Jus novum ( c. 1140 -1563)
61-494: The Rev. Patrick Dillon , C.S.C. (January 1, 1832 – November 15, 1868) was an Irish-American Catholic priest , and second President of the University of Notre Dame from 1865 to 1866. He was the first Irish priest of the University. The Rev. Patrick Dillon served as the second president of the University of Notre Dame from 1865 to 1866. He succeeded Fr. Edward Sorin when Sorin decided to focus on his job as Provincial of
122-674: A "sabbatical" by Fr. Christopher O'Toole, CSC, the Provincial of the Southern Province at the time. In 1973 Fr. Fred assumed the pastoral responsibility for a large parish in Ahuacatlan, San Luis Potosí , Nuestro Padre Jesús. He served as pastor for 25 years. In 1998 when Fr. Francisco Garcia, a priest from the Diocese of Ciudad Valles, was appointed pastor, Fr. Fred became the pastor emeritus. When Fr. Schmidt died in 2003, he
183-754: A helicopter on the school's compound for discussions with Ugandan President Museveni . A third parish opened in 1994 at Kyrausozi. In the new millennium the first [East] African district superior of Holy Cross was named in 2003. This was a step towards congregational and district maturity as the past nine superiors had been Americans. Religious institute Jus novissimum ( c. 1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of
244-569: A large part of Assam , the Arakan district (former name of the Rakhine State of western Burma , and the Diocese of Agartala in eastern India. It was a huge area, but when Holy Cross arrived in 1853, there were only three priests working there - a Portuguese Augustinian and two young Irish diocesan priests , both of whom were dead of disease by 1854. There were about 13,000 Catholics in
305-509: A mighty tree and constantly shoot forth new limbs and new branches which will be nourished by the same sap and endowed with the same life." Holy Cross Priests and Brothers can be found across the globe, including these countries (date of first appearance in parentheses): The first group of Holy Cross missionaries to reach India left England January 17, 1853. It was composed of three brothers, three sisters, one priest and one seminarian. (Two priests dropped out due to severe illness when
366-410: A monk is one who lives in a monastery under a monastic rule such as that of Saint Benedict . The term friar properly refers to a male member of a mendicant order . The term nun was in the 1917 Code of Canon Law reserved for members of a women's religious institute of solemn vows , and is sometimes applied only to those who devote themselves wholly to the contemplative life and belong to one of
427-405: A particular institute, members wishing to be admitted permanently are required to make public and perpetual vows . A vow is classified as public if a legitimate superior accepts it in the name of the church, as happens when one joins a religious institute. In making their religious profession, the members are "incorporated into the institute, with the rights and duties defined by law", and "through
488-704: A program for postulants and a program for professed seminarians. The novitiate for the formation program is in Peru. In 1999, Holy Cross Family Ministries founded Family Rosary in México. Their offices and meeting rooms are located in an Archdiocesan pastoral center in San Francisco Javier parish, close to La Luz parish in the Archdiocese of Monterrey . Their offices serve as a "hub" for the growing Holy Cross apostolate of fostering family prayer, especially
549-537: A religious institute lives in community with other members of the institute and observes the three evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty, and obedience, which they bind themselves to observe by public vows. Since every religious institute has its own unique charism , it adheres to a particular way of religious living whether contemplative or apostolic . Thus, the nuns of some contemplative orders are subject to papal enclosure . Other religious institutes have apostolates that wherein their members interact with
610-477: A rule; either a pre-existing one such as the Rule of Saint Augustine or the Rule of St Basil , etc. or one composed by the founder, which generally incorporates aspects of earlier, traditional rules such as those mentioned or the Rule of Saint Benedict . In common parlance, all members of male religious institutes are often termed monks and those of female religious institutes nuns , although in an accurate sense,
671-411: A school of first through 12th graders. Today, Saint George's College serves 2,650 students. Its history is rich and is closely tied with the history of Chile, including the 1970s when the school was taken over by the military government and Holy Cross was ousted. The Congregation returned to the school in 1986. Strong faith formation and service have been a hallmark of Saint George's. Over the decades,
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#1732772452698732-453: Is called contemplative religious life. The Rule of Saint Augustine stresses self-denial, moderation, and care for those in need. Many canons regular follow the Rule of Saint Augustine. Carmelites follow the Rule of Saint Albert , which was written specifically for them in the early 1200s by Albert of Vercelli and approved in slightly revised form by Pope Innocent IV . Jesuits follow what
793-490: Is called not a rule, but the constitutions composed by Saint Ignatius of Loyola , which laid aside traditional practices such as chanting the liturgy in favour of greater adaptability and mobility. Some institutes combine a rule with constitutions that give more precise indications for the life of the members. Thus the Capuchin Constitutions of 1536 are added to the Rule of Saint Francis. In addition to
854-522: Is made up primarily of children from working-class families. With improvements to the physical plant and the strong Holy Cross commitment, the school has been able to reach new heights academically. From the beginning, the mission of Holy Cross in Chile also included parish ministry and social service. Within three years of arriving, the Congregation had begun both its ministry at San Roque, a parish in
915-685: The Marianites of Holy Cross ( Le Mans, France ), the Sisters of the Holy Cross ( Notre Dame, Indiana ), and the Sisters of Holy Cross ( Montreal, Quebec , Canada). Basile Antoine-Marie Moreau was born at Laigné-en-Belin , near Le Mans , France , on February 11, 1799, in the final months of the French Revolution . When Moreau decided to enter the priesthood , he was forced to undergo his seminary training in secret for fear that
976-486: The desert . They have left no confirmed archaeological traces and only hints in the written record. Communities of virgins who had consecrated themselves to Christ are found at least as far back as the 2nd century. There were also individual ascetics, known as the "devout", who usually lived not in the deserts but on the edge of inhabited places, still remaining in the world but practicing asceticism and striving for union with God, although extreme ascetism such as encratism
1037-515: The enclosed religious orders living and working within the and reciting the Liturgy of the Hours in community . Historically, what are now called religious institutes were distinguished as either religious orders , whose members make solemn vows , or religious congregations , whose members make simple vows. Since the 1983 Code of Canon Law , only the term religious institute is used, while
1098-567: The Archdiocese of Monterrey, Nuevo León. The parish grew dramatically and eventually gave birth to a new parish, Nuestra Madre Santisima de La Luz. Holy Cross opted to shift from Santo Tomas Moro to this new parish with greater needs. Holy Cross continues to serve this community. In 1993 the Southern Province founded a program of vocation promotion and initial formation for young Mexican men who believe they are called to religious life and priesthood in Holy Cross. The Southern Province established
1159-568: The Congregation established "Yancana Huasy" (literally "House of Work" in the language of the Incas). Yancana Huasy attends to the needs of children who live with physical and mental challenges, including Downs' Syndrome, and their families. In November 1958, four Holy Cross priests arrived in Entebbe, Uganda to begin their ministry. The dioceses of Toro and Bunyoro were too large for the bishop to handle. He granted Holy Cross permission to minister to
1220-490: The Congregation. His brief tenure featured the construction of the second main building. Dillon instituted the Commercial Course, which offered students the opportunity to study bookkeeping and commercial law. He also laid the foundations for the development of a course in the sciences. He was popular with students because of his disciplinary leniency. He died of illness a few years later in 1868. Dillon Hall at
1281-580: The Diocese of Le Mans. On July 15, 1820, a priest of the Diocese of Le Mans, Jacques-Francois Dujarié , brought together a group of zealous men to serve the educational needs of the people in the French countryside. Fr. Dujarié named this group the Brothers of St. Joseph . By 1835 this group was well established in the diocese, but Dujarié was getting older and they were in need of a new leader. Dujarié and Moreau had met previously and discussed their views on
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#17327724526981342-464: The District continues its work with abandoned children. Currently there are approximately 50 children in residence, ages 4 to 18. There is also a new prevention program ministering to 100 children that has been recognized as the first of its kind in Chile. Initially the members of the Congregation of Holy Cross were sent to Mexico from Texas. In 1972, Fr. Frederick Schmidt, CSC, was sent to Mexico for
1403-471: The French government would arrest him. He completed his studies and was ordained for the Diocese of Le Mans in 1821. The French government continued to work for the removal of the Church from the educational system, which left many Catholics without a place to be educated or catechized. In 1835, Moreau had formed a group, which he called "Auxiliary Priests", to serve the educational and evangelization needs of
1464-512: The Great decided to organize his disciples into a form of community in which they lived in individual huts or rooms ( cellula in Latin ), but worked, ate, and worshipped in shared space. Guidelines for daily life were drawn up (a monastic 'rule'); and several monasteries were founded, nine for men and two for women. This method of monastic organization is called cenobitic or "community-based". Toward
1525-525: The Holy See, may formally set it up as a religious institute under his own jurisdiction. Later, when it has grown in numbers, perhaps extending also into other dioceses, and further proved its worth, the Holy See may grant it formal approval, bringing it under the Holy See's responsibility, rather than that of the Bishops of the dioceses where it is present. For the good of such institutes and to provide for
1586-572: The University of Notre Dame was dedicated in 1931 in his honor. Congregation of Holy Cross The Congregation of Holy Cross ( Latin : Congregatio a Sancta Cruce ), abbreviated CSC , is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of pontifical right for men founded in 1837 by Basil Moreau , in Le Mans , France . Moreau also founded the Marianites of Holy Cross for women, now divided into three independent congregations of sisters:
1647-680: The area. In Dhaka, there was no church or chapel at all under the jurisdiction of Rome. The District of Chile is the longest-running mission still overseen by the United States Province. Three Holy Cross religious arrived in Santiago, Chile, on March 1, 1943, at the invitation of Cardinal José María Caro , Archbishop of Santiago (Chile) , to administer Saint George's College . Fathers William Havey, Alfred Send, and Joseph Dougherty believed they were going to do university work. Little did they know that "college" in this context meant
1708-469: The bishop asked of them. In 1840 this changed when Moreau received a request to send a delegation from his society to Algeria with the purpose of establishing schools and a seminary. It was at this point that Moreau shifted the focus of Holy Cross and after the first missionaries left in April 1840 the association took on the identity of a religious institute . On August 15, 1840, Moreau and four others became
1769-487: The college has formed many influential leaders in Chilean society. Also Holy Cross' first Chilean vocation, Fr. Jorge Canepa, was a 1946 graduate of the school. Additionally, the District administers Colegio Nuestra Señora de Andacollo , located in the older sector of Central Santiago. The Congregation took responsibility for the school in the 1970s, after its expulsion from Saint George's. The student body, numbering 1,100,
1830-589: The community. Along with other religious institutes, they began a seminary in Kenya called Tangaza in 1986. By 1989, Holy Cross and a consortium of religious congregations and societies established the Queen of Apostles Philosophy Centre in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Jinja ("PCJ") due largely to the political crises between Kenya and Uganda. It was then difficult for Ugandans to study at Tangaza. PCJ
1891-606: The counsels of chastity and evangelical poverty. Some institutes take additional vows (a "fourth vow" is typical), specifying some particular work or defining condition of their way of life (e.g., the Jesuit vow to undertake any mission upon which they are sent by the pope; the Missionaries of Charity vow to serve always the poorest of the poor). The traditional distinction between simple and solemn vows no longer has any juridical effect. Solemn vows once meant those taken in what
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1952-504: The distinction between solemn and simple vows is still maintained. Admittance to a religious institute is regulated by the requirements canon law states. Religious profession can be temporary or perpetual: "Temporary profession is to be made for the period defined by the institute's own law. This period may not be less than three years nor longer than six years." Broadly speaking, after a period spanning postulancy , and novitiate and while in temporary vows to test their vocation with
2013-489: The early 1960s and expanded for a time to Puno and Tacna , on the border of Bolivia and Chile, and finally came to develop an organized presence and pastoral strategy in the Diocese of Chosica . The parish, El Señor de la Esperanza, is about the size of a small diocese in the U.S. Approximately 250,000 Catholics live in a parish that has 19 chapels. In 1982, within the boundaries of Lord of Hope Parish in Canto Grande,
2074-552: The end of his life Saint Pachomius was therefore not only the abbot of a monastery but also the head of a whole group of monasteries. The Greeks (e.g. St Basil the Great of Cappadocian Caesarea) and the Syriac-speaking east had their own monastic traditions (e.g. St Ephrem of Nisibis and Edessa). The earliest forms of monasticism in Western Europe involved figures such as Martin of Tours , who established
2135-598: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life In the Catholic Church , a religious institute is "a society in which members, according to proper law, pronounce public vows , either perpetual or temporary which are to be renewed, however, when
2196-625: The first attempt to sail in November 1852 failed due to storms.) The group arrived in Calcutta in May 1853. Fr. Verite took the sisters to Dhaka , while the brothers and seminarian went to Noakhali . Fr. Verite soon joined them as pastor of Noakhali, which included Agartala and Sylhet in its territory. Chittagong became the headquarters of Holy Cross in December 1853. The East Bengal mission
2257-843: The first professed religious in the Association of Holy Cross. As part of his plan to form this religious institute, Moreau also brought together the first group of women who would become the Marianites of Holy Cross. In 1841 he sent a group to the United States , establishing the first Holy Cross institution in North America at Notre Dame , Indiana . The institute expanded further by establishing missions in Canada in 1847 and in East Bengal in 1852. This association of priests, brothers, and sisters, would continue in roughly
2318-427: The four great religious rules: Rule of St Basil , Rule of Saint Benedict , Rule of Saint Augustine , and the Rule of Saint Francis . The Rule of St Basil, one of the earliest rules for Christian religious life, is followed primarily by monastic communities of Byzantine tradition. Western monastics ( Benedictines , Trappists , Cistercians , etc.) observe the Rule of Saint Benedict, a collection of precepts for what
2379-611: The future of the Church in France and so Dujarié knew that Moreau was just the man he was looking for. With the consent of the bishop, Moreau was given control of the Brothers of St. Joseph on August 31, 1835. He was now the head of two organizations, the Auxiliary Priests and the Brothers of St. Joseph. In 1837, Moreau made the decision to combine his two communities into one society so that the priests and brothers could share resources and ministries in common. On March 1, 1837,
2440-676: The language of the people, and Fr. Antonio comes from this indigenous group. In 2011 the Holy Cross community in Mexico became a part of the newly formed U.S. Province of Priests and Brothers. The mission of Holy Cross in Peru began with an exhortation of Pope John XXIII to religious orders to send missionaries to Latin America, and Holy Cross arrived in the north of Peru in Cartavio in September 1963. The presence soon included Chimbote in
2501-470: The ministry of the Church they are consecrated to God". Typically, members of religious institutes either take vows of evangelical chastity, poverty, and obedience (the "Evangelical Counsels") to lead a life in imitation of Christ Jesus, or, those following the Rule of Saint Benedict, the vows of obedience, stability (that is, to remain with this particular community until death and not seek to move to another), and "conversion of life" which implicitly includes
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2562-434: The more fundamental provisions of the rule or constitutions, religious institutes have statutes that are more easily subject to change. Religious institutes normally begin as an association formed, with the consent of the diocesan bishop, for the purpose of becoming a religious institute. After time has provided proof of the rectitude, seriousness and durability of the new association, the bishop, having obtained permission of
2623-434: The needs of their apostolate, the Holy See may exempt them from the governance of the local Bishops, bringing them entirely under the authority of the Holy See itself or of someone else. In some respects, for example public liturgical practice, they always remain under the local bishop's supervision. From the earliest times there were probably individual hermits who lived a life in isolation in imitation of Jesus' 40 days in
2684-403: The particular rule they have adopted and their own constitutions and customs. Their respective timetables (" horarium ") allocate due time to communal prayer, private prayer, spiritual reading, work, meals, communal recreation, sleep, and fixes any hours during which stricter silence is to be observed, in accordance with their own institute's charism . Religious institutes generally follow one of
2745-544: The people of Fort Portal and Butiti. Soon thereafter Holy Cross began administrating St. Leo's College, a high school in Kyegobe, Fort Portal diocese. Near Christmas of 1960, Holy Cross began its first parish at Bukwali. Around the end of February 1961, Cardinal Agaginian , the Armenian Patriarch at the time, told Fr. Christopher O'Toole, CSC, the superior general of Holy Cross, that missionary Vincent J. McCauley
2806-458: The period of time has elapsed, and lead a life of brothers or sisters in common." A religious institute is one of the two types of institutes of consecrated life ; the other is the secular institute , where its members are "living in the world". Religious institutes come under the jurisdiction of the Dicastery for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life . A member of
2867-525: The priests and brothers gathered in the church of Notre-Dame de Sainte-Croix, Le Mans in the Sainte-Croix district of Le Mans to sign the Fundamental Act of Union which legally joined them into one association. This new group took on the name of where they met and became the Association of Holy Cross. Initially Holy Cross was a diocesan group and so they primarily served in whatever capacity
2928-594: The rosary, as well as devotion to Mary throughout Mexico. In 2000, the local Holy Cross community in Monterrey established an immersion program at La Luz parish. This program provides an intercultural experience of life and ministry with and for the poor. It is offered principally to students from Holy Cross universities, high schools, and parishes in the United States. One group of Chilean laywomen also participated. The program has been temporarily suspended due to
2989-413: The same form until May 13, 1857, when Pope Pius IX approved the first constitutions of the priests and brothers. From that point on the Association officially became the Congregation of Holy Cross. Doubting the propriety of a mixed congregation of men and women, Rome separated the women into an independent community at that time. Moreau, in his role as their founder, continued to work for Rome's approval of
3050-568: The sector of Penalolen in Santiago, as well as its outreach to abandoned children in Santiago and later in Talagante. Today, the District administers two parishes in addition to San Roque: Nuestra Señora de Andacollo , in the same area as the school; and Nuestra Señora de la Merced, in Calle Larga, in the Diocese of San Felipe . The parishes are known for their youth ministry and social justice work. Then through Fundamor and Fundación Moreau,
3111-416: The secular world, such as in teaching, healthcare, social work, while maintaining their distinctiveness in communal living . Several founders required members of their institute not only to profess the three evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty, and obedience, but also to vow or promise enclosure or loyalty. Religious orders are discerned as: In each instance, the term "regular" means those following
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#17327724526983172-608: The sisters' constitution. In 1865, Rome approved the constitutions of the Marianites of Holy Cross , granting them the status of an Apostolic congregation. Moreau saw a visible image of the Holy Family in this Congregation of Holy Cross which he had conceived as an association of religious men and women working together on equal footing for the building of the reign of God. He intended that this Congregation, composed at its origins of three distinct Societies, namely, Sisters, Priests, and Brothers, be an apostolic institute. Calling on
3233-689: The spiritual aid of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph, Moreau gave to each of the three groups a patron: he consecrated the priests to the Sacred Heart of Jesus ; he consecrated the brothers to the pure heart of St. Joseph; and he consecrated the sisters to the Immaculate Heart of Mary . He also established Mary, under her title of Our Lady of Sorrows , as special patroness for all of Holy Cross, whose members in their several congregations continue to cherish these devotions. As Moreau stated in one of his letters, he envisioned that: "Holy Cross will grow like
3294-486: The wave of violence in Mexico. In 2010, Fr. Marín Hernández, CSC, and Fr. Paulino Antonio, CSC, the first two Mexicans to be ordained as Holy Cross priests, were assigned to Parroquia San José in Tamán, San Luis Potosí. The Bishop of the Diocese of Ciudad Valles offered this parish to Holy Cross in part because of the indigenous community's need for pastoral care and evangelization. Frs. Hernández and Antonio speak Nahuatl ,
3355-430: Was buried at the parish in the crypt of the convent church that he helped build. With his death, Holy Cross withdrew from this parish, although one of its members has become a Holy Cross priest. The relationship with the parish and pastor continues to be one of friendship and Holy Cross offers occasional assistance. In 1987, the Southern Province assumed the responsibility for the pastoral care of Santo Tomas Moro parish in
3416-430: Was called a religious order. "Today, in order to know when a vow is solemn it will be necessary to refer to the proper law of the institutes of consecrated life." Should the members want to leave the institute after perpetual vows, they would have to seek a papal indult of dispensation. The benefits of the profession are of a spiritual nature. Daily living in religious institutes is regulated by canon law as well as
3477-503: Was called at the time, "unquestionably the most destitute in East Asia and perhaps in any other part of the world." Because it was such a difficult and dangerous place to live and work, no other religious congregation showed any interest in it. Though the mission was named East Bengal, the Church jurisdiction and the political territory or civil jurisdiction called East Bengal were quite different from each other. The Province of East Bengal
3538-696: Was first created in 1905. The Church territory was officially called the Vicariate of East Bengal, set up in 1845 by the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith at the Vatican . Its first superior was Bishop Thomas Olliffe, an Irish Jesuit . The Vicariate of East Bengal embraced the present-day Archdiocese of Dhaka , Diocese of Mymensingh , and Diocese of Chittagong , as well as
3599-615: Was regarded as suspect by the Church. Paul of Thebes ( fl. 3rd century), commemorated in the writings of St Jerome , is regarded as the first Christian hermit in Egypt , his withdrawal into the desert apparently having been prompted by the persecution of the Christians at the time. Saint Anthony was the first to leave the world to live in the desert for specifically spiritual reasons; St Athanasius speaks of him as an anchorite . In upper Egypt , sometime around 323, Saint Pachomius
3660-586: Was to be a seminary for philosophical and religious studies for these (mostly Ugandan) postulants. On August 17, 1991, Holy Cross ordained its first Ugandan priest, Fr. Fulgens Katende. Five Holy Cross Brother's and one priest died in the genocide of 1994 . In Bugembe and Wanyange, two villages of the Jinja Diocese , a primary school and secondary were opened: Holy Cross Primary and Holy Cross Lakeview Secondary respectively. In 1998, Lakeview made world news when United States President Bill Clinton landed in
3721-478: Was to be made Bishop of Fort Portal . In 1967, a house, and later novitiate (in 1984), was built on the shores of Lake Saaka in Fort Portal. During the military dictatorship of Idi Amin , the Congregation decided at one point to leave the Diocese of Fort Portal. This proposal was later abandoned. Bishop McCauley died on November 1, 1982. By 1962, the institute had begun accepting Ugandan religious aspirants to
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