zahir Shah . A Pashtun nationalist from Kakar tribe of Kandahar , Afghanistan , he began as a young teacher who made his way up to become a writer, scholar, politician and Dean of Faculty of Literature at Kabul University . He

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