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41-760: The Pathology Partnership was a joint venture of six NHS trusts in the East of England. It was established in May 2014 as a response to the NHS East of England Strategic Health Authority 's Strategic Projects Team's Pathology Transformation Project, which was itself initiated in May 2010. The intention of the Pathology Transformation Project was to streamline the Anglian region's pathology services in order to realise cost savings of 20%, in line with

82-403: A chief executive or managing director , is the top-ranking corporate executive charged with the management of an organization , usually a company or a nonprofit organization . CEOs find roles in various organizations, including public and private corporations , nonprofit organizations , and even some government organizations (notably state-owned enterprises ). The governor and CEO of

123-488: A company's business decisions, including those in operations, marketing, business development , finance, human resources , etc. The use of the CEO title is not necessarily limited to describing the head of a company. For example, the CEO of a political party is often entrusted with fundraising, particularly for election campaigns. In some countries, there is a dual board system with two separate boards, one executive board for

164-424: A corporation or company typically reports to the board of directors and is charged with maximizing the value of the business, which may include maximizing the profitability , market share , revenue , or another financial metric. In the nonprofit and government sector, CEOs typically aim at achieving outcomes related to the organization's mission, usually provided by legislation . CEOs are also frequently assigned

205-402: A facade of charm and eloquence. Traits such as courage and risk-taking, generally considered desirable, are often found alongside these psychopathic tendencies. Tara Swart, a neuroscientist at MIT Sloan School of Management , has suggested that individuals with psychopathic traits thrive in chaotic environments and are aware that others do not. As a result, they may intentionally create chaos in

246-462: A formal delegation of authority regarding business administration . Typically, responsibilities include being an active decision-maker on business strategy and other key policy issues, as well as leader , manager, and executor roles. The communicator role can involve speaking to the press and to the public, as well as to the organization's management and employees; the decision-making role involves high-level decisions about policy and strategy. The CEO

287-599: A source of criticism following a dramatic rise in pay relative to the average worker's wage . For example, the relative pay was 20-to-1 in 1965 in the US, but had risen to 376-to-1 by 2000. The relative pay differs around the world, and, in some smaller countries, is still around 20-to-1. Observers differ as to whether the rise is due to competition for talent or due to lack of control by compensation committees. In recent years, investors have demanded more say over executive pay. Lack of diversity amongst chief executives has also been

328-504: A source of criticism. In 2018, 5% of Fortune 500 CEOs were women. In 2023 the number rose to 10.4% of for Women CEO's of Fortune 500 companies . The reasons for this are explained or justified in various ways, and may include biological sex differences, male and female differences in Big Five personality traits and temperament, sex differences in psychology and interests, maternity and career breaks, hypergamy , phallogocentrism ,

369-402: Is often used in lieu of chief executive officer. Business publicists since the days of Edward Bernays (1891–1995) and his client John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937) and even more successfully the corporate publicists for Henry Ford , promoted the concept of the " celebrity CEO". Business journalists have often adopted this approach, which assumes that the corporate achievements, especially in

410-418: Is sometimes included as one such subordinate executive officer, but, as suggested by Anthony Johndrow, CEO of Reputation Economy Advisors, it can also be seen as "simply another way to add emphasis to the role of a modern-day CEO – where they are both the external face of, and the driving force behind, an organization culture". In the US, the term "chief executive officer" is used primarily in business, whereas

451-427: Is tasked with implementing the goals, targets and strategic objectives as determined by the board of directors. As an executive officer of the company, the CEO reports the status of the business to the board of directors, motivates employees, and drives change within the organization. As a manager, the CEO presides over the organization's day-to-day operations. The CEO is the person who is ultimately accountable for

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492-542: Is to prevent a conflict of interest and too much power being concentrated in the hands of one person. In the United States, the board of directors (elected by the shareholders ) is often equivalent to the supervisory board, while the executive board may often be known as the executive committee (the division/subsidiary heads and C-level officers that report directly to the CEO). In the United States, and in business,

533-552: The Dictionary says that the use of "CEO" as an acronym for a chief executive officer originated in Australia , with the first attestation being in 1914. The first American usage cited is from 1972. The responsibilities of an organization's CEO are set by the organization's board of directors or other authority, depending on the organization's structure. They can be far-reaching or quite limited, and are typically enshrined in

574-518: The National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 and were set up in five waves. Each one was established by a statutory instrument . NHS trusts are not trusts in the legal sense but are in effect public sector corporations . Each trust is headed by a board consisting of executive and non-executive directors , and is chaired by a non-executive director. There were about 2,200 non-executives across 470 organisations in

615-472: The Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 (TUPE). During that contractual transfer period, many existing laboratory staff were made redundant as a stated necessary means of achieving the required cost savings; many other laboratory staff left the organisation. Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust were the two hubs for pathology in

656-535: The CEO is also the president, is the vice president (VP). An organization may have more than one vice president, each tasked with a different area of responsibility (e.g., VP of finance, VP of human resources). Examples of subordinate executive officers who typically report to the CEO include the chief operating officer (COO), chief financial officer (CFO), chief strategy officer (CSO), chief marketing officer (CMO) and chief business officer (CBO). The public relations -focused position of chief reputation officer

697-619: The NHS in England in 2015. Non-executive directors are recruited by open advertisement. All trusts ( foundation trusts and those which have yet to reach foundation trust status) are regulated by NHS England and the Care Quality Commission . Board members are, from November 2014, subject to a fit and proper person test . All trust boards are required to have an audit committee consisting only of non-executive directors, on which

738-748: The Partner Trusts' sites, at the Iconix Business Park in Pampisford . The Pathology Partnership's Executive Board and managerial structure were an autonomous entity but were accountable to the Executive Boards of the Partner Trusts. In April 2015, it emerged that the Pathology Partnership was forecasting a £4.5m deficit for 2014-15 on budgeted income of £67.8m. Cambridge University Hospitals, which employed

779-595: The Partnership’s 800 laboratory staff as the Partnership's Host Trust, announced its intention to withdraw in July 2016 after it incurred a £15 million deficit in 2015-16. During its 3 year period of existence the Pathology Partnership experienced a high turnover of senior staff, comprising 3 Chief Executive Officers and 4 Chief Operating Officers (Operations Directors). The Pathology Partnership formally dissolved at

820-528: The UK, chief executive and chief executive officer are used in local government , where their position in law is described as the "head of paid service", and in business and in the charitable sector . As of 2013 , the use of the term director for senior charity staff is deprecated to avoid confusion with the legal duties and responsibilities associated with being a charity director or trustee, which are normally non-executive (unpaid) roles. The term managing director

861-446: The above categories of NHS trust. Successive governments have announced that all NHS trusts should become foundation trusts, and deadlines have been set for this transformation, which have repeatedly been missed. Several special health authorities , organised on a national basis, deal with NHS-wide issues. An example is NHS Blood and Transplant . Chief Executive Officers A chief executive officer ( CEO ), also known as

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902-422: The arena of manufacturing, are produced by uniquely talented individuals, especially the "heroic CEO". In effect, journalists celebrate a CEO who takes distinctive strategic actions. The model is the celebrity in entertainment, sports, and politics – compare the " great man theory ". Guthey et al. argues that "...these individuals are not self-made, but rather are created by a process of widespread media exposure to

943-617: The case of a partnership , an executive officer is a managing partner, senior partner, or administrative partner. In the case of a limited liability company , an executive officer is any member, manager, or officer. Depending on the organization, a CEO may have several subordinate executives to help run the day-to-day administration of the company, each of whom has specific functional responsibilities referred to as senior executives, executive officers or corporate officers. Subordinate executives are given different titles in different organizations, but one common category of subordinate executive, if

984-515: The chair may not sit. This committee is entrusted not only with the supervision of financial audit , but of systems of corporate governance within the trust. Hospital board members have a duty to act on signals of poor performance on quality and safety data, and yet many of the papers presented to them have been found to be lacking good data visualisations. The High Court of Justice decided in December 2019 that NHS trusts were not charities for

1025-450: The day-to-day business and one supervisory board for control purposes (selected by the shareholders). In these countries, the CEO presides over the executive board and the chairperson presides over the supervisory board, and these two roles will always be held by different people. This ensures a distinction between management by the executive board and governance by the supervisory board. This allows for clear lines of authority. The aim

1066-477: The end of April 2017 with an initial stated debt of £25 million; £20 million of that initial debt was attributable to non-payment of costs to Public Health England , who were subcontracted by the Partnership to deliver the region's Microbiology service. Following the dissolution of the Pathology Partnership, it has been calculated that its total outstanding debt at its time of dissolution was at least £70 million. NHS trust NHS trusts were established under

1107-506: The executive officers are usually the top officers of a corporation, the chief executive officer (CEO) being the best-known type. The definition varies; for instance, the California Corporate Disclosure Act defines "executive officers" as the five most highly compensated officers not also sitting on the board of directors. In the case of a sole proprietorship , an executive officer is the sole proprietor. In

1148-562: The existence of old boy networks , tradition, and the lack of female role models in that regard. Some countries have passed laws mandating boardroom gender quotas. In 2023 Rockefeller Foundation awarded a grant to Korn Ferry to research strategies and then action a plan to help more women to become CEO's. There are contentious claims that a significant number of CEO's have psychopathic tendencies, often characterized by power-seeking behavior and dominance. These individuals can often conceal their ruthlessness and antisocial behavior behind

1189-498: The kinds of criteria that have been set by Monitor ." There are several types of NHS trusts: Over time the distinction between different types has eroded, and both hospital and mental health trusts have taken on responsibility for various community services. Sustainability and transformation plans all propose to move services out of hospitals into the community and the hospital trusts are generally planning to follow these initiatives. Foundation trust status may be applied for by

1230-409: The point that their actions, personalities, and even private lives function symbolically to represent significant dynamics and tensions prevalent in the contemporary business atmosphere". Journalism thereby exaggerates the importance of the CEO and tends to neglect harder-to-describe broader corporate factors. There is little attention to the intricately organized technical bureaucracy that actually does

1271-431: The process. The Pathology Partnership, whose name was the "Transforming Pathology Partnership" (TPP) at that time, employed PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PWC ) to facilitate their bid. Following the procurement process, the (Transforming) Pathology Partnership won most of its primary care trusts' geographical region for the provision of general practice pathology results. Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

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1312-579: The purposes of the Local Government Finance Act 1988 , so they have to pay business rates at the full rate. A study by the University of Exeter in 2020 found that in 70 out of the 213 trusts all the board members were white. Overall BAME representation at board level was 8.9%. Medical directors of BAME ethnicity accounted for 19.4%, about the same as the overall percentage of BAME doctors. In September 2015 Jeremy Hunt

1353-644: The recommendations of the Carter Report (Review of NHS Pathology Services in England) that was published in 2006 by Lord Carter of Coles . The Pathology Partnership dissolved at the end of April 2017, with massive debts. The Pathology Transformation Project was initiated by the Strategic Projects Team in an attempt to provide impetus to the Anglian region’s NHS Trusts to transform and consolidate their pathology services in order to realise

1394-424: The region. East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust , Hinchingbrooke Hospital , Colchester Hospital University NHS Foundation Trust and West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust retained host satellite laboratories with the intention to perform only urgent work. The six Partner Trusts were both owners and customers under the joint venture arrangement. The Pathology Partnership's head office was based off-site, separate from

1435-554: The required 20% cost savings. The region's NHS Trusts were required to form their own pathology Joint venture arrangements and then to participate in a formal procurement process to tender their services to the region's NHS primary care trusts via a Call for bids . The philosophy was that joint venture arrangements could achieve greater cost savings for the Primary Care Trusts via greater economies of scale . The Strategic Projects Team employed KPMG to facilitate

1476-836: The role of the main manager of the organization and the highest-ranking officer in the C-suite . The term "chief executive officer" is attested as early as 1782, when an ordinance of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States of America used the term to refer to governors and other leaders of the executive branches of each of the Thirteen Colonies . In draft additions to the Oxford English Dictionary published online in 2011,

1517-409: The term "executive director" is used primarily in the not-for-profit sector. These terms are generally mutually exclusive and refer to distinct legal duties and responsibilities. The CEO is the highest-ranking executive in a company, making corporate decisions, managing operations, allocating resources, and serving as the main point of communication between the board of directors and the company. In

1558-457: The work. Hubris sets in when the CEO internalizes the celebrity and becomes excessively self-confident in making complex decisions. There may be an emphasis on the sort of decisions that attract the celebrity journalists . Research published in 2009 by Ulrike Malmendier and Geoffrey Tate indicates that "firms with award-winning CEOs subsequently underperform, in terms both of stock and of operating performance". Executive compensation has been

1599-802: The workplace. This perspective is explored in the book Snakes in Suits , co-authored by Robert D. Hare . However, Scott Lilienfeld has argued that the attention given to psychopathy in the workplace by both the media and scholars has far exceeded the available scientific evidence. Emilia Bunea, writing in Psychology Today , has linked psychopathic traits in managers to workplace bullying , employee dissatisfaction, and turnover intentions. Despite this, Bunea cautions that excessive worry about supposed psychopathic managers could discourage individuals from pursuing careers in corporations and deter employees from addressing issues with difficult bosses. In

1640-402: Was reported as saying "I think we do have too many trusts as independent organisations" in a context where mergers between trusts and the establishment of chains of hospitals were being discussed. Subsequently Simon Stevens made it clear that he did not expect the remaining NHS trusts to become foundation trusts, saying "We are frankly kidding ourselves if we think the non-FTs are going to pass

1681-595: Was the Host Trust for the Partnership. All of the region's pathology laboratory staff, who were originally employed by the Partner Trusts, were required to re-apply for their current positions in the new organisation; the design of the pathology laboratories' staffing structures had been streamlined as part of the intent to realise cost savings. Those staff members who were successful in their applications underwent contractual transfer from their existing NHS Trust employing organisations to Cambridge University Hospitals, under

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