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144-560: Patrick Matthew (20 October 1790 – 8 June 1874) was a Scottish grain merchant , fruit farmer, forester , and landowner, who contributed to the understanding of horticulture , silviculture , and agriculture in general, with a focus on maintaining the British navy and feeding new colonies. He published the basic concept of natural selection as a mechanism in evolutionary adaptation and speciation ( directional selection ) and species constancy or stasis ( stabilizing selection ) in 1831 in

288-402: A Creative Force , The following kind of incident has occurred over and over again, ever since Darwin. An evolutionist, browsing through some pre-Darwinian tome in natural history, comes upon a description of natural selection. Aha, he says; I have found something important, a proof that Darwin wasn't original. Perhaps I have even discovered a source of direct and nefarious pilfering by Darwin! In

432-413: A better description of the technique to produce "knees" from split stems and roots. He also mentions his oversight of omitting instructions for bending planks, but then informs the reader that nature mostly takes care of that anyway (p. 390). The final sentence in that section is another one of those potential sources for confusion, as it states, "We regret that our allusion to the lamented Mr Huskisson

576-400: A biological context, one that compares and evaluates core differences between Matthew's and Darwin's concepts, especially that relating to relative adaptation (Matthew's power of occupancy ), and diversification as an adaptive process (Darwin's principle of divergence ), In conclusion, Matthew's theory of evolution is a chimera pairing the old doctrine that natural selection (usually) keeps

720-412: A book called Naval Timber and Arboriculture in which he uses the phrase "the natural process of selection". He did not further publicly develop his ideas until after Darwin and Wallace published their theories of evolution by natural selection in 1859. It has been suggested that Darwin and/or Wallace had encountered Matthew's earlier work, but there is no hard evidence of this. After the publication of On

864-436: A book in press! Since this volume went to press, there has been some changes of scenery on the political European stage, even rivalling what has ever been accomplished of sylvan metamorphosis on the face of nature by Sir Henry Steuart. The intense interest excited by these efforts towards the regeneration of man, has completely thrown into shade our humbler subject—the regeneration of trees. We have even forgot it ourselves in

1008-488: A copy of Cruickshank's Practical Planter. We endeavour to give a short view of the contents". That short review added fifty pages, second only to the previous section in criticism of Sit Henry Steuart which required eighty pages. In an Appendix, pages 363 to 391 of the book, Matthew discussed assorted topics: Note A was about the nautical basis of the British Empire : "It is only on the "Ocean" that "Universal Empire"

1152-446: A country remains for a considerable time efficient, and no effort is needed on the part of the nobility to protect their own, or no war to draw forth or preserve their powers by exertion. It is all very well, when, in stormy times, the baron has every faculty trained to its utmost ability in keeping his proud crest aloft. How far hereditary nobility, under effective government, has operated to retard "the march of intellect," and deteriorate

1296-902: A critical review of Sutton (2015), in which the main difficulty of valid identification of communication pathways was discussed, along with observations on Sutton's alternative approach, If Sutton is right and Darwin was a plagiarist, it will be the most shocking discovery in the history of science. But he must present hard evidence to convince anyone that Darwin read Matthew's book before 1859 and had known those fragments concerning natural selection. Eventually, he should prove that Darwin learned about Matthew's idea from one of his friends or correspondences [...] Sutton's line of reasoning can be reduced to one simple pattern: since Wilkin could read Matthew, then he must have done so, and because he could have discussed his evolutionary views with Joseph Hooker (1817-1911), then he did, and since Hooker could have informed Darwin about Matthew's book, then he did. But all of this

1440-458: A critique of Matthew's competitors in arboriculture, his scathing attack on entail, and significantly in retrospect, the expanded account of a natural law he called a natural process of selection , added as afterthought, but central to his argument against degeneration of nobility through entail, and its culmination into the recent rebellion on the Continent. The addendum therefore comprises

1584-536: A full exposè [ sic ] of the distresses of our shipping interest ..." (p. 136). To avoid misunderstanding, "late" is used here not in reference to no longer being alive, but rather to no longer having his role in government: he resigned in this case. It was in particularly frequent use during 1830 in the context of the aftermath of the July Revolution in France; for example, an editorial in

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1728-515: A jumble of issues. The book is divided into an Introduction followed by four different Parts and an Appendix consisting of Notes A to F that have been too long to be included as footnotes in the main text. That is, the main text has footnotes, but some of these refer to one of the notes A to F in the appendix. Parts I to IV are subdivided in various sections or chapters that sometimes also have roman numerals, so that Part I has sections I and II and Part VI has chapters I to VII. Note A section trumpets

1872-754: A long article (Eiseley, 1959), later expanded by his executors into a posthumous volume entitled "Darwin and the Mysterious Mr. X" (1979). The rebuttals of these claims tend to require a large investment of effort, sometimes only concluding after years of counterarguments ( e.g. , Roy Davies' The Darwin Conspiracy: Origins of a Scientific Crime ). Although Darwin insisted he had been unaware of Matthew's work, some modern commentators have held that he and Wallace were likely to have known of it, or could have been influenced indirectly by other naturalists who read and cited Matthew's book. However, there

2016-545: A mechanism for the generation of varieties or races within a species: James Hutton suggested the mechanism in 1794 as leading to improvement of varieties, and an 1813 paper by William Charles Wells proposed that it would form new varieties. In 1835, after Matthew's book, Edward Blyth published a description of the process as a mechanism preserving the unchanging essence of stable species. Stephen Jay Gould described American anthropologist Loren Eiseley 's research on pre-Darwinian theory in his piece on Natural Selection as

2160-604: A much smaller scale. In the 1920s and 1930s, farmers in Australia and Canada reacted against the pricing power of the large grain-handling and shipping companies. Their governments created the Australian Wheat Board and the Canadian Wheat Board as monopsony marketing boards , buying all the wheat in those countries for export. Together, those two boards controlled a large percentage of

2304-452: A negative paternity test for Matthew. It exculpates Darwin from claims of plagiarising Matthew for the time after he shifted from his early (1844) to his mature theory (1856-58). His early theory, without the principle of divergence, was equally different from Matthew's ideas: This exculpates Darwin for the time from his return from the Beagle voyage till 1844. Hence, the period for which there

2448-435: A prolific power much beyond (in many cases a thousandfold) what is necessary to fill up the vacancies caused by senile decay. As the field of existence is limited and pre-occupied, it is only the hardier, more robust, better suited to circumstance individuals, who are able to struggle forward to maturity, these inhabiting only the situations to which they have superior adaptation and greater power of occupancy than any other kind;

2592-465: A real contribution. Darwin's notebooks confirm that he drew no inspiration from Matthew or any of the other alleged precursors. Ernst Mayr 's opinion was even more clear-cut: Patrick Matthew undoubtedly had the right idea, just like Darwin did on September 28, 1838, but he did not devote the next twenty years to converting it into a cogent theory of evolution. As a result it had no impact whatsoever. Richard Dawkins also grants that Matthew had grasped

2736-492: A relative of Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan . In 1807 , Matthew inherited Gourdiehill from Adam Duncan. Matthew was educated at Perth Academy and the University of Edinburgh , but did not graduate due to the death of his father. Matthew had to take over the responsibilities of managing and running the affairs of a property estate at Gourdiehill. Over the years he successfully nurtured, cultivated, and transformed much of

2880-423: A remaining route has been proposed, by which Darwin may have got to gain knowledge of Matthew's evolutionary ideas, that is, by knowledge being passed along a network of associates, by word of mouth, or an equally indirect pathway, such as via the influence of an editor. Evidence that such a network existed could be found if there was documentation of anyone having discussed Matthew's ideas on evolution. However, there

3024-418: A retrospective glance at our pages from the press ...", and second part starts, "Since this volume went to press ..."). Both are left aligned to correspond with the each appendix entry, but only the addendum is separated from the preceding text (Note F) by a sizeable line break. It is also marked by a spacer bar. The first and second parts of the colophon have double line breaks to separate them from

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3168-441: A richer soil, as Mr. Matthew asserts, should, at the same time, be unable to maintain a contest with the oak or other tree. we disclaim participation in his rumination on the law of Nature, or on the outrages committed upon reason and justice by our burthens of hereditary nobility, entailed property, and insane enactments One of the subjects discussed in this appendix is the puzzling one, of the origin of species and varieties; and if

3312-530: A section from pages 381 to 388 of the Appendix. This lacked a heading, but in the Contents appeared as "Accommodation of organized life to circumstance, by diverging ramifications". In it, he commented on the difficulty of distinguishing "between species and variety". The change of the fossil record between geological eras implied living organisms having "a power of change, under a change of circumstances", in

3456-617: A self-evident fact, almost without an effort of concentrated thought. Mr. Darwin here seems to have more merit in the discovery than I have had; to me it did not appear a discovery. He seems to have worked it out by inductive reason, slowly and with due caution to have made his way synthetically from fact to fact onwards; while with me it was by a general glance at the scheme of Nature that I estimated this select production of species as an à priori recognisable fact—an axiom requiring only to be pointed out to be admitted by unprejudiced minds of sufficient grasp." In June 1864, after visiting his son who

3600-435: A similar perception during the 19th century, but Darwin was the only one who fully developed the idea: Patrick Matthew has always struck me as a non-issue. Many people understood the issue of natural selection but it was only Darwin who applied it to everything on the planet, as an entire vision of life. That was his legacy. I would be extremely surprised if there was any new evidence had not been already seen and interpreted in

3744-527: A square mile) or more for little or no fee. This moved grain growing, and hence trading, to a much more massive scale. Huge grain elevators were built to take in farmers' produce and move it out via the railways to port. Transportation costs were a major concern for farmers in remote regions, however, and any technology that allowed the easier movement of grain was of great assistance; meanwhile, farmers in Europe struggled to remain competitive while operating on

3888-439: A surplus of it, but rather to produce everything his family needs and become self-sufficient . Only in places and eras where production is geared towards producing a surplus for trade ( commercial agriculture ), does a major grain trade become possible. In the ancient world, grain regularly flowed from the hinterlands to the cores of great empires: maize in ancient Mexico , rice in ancient China , and wheat and barley in

4032-456: Is a book by Patrick Matthew published in 1831. It is noted for parts of it appendices in which Matthew discusses natural selection , 28 years prior to Charles Darwin 's publication of On the Origin of Species . The book On Naval Timber and Arboriculture; with critical notes on authors who have recently treated the subject of planting by Patrick Matthew (1831) is not one long argument, but

4176-404: Is how the history will remain, despite Dr Sutton's efforts to have it modified The History of Science website Natural Histories has compiled a comprehensive series of blog posts on Patrick Matthew that have made a close study of his writings, while importantly ensuring an appropriate historical context. The resulting pieces of evidence largely contradict Sutton's claims. This is especially so from

4320-448: Is inferred by Sutton without offering any hard evidence that this really happened. Similar situation concerns Mudie, Main, Conrad, Roget, Johnson, Selby, Emmons, Laycock, Powell and Leidy [...] It seems that Darwin's acknowledgement to Matthew in his letter to The Gardeners' Chronicle, and putting the latter's name in the list of predecessors in the historical sketch in On the Origin of Species,

4464-403: Is limited and pre-occupied, it is only the hardier, more robust, better suited to circumstance individuals, who are able to struggle forward to maturity, these inhabiting only the situations to which they have superior adaptation and greater power of occupancy than any other kind; the weaker, less circumstance-suited, being prematurely destroyed. (p.384-5) Unfortunately, there are no watermarks on

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4608-526: Is no direct evidence that Darwin had read the book, and his letter to Charles Lyell stating that he had ordered the book clearly indicates that he did not have a copy in his extensive library or access to it elsewhere. The particular claim that Robert Chambers had read and transmitted Matthew's ideas that are relevant to natural selection is also not supported by the facts. The article in the Chambers's Edinburgh Journal (1832, vol. 1, no. 8, 24 March, p. 63)

4752-607: Is no evidence that Matthew's ideas are present in Darwin's work, the records of his development of ideas, and expression of those concepts in his writing can be shown to extend from the time he was leaving for the Beagle voyage, up until the coalescence of his ideas into his cohesive system of evolution by natural selection in 1858. Niles Eldredge , points out the very valid point that seeing Matthew's descriptions at any point during that extended period, would likely have resulted in an integral, preformed model being described by Darwin from

4896-604: Is no single contemporary record of anyone having even recognised any value in Matthew's concept. Of the three sources to mention the existence of evolutionary content in On Naval Timber , two were rejections. Matthew, however, in his able treatise on naval timber seems to think that its indigenous location in such districts arises not so much from preference of soils of the nature above-mentioned, as from its having more power of occupancy in such soils than any other plant of

5040-404: Is not a review but only an abridged excerpt from pp. 8–14 of On Naval Timber that amounts to no more than a recipe for pruning and contains nothing of relevance to natural selection. It is headed "ON THE TRAINING OF PLANK TIMBER" and ends with ".— Matthew on Naval Timber." Even if it had been penned by Robert Chambers, this does not mean that he had read or understood, leave alone transmitted,

5184-432: Is notable that the footers are set in a different typeface to the main body text. The former is possibly Small Pica No.1, identified from the printer's catalogue, while the footers are in a reduced serif form, and at a slightly smaller size . There is kerning for the uppercase letters, in neither the body nor footer types. The title page is set in a mixture of title types that Neill & Co. offered: The alignment of

5328-554: Is now northern Germany. Recognizing the commercial potential of Hamburg , he bought two farms in Schleswig-Holstein . Matthew married his maternal first cousin, Christian Nicol in 1817, and they had eight children: John (born 1818), Robert (1820), Alexander (1821), Charles (1824), Euphemia (1826), Agnes (1828), James Edward (1830), and Helen Amelia (1833). Robert farmed Gourdiehill in Patrick's old age, Alexander took over

5472-413: Is omitted from direct mention, save the Contents page. The title to Note D on page 376 reads, Note D, p. 4. , as if accommodating the oversight in the second instalment ( see § #Second instalment , below ) was easier and less costly than reprinting, or adding to page 4, even at the proofing stage . The addendum is not mentioned throughout the body text, but is appended to the list of appendices on

5616-519: Is practicable – only by means of "Navigation" that all of the world can be subdued or retained under one dominion". In Note B. On hereditary nobility and entail, he objected to feudal privilege perpetuated by entail under Scots law . Like other Radicals of the time and educational background, he drew on a concept of self-transforming ascent from below in transmutation of species to justify his political opposition to aristocratic control of society: Matthew explains in his colophon relating to

5760-475: Is that there are no breaks between the bound paper blocks that match the different sections. Each page is one part of eight, of a larger sheet folded. When bound, the pages originating from the same sheet can appear in quite different parts of a book, but always within the same block . The enigma here is that sections that seem like afterthoughts and added at later stages, do not appear as separate page bundles that were printed independent of earlier sections. If that

5904-497: Is the case, and Matthew had devised his book as it is, from the outset, it is hard to see how he went to press before the July Revolution , as he states, with a book originally intended to be only on arboriculture, but then end up with a book quite different, if it had not been added to in the interim. Furthermore, the first part of the colophon ("In taking a retrospective glance at our pages ...". p. 388) refers to

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6048-492: Is today recognised as a description of natural selection . Although his book was reviewed in several periodical publications of the time, the significance of Matthew's insight was apparently lost upon his readers, as it languished in obscurity for nearly three decades. The only library in Perth at the time banned the book. Despite the suggestion that this through the librarian, "having no doubt spotted its hidden heresy", considering

6192-424: Is unlikely this would also detect if different areas within the layout for the same page had been printed on different days, which was an option for printers at the time. The all important addendum contains those sections that had to have been added after the main sections were printed, otherwise they could not possibly be referring to material already printed, although he might be inspecting galley proofs , yet

6336-486: The 2007–2008 world food price crisis . More recently, the dominance of Ukraine and Russia in grain markets such as wheat meant that the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 caused increased fears of a global food crises in 2022 . Changes to agriculture caused by climate change are expected to have cascading effects on global grain markets. The grain trade is probably nearly as old as grain growing , going back

6480-536: The Gardeners' Chronicle on 7 April 1860, said that this was what he had "published very fully and brought to apply practically to forestry" in Naval Timber and Arboriculture in 1831, as publicised in reviews. He quoted extracts from his book, firstly the opening words of Note B from pages 364–365 of the Appendix , stopping before his discussion of hereditary nobility and entail. He then quoted in its entirety

6624-501: The Neolithic Revolution (around 9,500 BCE). Wherever there is a scarcity of land (e.g. cities), people must bring in food from outside to sustain themselves, either by force or by trade. However, many farmers throughout history (and today) have operated at the subsistence level , meaning they produce for household needs and have little leftover to trade. The goal for such farmers is not to specialize in one crop and grow

6768-474: The Plinians . Other anomalies as noted previously, that also require harmonisation with this proposal of preconception, include, the Contents page alignment, Matthew's post production references to printed content, and the disjointed, erratic flow of material, that deals with at least four main topics: arboriculture, empire, entail, and evolution. More realistically, perhaps contradicting the multiple dates idea

6912-813: The World Trade Organization , or attempted to negotiate them away though the Cairns Group , at the same time the wheat boards have been reformed and many tariffs have been greatly reduced, leading to a further globalization of the industry. For example, in 2008 Mexico was required by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to remove its tariffs on US and Canadian maize . Similarly, protections in other contexts, such as guaranteed prices for grains in India, have been an important lifeline for small farmers in

7056-482: The addendum entry appearing as it does on the Contents page. One suggestion is that the book structure as is, was intended all along, because Matthew had wished to subtly pass its heretical content into society, secreted into an inconspicuous, and easily excisable portion of the book, … a dangerously condensed heretical summary of his conclusions, in an appendix. If the book was to be banned for heresy or sedition, its publisher, bookseller or owner could at least remove

7200-430: The addendum entry equal to the appendix notes on the Contents page, and the sense of post-production arising from Matthew's "Since this volume went to press" comment in the colophon , could be explained in two ways: that printing directions were lost or misunderstood between Black and Neill, or Matthew sent the new material directly to Neill with no printing directions. There doesn't seem another reasonable explanation for

7344-529: The ancient Near East . With this came improving technologies for storing and transporting grains; the Hebrew Bible makes frequent mention of ancient Egypt 's massive grain silos . Merchant shipping was important for the carriage of grain in the classical period (and continues to be so). A Roman merchant ship could carry a cargo of grain the length of the Mediterranean for the cost of moving

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7488-481: The colophon and erratum , and before them, the all important exposition of Matthew's evolutionary concept, his "natural process of selection", THERE is a law universal in nature, tending to render every reproductive being the best possibly suited to its condition that its kind, or that organized matter, is susceptible of, which appears intended to model the physical and mental or instinctive powers, to their highest perfection, and to continue them so. This law sustains

7632-497: The steamship shifted trade from local to more international patterns. During this time, debate over tariffs and free trade in grain was fierce. Poor industrial workers relied on cheap bread for sustenance, but farmers wanted their government to create a higher local price to protect them from cheap foreign imports , resulting in legislation such as Britain's Corn Laws . As Britain and other European countries industrialized and urbanized, they became net importers of grain from

7776-454: The 'Gardener's Chronicle,' on April 7th, 1860. The differences of Mr. Matthew's view from mine are not of much importance: he seems to consider that the world was nearly depopulated at successive periods, and then re-stocked; and he gives, as an alternative, that new forms may be generated without the presence of any mould or germ of former aggregates. I am not sure that I understand some passages; but it seems that he attributes much influence to

7920-444: The 1970s and 1980s, and was demolished in 1990 when the grounds became a small housing estate; some of the salvaged stone was incorporated in a rock garden. In managing his orchards, Patrick Matthew became familiar with the problems related to the principles of husbandry in horticulture for food production (and hence, by extension silviculture). In 1831, Matthew published On Naval Timber and Arboriculture to mixed reception. Notably,

8064-739: The German interests; the other three sons emigrated, initially to the United States. Matthew became interested in the colonization of New Zealand and was instrumental in setting up a "Scottish New Zealand Land Company". At his urging, James and Charles Matthew emigrated to New Zealand, where they set up one of the earliest commercial orchards in Australasia using seed and seedlings from Gourdiehill. John Matthew remained in America, sending botanical tree specimens back to his father; these included

8208-456: The Number of your Paper, dated April 7th. I freely acknowledge that Mr. Matthew has anticipated by many years the explanation which I have offered of the origin of species, under the name of natural selection. I think that no one will feel surprised that neither I, nor apparently any other naturalist, had heard of Mr. Matthew's views, considering how briefly they are given, and that they appeared in

8352-457: The Origin of Species , Darwin became aware of Matthew's 1831 book and subsequent editions of The Origin include an acknowledgment that Matthew "gives precisely the same view on the origin of species as that" given in the "present volume". Patrick Matthew was born 20 October 1790 at Rome, a farm held by his father John Matthew near Scone Palace , in Perthshire . His mother was Agnes Duncan,

8496-479: The Perthshire Courier of 2 September 1830 remarked "To appease the popular fury, it is almost certain that the lives of some of the late Ministers are to be sacrificed". The very last section of colophon follows a bar and line break ("Since this volume went to press"). Placing this instalment in sequence is troublesome. The comments Matthew makes suggest it was written later than the first version of

8640-494: The United States, Canada and the Soviet Union during the 20th century was connected with their status as grain surplus countries. More recently, international commodity markets have been an important part of the dynamics of food systems and grain pricing . Speculation , as well as other compounding production and supply factors leading up to the 2007–2008 financial crises , created rapid inflation of grain prices during

8784-417: The above ...", "Since this volume went to press ...", "After the preceding parts of this volume had gone to press ...", etc. This post hoc approach has created a distinctive halting flow and discontinuity between sections. The book is structured in an unorthodox way, as a result of the iterative process in assembling the content, and the reviews reflect this confusion. The gallery shows some of

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8928-653: The additional Contents page, as a subsequent stage in the book's construction. This followed Matthew's examination of his galley proof , sent out as standard practise for Edinburgh letterpress printers in 1830 (confirmed by Robert Smail's Printing Works ). He would have followed the Guide to Authors in Correcting the Press , an example of which is provided in the later Neill & Co.'s specimen catalog, and also add in thoughts that he held about Malthusian pressures on life and

9072-470: The appendix in order to save the rest from the bonfire. However, this proposal, for a preconceived structure, also needs to explain why Matthew would think it necessary to hide ideas on theistic evolution, when prominent challenges to natural theology already stretched back over half a century, to Hume and Maupertuis , and were current at his alma mater , the University of Edinburgh , because of Robert Edmond Grant , Robert Jameson , Henry Hulme Cheek and

9216-422: The appendix to a work on Naval Timber and Arboriculture. I can do no more than offer my apologies to Mr. Matthew for my entire ignorance of his publication. If another edition of my work is called for, I will insert a notice to the foregoing effect. As promised, Darwin included a statement in the third (1861) and subsequent editions of On the Origin of Species , acknowledging that Matthew had anticipated "precisely

9360-441: The appendix to the appendix, although all the signs suggest it being added later). It is even reasonable to consider the addendum as being added as an afterthought, following the second version of Matthew's manuscript. This is suggested by the colophon in that third instalment which mentions the material that was included to date. Additionally, the new material is not integral to the appendix that precedes it, nor does it merge with

9504-437: The appendix where it appears in the Contents. All this points towards the vital exposition of positive natural selection being added along with the errata , as an afterthought, and almost not making it into the book! Two sections are listed on the eighth page of Contents along with the appendices (referred to as Notes ), the addendum ("Retrospective glance at our pages ...") and colophon (first part starts, "In taking

9648-463: The author has hereon originated no original views (and of this we are far from certain), he has certainly exhibited his own in an original manner While completing a doctoral thesis on Disputes of Plagiarism in Darwin's Theory of Evolution at the University of Zielona Gora, where the journal Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy (F.A.G.) (Philosophical Aspects of Genesis) is based, Grzegorz Malec published

9792-407: The baneful influence of this unnatural custom. [p.365-6] [...] The self-regulating adaptive disposition of organized life may, in part, be traced to the extreme fecundity of Nature, who, as before stated, has, in all the varieties of her offspring, a prolific power much beyond (in many cases a thousandfold) what is necessary to fill up the vacancies caused by senile decay. As the field of existence

9936-459: The book as already printed, and the few mistakes he could have improved, plus, there is an erratum on the final page. A final oddity can be observed in what appear to be "wet ink marks" visible in the scanned PDF copy of the book held at the University of Oxford 's Bodleian Library . This might prove confusing to anyone unfamiliar with Victorian letterpress printing . However, it is questionable whether these are wet ink marks as, not only would

10080-552: The book contains an addendum that discusses natural selection 28 years before Charles Darwin 's publication of On the Origin of Species . In 1860, Matthew read in the Gardeners' Chronicle for 3 March a review (by Huxley ), republished from The Times , of Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species , which said Darwin "professes to have discovered the existence and the modus operandi of natural selection , and described its principles". A letter by Matthew, published in

10224-414: The book, and after receiving proofs, or even after the print run was completed. But it is not obvious whether it comprised an instalment of its own, subsequent to the second instalment, or whether that new material and this, was collected to comprise one submission. Either way, the net new material in this final instalment was as follows, The final manuscript comprised, a book on timber and marine, including

10368-402: The change of circumstances". He proposed that "the progeny of the same parents, under great difference of circumstance, might, in several generations, even become distinct species, incapable of co-reproduction." The self-regulating adaptive disposition of organised life, may, in part, be traced to the extreme fecundity of Nature, who, as before stated, has, in all the varieties of her offspring,

10512-466: The circumstances for producing the book as published; the July Revolution of 1830 punctuated the period between the print run and the book's release at the end of the year ("Dating books published in December with the following year's date was actually very common in the nineteenth century. It made them seem 'new' for longer." ). The uprising in France affected him to the point of even forgetting he had

10656-517: The city of Rome was considered to be of the utmost strategic importance to Roman generals and politicians. In Europe, with the fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of feudalism , many farmers were reduced to a subsistence level, producing only enough to fulfill their obligation to their lord and the Church , with little for themselves, and even less for trading. The little that was traded

10800-515: The context of further industrialization of agriculture . When the BJP Party government of Narendra Modi attempted to repeal guaranteed prices for farmers on key grains like wheat, f armers throughout the country rose in protest . On Naval Timber and Arboriculture On Naval Timber and Arboriculture : With Critical Notes on Authors who Have Recently Treated the Subject of Planting

10944-496: The country; and this opinion he endeavours to support by stating that the Pinus sylvestris , planted in a good or rich soil, attains larger dimensions and its best timber properties, and that it is only driven from this superior soil by the greater power of occupancy possessed by the oak and other deciduous trees, an opinion in which we cannot altogether acquiesce, as we see no reason why the fir, if it grows with such additional vigour in

11088-553: The course of evolutionary history in the way that is claimed [. ...] Dr Sutton is not the myth-buster that he calls himself [and,] has been either, wrong, inaccurate or irrelevant in his conclusions [. ...] Darwin and Wallace were the first to propose adaptive changes via incremental gradualism producing species better suited to their environment, making natural selection sufficiently novel in this sense [. ...] The title of Darwin's book could have been inspired by several sources[, ...] Chambers likely never saw Matthew's book[, ... and, t]his

11232-518: The development of new crops. Price volatility greatly effects countries that are dependent on grain imports, such as certain countries in the MENA region . "Price volatility is a life-and-death issue for many people around the world" warned ICTSD Senior Fellow Sergio Marchi. "Trade policies need to incentivize investment in developing country agriculture, so that poor farmers can build resistance to future price shocks". Two major price volatility crises in

11376-464: The direct action of the conditions of life. He clearly saw, however, the full force of the principle of natural selection. In answer to a letter of mine (published in Gard. Chron., April 13th), fully acknowledging that Mr. Matthew had anticipated me, he with generous candour wrote a letter (Gard. Chron. May 12th) containing the following passage:—"To me the conception of this law of Nature came intuitively as

11520-433: The early 21st century, during the 2007–2008 world food price crisis and 2022 food crises , have had major negative effects on grain prices globally. Climate change is expected to create major agricultural failures , that will continue to create volatile food price markets especially for bulk goods like grains. Protection against international market prices has been an important part of how some countries have responded to

11664-420: The earth-shattering significance of the idea they had lit upon, and I shall use Matthew's name to represent them all. I am increasingly inclined to agree with Matthew that natural selection itself scarcely needed discovering. What needed discovering was the significance of natural selection for the evolution of all life. In response to Sutton's e-book , Darwin biographer James Moore said many people came towards

11808-401: The eighth Contents page. The Contents page for the appendices is entirely separate from the rest of the book's Contents listing, which is otherwise neatly balanced and spaced to occupy its seven pages span. This further suggests that the appendices were added to the first two sections, along with the three footers in a different typeface ( see § Possible third instalment , below ), and

11952-432: The end of the main text and after the end of the appendix containing this list of long endnotes, the end is still not reached. Instead, a horizontal line occurs, after which the text continues, without a heading or anything explaining what is to be expected. The appendix has an appendix! As a late addition, it could be called an addendum (pp. 381–388). This easily overlooked addendum is of course where Matthew combined

12096-422: The endnotes, however, these various additions are not referred to anywhere in the main body of the book. The table of contents, however, lists the addendum and the retrospective glace as "Accommodation of organized life to circumstances, by diverging ramifications, ... 381" and "Retrospective glance at our pages, ... 388" respectively. These are not indented but aligned equal to the appendix Notes A to F, in

12240-585: The estate's farmland and pastures into several large orchards of apple and pear trees, numbering over 10,000. During this time, Matthew became an avid researcher of both silviculture and horticulture . His research and experience at the modest estate framed a strong base of reference to form his own opinions and theories. Matthew periodically traveled to Europe between 1807 and 1831 either on business or for his scientific studies. A trip to Paris in 1815 had to be cut short when Napoleon returned from Elba . Between 1840 and 1850, Matthew traveled extensively in what

12384-448: The events occurring simultaneous to his writing, and that he found them to be of such considerable importance that not only did they distract his attention so he completely forgot about his book sitting with the printers, but they also had consequence for the relevancy of some of his ideas already committed to the page. In response to certain events, Matthew clearly added sections, marked by his introductory statements, such as, "Since writing

12528-422: The exacerbation of survival from competition, inspired by current events in France, that had seen the rejection of the hereditary monarchy and royal succession , in preference for an elective monarchy , There is a law universal in nature, tending to render every reproductive being the best possibly suited to its condition that its kind, or that organized matter, is susceptible of, which appears intended to model

12672-429: The face of ever larger trucks . Modern issues affecting the grain trade include food security concerns, the increasing use of biofuels , the controversy over how to properly store and separate genetically modified and organic crops, the local food movement, the desire of developing countries to achieve market access in industrialized economies, climate change and drought shifting agricultural patterns, and

12816-712: The features discussed later in the following sections on the book's structure. Featured are the two copies of Matthew (1831) held at the National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh . The first is modern 3/4 leather bound, originally from the Adam Black stock (the Edinburgh publisher appears first), and the other in its original publisher's boards, part of the Longman et al., stock (London, first). The books occupy

12960-766: The first seedlings known to have been planted in Europe of both the Giant Redwood and the Coastal Redwood . A group of trees of these species still thriving near Inchture in Perthshire comes from these seedlings. Matthew gave many more seedlings to friends, relatives and neighbors, and redwoods can be found throughout the Carse of Gowrie ; these as well as some elsewhere in Scotland (e.g. at Gillies Hill near Stirling Castle ) are thought to have been grown from

13104-434: The general concept of natural selection , but failed to appreciate the significance, nor develop it further, I agree with W.J. Dempster, Patrick Matthew's modern champion, that Matthew has been unkindly treated by history. 'But, unlike Dempster, I hesitate to assign full priority to him. Partly, it is because he wrote in a much more obscure style than either Darwin or Wallace, which makes it hard to know in some places what he

13248-829: The geometric growth of populations that supplied the third, until-then missing component of a complete theory of selection articulated in Notebooks D and E. Had Darwin read Matthew, he would have seen the whole thing - all three components of natural selection - in one concise statement. Sutton's claim that Darwin and Wallace plagiarised evolution by natural selection from Matthew also has been refuted by Joachim Dagg, The perspective emerging from this comparison shows at least four unique theories (Matthew, early Darwin, mature Darwin and Wallace), each interesting in its own right. Each theory integrated change in conditions, variability, competition and natural selection in ways that allowed for species transformation somehow. Apart from this similarity,

13392-632: The grain trade was divided between a few state-owned and privately owned giants. The state giants were Exportkhleb of the Soviet Union, the Canadian Wheat Board, the Australian Wheat Board, the Australian Barley Board , and so on. The largest private companies, known as the "big five", were Cargill , Continental , Louis Dreyfus , Bunge , and Andre, an older European company not to be confused with

13536-445: The hands of the printer, while yet unborn […] We had intended to bring out Naval Timber and Arboriculture as a portion of a work embracing Rural Economy in general, but this is not a time to think of rural affairs. Given the lack of integration of the subjects covered: arboriculture, empire, entail and, evolution, with most commonality between the latter pair, it strongly suggests that the manuscript submitted for printing solely comprised

13680-452: The historical context, it is more likely that the heretical content would be seen as the attacks on Sir Walter Scott, Paley's teleological immutability by Special Creation, and his other gripe, nobility and entail. Of Paley's Theological Naturalism, alternatives from Buffon transformatism and Lamarck unguided evolution still assumed a divine Creator. There is nothing to say Matthew was any different, such as evidence of him being an atheist (quite

13824-442: The importation of naval timber and hemp." In Part IV of the book, pages 138 to 359, he wrote critical reviews assessing what other authors had published on tree cultivation. The appendix was not the only part of the book subsequently augmented by extra material. The "Notices of Authors Who Treat of Arboriculture" also received an additional section (p. 309), "After the preceding parts of this volume had gone to press, we received

13968-414: The introduction). In support, Note B is referenced from Note C (p. 374). This would then constitute a 2nd draft, after the July Revolution, likely adding the following in its final form, as these sections are unaffected by later additions, This then produced in total a book on timber and marine, critique of competitors and a scathing attack on entail. It is possible that the second instalment included

14112-1031: The large trading companies. By contrast, in 1980, the US government attempted to use its food power to punish the Soviet Union for its invasion of Afghanistan with an embargo on grain exports . This was seen as a failure in terms of foreign policy (the Soviets made up the deficit on the international market), and negatively impacted American farmers. Since the Second World War, the trend in North America has been toward further consolidation of already vast farms. Transportation infrastructure has also promoted more economies of scale . Railways have switched from coal to diesel fuel, and introduced hopper car to carry more mass with less effort. The old wooden grain elevators have been replaced by massive concrete inland terminals, and rail transportation has retreated in

14256-548: The leap to generalise from artificial to natural selection, but he applied it only to humans, and he thought of it as choosing among races of people rather than individuals as Darwin and Wallace did. Wells therefore seems to have arrived at a form of 'group selection' rather than true, Darwinian natural selection as Matthew did, which selects individual organisms for their reproductive success. Darwin also lists other partial predecessors, who had shadowy inklings of natural selection. Like Patrick Matthew, none of them seems to have grasped

14400-493: The lion in his strength, the hare in her swiftness, and the fox in his wiles. As Nature, in all her modifications of life, has a power of increase far beyond what is needed to supply the place of what falls by Time's decay, those individuals who possess not the requisite strength, swiftness, hardihood, or cunning, fall prematurely without reproducing—either a prey to their natural devourers, or sinking under disease, generally induced by want of nourishment, their place being occupied by

14544-464: The long-term deleterious effect that culling only the trees of highest timber quality from forests had on the quality of timber. The topic changed to Concerning our Marine, &c. for pages 130 to 137 of the book. Here Matthew promoted "a system of universal free trade ", with the "absolute necessity of abolishing every monopoly and restriction of trade in Britain", particularly the "insane duty on

14688-400: The main body text of Matthew's management rules, and his criticism of other planters. The references to appendices are printed in the footer area of the pages 2, 3, 4 and 135 (the only place where they are called appendices, abbreviated "App.") and in the footer of page 293 (not abbreviated: "* See Appendix F."), plus an additional reference to Note B from within the body text on page 374. Note D

14832-491: The more perfect of their own kind, who are pressing on the means of subsistence. The law of entail, necessary to hereditary nobility, is an outrage on this law of nature which she will not pass unavenged ... In the appendix he elaborated on comments in the main text on how artificial selection —the elimination of trees of poor timber quality from the breeding stock—could be used to improve timber quality, and even create new varieties of trees. He extrapolated from this to what

14976-449: The more recent André Maggi Group from Brazil. In 1972, the Soviet Union's wheat crop failed. To prevent shortages in their country, Soviet authorities were able to buy most of the surplus American harvest through private companies without the knowledge of the United States government. This drove up prices across the world, and was dubbed the " great grain robbery " by critics, leading to greater public attention being paid by Americans to

15120-433: The most notorious of these claims, the great anthropologist and writer Loren Eiseley thought that he had detected such an anticipation in the writings of Edward Blyth. Eiseley laboriously worked through the evidence that Darwin had read (and used) Blyth's work and, making a crucial etymological mistake along the way, finally charged that Darwin may have pinched the central idea for his theory from Blyth. He published his case in

15264-416: The old ideas of natural selection and species transmutation in a hitherto unheard of way. The addendum is followed by a "Retrospective glance at our pages" (pp. 388–390) discussing the book's production, by a colophon (pp. 390–391) mentioning changes in the political scenery of Europe and the implications for the book's main topic of naval timber and rural affairs, and finally by an erratum . Unlike

15408-500: The opposite way. In response to Sutton (2015) Darwin and Wallace scholar, John van Wyhe commented, This conspiracy theory is so silly and based on such forced and contorted imitations of historical method that no qualified historian could take it seriously. To coincide with Sutton's presentation to the Carse of Gowrie Sustainability Group, Darwin author, Julian F. Derry sent an open letter, saying, contrary to what Dr Sutton has told you tonight, Patrick Matthew did not influence

15552-648: The other passages of Matthew's book that do contain anything relevant to natural selection. Further, The Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation contain nothing of relevance about natural selection. Combining these facts, Robert Chambers had probably not read or received the message about natural selection in Matthew's book, likely did not promulgate it in the Vestiges, and probably neither in conversations. Challenges to Matthew's claim to priority, or those made since he died, have essentially made reference to

15696-556: The outset, whereas what we actually have in his notes is realisation of the full picture from development of incremental sketches, And though some have suggested that Darwin, in particular, had actually co-opted Matthew's ideas, it seems to me highly improbable. Recall that Darwin knew that adaptation must be explained, and that there is in fact a causal explanation for adaption that must involve 'generation' (including heredity) as well as heritable variation, as early as Notebook B in late 1837. It took him another year or so to find Malthus and

15840-419: The paper used, it being the few years between the end of "wove" paper and the introduction of modern paper making technology. A chemical analysis would be possible, as also electron-microscopy, to ascertain any difference between the paper within each section, which would help clarify whether the book comprises sections printed on successive dates, or in a single run following all changes made at proofing . It

15984-449: The part described below for a mooted third instalment. There is no significance of there being just one, or two later instalments. While what is nominally called the third instalment here appears to have been added to the book after the second, it is possible that they may have been submitted simultaneously. Another potential is that just the final section of the main part of the book, the fifty-page review of Cruickshank's Practical Planter ,

16128-484: The particular variety of the species" and the need to select seed from the best individuals when growing trees. On reading this, Darwin commented in a letter to Charles Lyell dated 10 April: Now for a curious thing about my Book, & then I have done. In last Saturday Gardeners' Chronicle, a Mr Patrick Matthews [ sic ] publishes long extract from his work on Naval Timber & Arboriculture published in 1831, in which he briefly but completely anticipates

16272-458: The patriotism again. Note B starts with the idea of natural selection, but quickly drifts into a rant against the law of entail. Note C contains Matthews comments on races of humans, speculating about changes in races due to migration. Note D is a short note on psychological dispositions. Note E attacks the thinking behind shipping tax. Note F is on the mud deposition or alluvium on the east coast of Britain. The biggest surprise comes after

16416-407: The physical and mental or instinctive powers, to their highest perfection, and to continue them so. [p.364] [...] The law of entail, necessary to hereditary nobility, is an outrage on this law of nature which she will not pass unavenged—a law which has the most debasing influence upon the energies of a people, and will sooner or later lead to general subversion, more especially when the executive of

16560-406: The political and civil unrest on the continent, as he explains in his later addition, specifically the final paragraph of colophon , on the last page of the book. It is reasonable to suggest that material that mentions issues relating to those developments in France were added subsequent to the submission (all mentions of France are in the appendices; entail is mentioned twice in quick succession in

16704-501: The preceding section, while the second part of the colophon also has a spacer bar. The finishing touches must have included the eighth Contents page with the list of appendices, and at the same time, or even later, the entry for the addendum and the "Retrospective glance," both aligned equal to the appendix notes. Also added after the first instalment, the footer references to appendices A, B, C and E, on pages 2, 3, 4 and 135, respectively, as inferred by Matthew's colophon comments. It

16848-460: The principle of N. Selection to the races of man.— So poor old Patrick Matthew, is not the first, & he cannot or ought not any longer put on his Title pages 'Discoverer of the principle of Natural Selection'!." Matthew, Darwin and Wallace are the only three people considered to have independently discovered the principle of natural selection as a mechanism for speciation ( macroevolution ). Others prior to Matthew had proposed natural selection as

16992-437: The publishers (not by the author as has been asserted), and was common practise as a form of insurance when sales might be poor. The only known number of copies is single print run of 200. These were printed by Neill & Co., in their "old, cramped quarters at Old Fishmarket Close". Of the books that Neill & Co. printed for Adam Black, there is no mention of "On Naval Timber", nor Patrick Matthew, in their in-house history,

17136-403: The same Satzspiegel (print space), but trimming has reduced the page spread of the modern bound copy. In 1831, the publishers Adam Black in Edinburgh and Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green of London split shares on publishing Matthew's book, On Naval Timber and Arboriculture: With Critical Notes on Authors who Have Recently Treated the Subject of Planting . This was a decision made by

17280-564: The same amount 15 miles by land. The large cities of the time could not exist without the supplies delivered. For example, in the first three centuries AD, Rome consumed about 150,000 tons of Egyptian grain each year. During the classical age, the unification of China and the pacification of the Mediterranean basin by the Roman Empire created vast regional markets in commodities at either end of Eurasia . The grain supply to

17424-809: The same issues, that his description of natural selection was not accessible and it lacked lengthier development. Other criticisms have focussed on the differences between Darwin 's and Matthew's versions of natural selection , and sometimes Wallace 's too ( e.g. , Weale 2015). If Matthew's ideas had made the impact on subsequent evolutionary thinking, as claimed, the signals ought to be there, either during Matthew's lifetime, or Darwin's. Yet, modern claims for Matthew's priority have been unable to provide evidence for this, that has withstood fact checking. Historian of science , Peter Bowler succinctly summarised some of those main reasons given for why Matthew does not deserve priority for natural selection over Darwin and Wallace, Such efforts to denigrate Darwin misunderstand

17568-427: The same side of the same block of eight pages be printed for the entire print run of 200 copies, according to imposition , but the same marks do not show up in other copies of the book, for example, the one at Harvard University , or the two copies at the National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh . Ultimately, taking the mirror image of the page, in order to make the marks more legible, the type can be seen to match

17712-526: The same view on the origin of species" and "clearly saw...the full force of the principle of natural selection". The statement referred to the correspondence, and quoted from a response by Matthew published in the Gardener's Chronicle . Darwin wrote that. Unfortunately the view was given by Mr. Matthew very briefly in scattered passages in an Appendix to a work on a different subject, so that it remained unnoticed until Mr. Matthew himself drew attention to it in

17856-411: The same way as the "derangements and changes in organised existence, induced by a change of circumstance from the interference of man" gave "proof of the plastic quality of superior life" which he called "a circumstance-suiting power". Following past deluges , "an unoccupied field would be formed for new diverging ramifications of life" in "the course of time, moulding and accommodating their being anew to

18000-445: The seedlings. His reputation as a local celebrity faded in the twentieth century, when he was remembered as a "character" who at the end of his life became convinced that "someone very dear to his heart" had become a bird, and "that was the rizzen he wouldna allow the blackies to be shot in his orchard for fear they would shute her, ye ken, although the blackies were sair on the fruit". Matthew's house, Gourdiehill, fell into disrepair in

18144-484: The species fixed with the catastrophism that allowed for rapid transformation and radiation of species by natural selection after a catastrophe. Darwin's principle of divergence, however, was his final break away from the doctrine that natural selection kept species fixed. The principle of divergence differs from Matthew's ideas in its development (from Darwin's own studies of systematics and an analogy with economics), its causal structure and its consequences. This constitutes

18288-554: The species in modern Europe, is an interesting and important question. We have seen it play its part in France; we see exhibition of its influence throughout the Iberian peninsula, to the utmost degradation of its victims. It has rendered the Italian peninsula, with its islands, a blank in the political map of Europe. Let the panegyrists of hereditary nobility, primogeniture, and entail, say what these countries might not have been but for

18432-532: The surviving inventory, nor the memoirs of Adam Black, including a, "Chronological List of some of the Principal Books published by Adam Black, and A. & C. Black". Matthew's book discussed at length how best to grow suitable trees for the construction of the Royal Navy 's warships . He considered the task to be of great importance, as the navy permitted the British race to advance. Matthew noted

18576-434: The table of contents, showing that they are not sub-sections of Note F. The thematic break and the double horizontal line between Note F and the addendum at page 381 corroborate this. There are other elements to the book which are intriguing and mysterious. They require careful analysis, to piece together a likely sequence of events that led to production of the final version. Luckily Matthew is quite informative and open about

18720-409: The text on the other side of each page. The marks are therefore an artefact of the scanning process, and not inherent to the book. Ergo , the indications are that Matthew constructed the book iteratively, producing this third instalment, that includes the evolutionary exposition (p. 381), plus a further colophon ("In taking a retrospective glance at our pages ..." p. 388) that provides

18864-439: The theories differ significantly from each other in the mechanisms underlying transformation. However, this difference does not lie in the struggle for survival and survival of the fittest, but in the way in which natural selection is integrated with variability, competition and environmental conditions. Transmutation is a convergent result of structurally different mechanisms. Accepting these irreconcilable differences in theory,

19008-536: The theory of Nat. Selection. I have ordered the Book, as some few passages are rather obscure but it, is certainly, I think, a complete but not developed anticipation! Erasmus always said that surely this would be shown to be the case someday. Anyhow one may be excused in not having discovered the fact in a work on Naval Timber . Darwin then wrote a letter of his own to the Gardener's Chronicle , stating, I have been much interested by Mr. Patrick Matthew's communication in

19152-595: The various breadbaskets of the world. In many parts of Europe, as serfdom was abolished, great estates were accompanied by many inefficient smallholdings , but in the newly colonized regions massive operations were available to not only great nobles, but also to the average farmer. In the United States and Canada, the Homestead Act and the Dominion Lands Act allowed pioneers on the western plains to gain tracts of 160 acres (0.65 km ) (1/4 of

19296-660: The volitility of market prices. For example, farmers in the European Union , United States and Japan are protected by agricultural subsidies . The European Union's programs are organized under the Common Agricultural Policy . The agricultural policy of the United States is demonstrated through the "farm bill" , while rice production in Japan is also protected and subsidized. Farmers in other countries has attempted to have these policies disallowed by

19440-414: The weaker, less circumstance-suited, being prematurely destroyed. He described this as a "circumstance-adaptive law, operating upon the slight but continued natural disposition to sport in the progeny". Matthew then quoted the opening three paragraphs from Part III of his book, Miscellaneous Matter Connected with Naval Timber: Nurseries , pages 106 to 108, on "the luxuriance and size of timber depending upon

19584-443: The whole point of the history of science: Matthew did suggest a basic idea of selection, but he did nothing to develop it; and he published it in the appendix to a book on the raising of trees for shipbuilding. No one took him seriously, and he played no role in the emergence of Darwinism. Simple priority is not enough to earn a thinker a place in the history of science: one has to develop the idea and convince others of its value to make

19728-511: The world's grain trade in the mid-20th century. Additionally, farmers' cooperatives such the wheat pools became a popular alternative to the major grain companies. At the same time in the Soviet Union and soon after in China , disastrous collectivization programs effectively turned the world's largest farming nations into net importers of grain. By the second half of the 20th century,

19872-471: Was fair enough. Grain trade The grain trade is as old as agricultural settlement, identified in many of the early cultures that adopted sedentary farming. Major societal changes have been directly connected to the grain trade, such as the fall of the Roman Empire . From the early modern period onward, grain trade has been an important part of colonial expansion and international power dynamics. The geopolitical dominance of countries like Australia,

20016-405: Was farming in Schleswig-Holstein , Matthew wrote to Darwin about his pamphlet publishing five of his letters. The title page of this political pamphlet by Matthew stated his claim to be "solver of the problem of species". In a letter to Hooker (22 and 28 October 1865), Darwin commented that William Charles Wells , in an essay "read in 1813 to Royal Soc. but not printed", had applied "most distinctly

20160-482: Was moved around locally at regular fairs . A massive expansion in the grain trade occurred when Europeans were able to bring millions of square kilometers of new land under cultivation in the Americas , Russia, and Australia, an expansion starting in the fifteenth and lasting into the twentieth century. In addition, the consolidation of farmland in Britain and Eastern Europe , and the development of railways and

20304-607: Was printed off before we knew of his death". This comment supports the retrospection in other sections that further implies later additions to the book. Seeking out Huskisson's earlier mention, he appears in passing within the section Concerning Our Marine (in Part III: Miscellaneous Matter Connected With Naval Timber , p. 130), "Can it be believed that our very liberal late minister (Mr Huskisson), and our very non-liberal member for Newark ( Mr Sadler ), have both made

20448-430: Was submitted alone, then the final instalment contained everything remaining, which would have significantly expanded the evolutionary component. There are several phenomena that are confusing when considering the sequence of events in constructing this book. There is the mystery of a spacing bar positioned after a line break at the end of NOTE F, then another line spacing, before the beginning of an addendum (essentially

20592-443: Was trying to say (Darwin himself noted this). But mostly it is because he seems to have underestimated the idea, to an extent where we have to doubt whether he really understood how important it was. The same could be said, even more strongly (which is why I have not treated his case in the same detail as Matthew's), of W.C. Wells, whom Darwin also scrupulously acknowledged (in the fourth and subsequent editions of The Origin). Wells made

20736-419: Was unable to make changes to the main body of text. The parts of the book that do not refer to those later sections, with their final section designation and page numbers, are, This then would comprise the originally intended book, and the printed manuscript, pre-July 1830, a book on timber and marine, with a critique of competitors. Matthew then submitted his manuscript, then forgot all about it, distracted by

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