Elizabeth Gidley Withycombe (15 June 1902 – 12 November 1993) is the compiler of The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Names , first published by the Clarendon Press in 1945 and in multiple editions since. Her name appeared as "E. G. Withycombe" in her published books.
133-418: Patrick Victor Martindale White (28 May 1912 – 30 September 1990) was an Australian novelist and playwright who explored themes of religious experience, personal identity and the conflict between visionary individuals and a materialistic, conformist society. Influenced by the modernism of James Joyce , D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf , he developed a complex literary style and a body of work which challenged
266-694: A public school in England. In April 1925, his parents took White to England to enrol in Cheltenham College in Gloucestershire. In his first years at Cheltenham, he was withdrawn and had few friends. He found his housemaster to be sadistic and puritanical, and White's certitude of his own homosexuality increased his sense of isolation. He later wrote of Cheltenham, "When the gates of my expensive prison closed I lost confidence in my mother, and [I] never forgave." One of White's few pleasures
399-508: A "back-of-God-speed place—a naval Siberia", and soon as a job became available, he went to Trieste. Joyce moved to Trieste in March 1905 aged 23. He taught English at the Berlitz school. That June he published the satirical poem "Holy Office". After Nora gave birth to their first child, Giorgio, on 27 July 1905, He convinced Stanislaus to move to Trieste and attained a position for him at
532-641: A best seller. The response from critics and the public in the United States was more subdued. In October 1979, White started work on a memoir, Flaws in the Glass , in which he planned to write publicly for the first time about his homosexuality and his relationship with Manoly Lascaris. The book was published in Britain in October 1981 to great publicity and became his biggest seller in his life time. Much of
665-477: A bit dirty, when we thought that only applied to Australian awards. In my case to win the prize would upset my life far too much, and it would embarrass me to be held up to the world as an Australian writer when, apart from the accident of blood, I feel I am temperamentally a cosmopolitan Londoner". In 1970, White had begun working on a new novel, The Eye of the Storm , about the meaning of his mother's death. He sent
798-477: A civil ceremony in London in 1931. He made a number of trips to Switzerland, frequently seeking treatment for his increasingly severe eye problems and psychological help for his daughter, Lucia . When France was occupied by Germany during World War II, Joyce moved back to Zürich in 1940. He died there in 1941 after surgery for a perforated ulcer, at age 58. Ulysses frequently ranks high in lists of great books, and
931-537: A close circle of friends at his home but always felt himself to be an outsider: "first as a child with what kind of strange gift no one quite knew; then a despised colonial in an English public school; finally an artist in horrified Australia." In 1961, his novel Riders in the Chariot was published, and was his first to receive almost universal critical praise in Australia. Meanwhile, White's interest had returned to
1064-552: A collection of thirteen poems that he wrote in Trieste, Zürich and Paris. In 1930, Joyce began thinking of establishing a residence in London once more, primarily to assure that Giorgio, who had just married Helen Fleischmann, would have his inheritance secured under British law. Joyce moved to London, obtained a long-term lease on a flat, registered on the electoral roll , and became liable for jury service . After living together for twenty-seven years, Joyce and Nora got married at
1197-454: A contribution to the war effort, and mainly staged works by Irish playwrights, such as Oscar Wilde , George Bernard Shaw , and John Millington Synge. For Synge's Riders to the Sea , Nora played a principal role and Joyce sang offstage, which he did again when Robert Browning 's In a Balcony was staged. He hoped the company would eventually stage his play, Exiles , but his participation in
1330-559: A correspondence clerk and three visits to Dublin, Joyce resided there until 1915. In Trieste, he published his book of poems Chamber Music and his short story collection Dubliners , and he began serially publishing A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in the English magazine The Egoist . During most of World War I, Joyce lived in Zürich , Switzerland, and worked on Ulysses . After
1463-581: A deliberate media campaign to sabotage his work. By 1984, White had become disillusioned with the Hawke Labor government and publicly and financially supported the new Nuclear Disarmament Party . White had been publicly campaigning for nuclear disarmament since 1981, calling it: "the most important moral issue in history." In late 1984, White was hospitalised due to osteoporosis, crumbled vertebrae and glaucoma resulting from his long-term use of cortisone to treat his asthma and chest infections. Although he
SECTION 10
#17327911643561596-575: A fan letter in Norwegian and wrote a play, A Brilliant Career , which he later destroyed. In 1901 the National Census of Ireland listed Joyce as a 19-year-old Irish- and English-speaking unmarried student living with his parents, six sisters and three brothers at Royal Terrace (now Inverness Road) in Clontarf , Dublin. During this year he became friends with Oliver St. John Gogarty ,
1729-424: A heavy drinker, Joyce gave up alcohol for a period in 1908. He reworked Stephen Hero as the more concise and interior A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . He completed the third chapter by April and translated John Millington Synge 's Riders to the Sea into Italian with the help of Nicolò Vidacovich. He even took singing lessons again. Joyce had been looking for an English publisher for Dubliners but
1862-731: A literary career. His first published novel, Happy Valley (1939), was awarded the Gold Medal of the Australian Literature Society. In World War Two, he served as an intelligence officer in the Royal Air Force. While stationed in Alexandria, Egypt, in 1941, he met Manoly Lascaris who was to become his life companion and, as White later wrote, "the central mandala in my life's hitherto messy design." White returned to Australia in 1948 where he bought
1995-667: A love affair with a fellow student that lasted until White graduated. White wrote poems, some of which were published in the London Mercury . He spent his holidays in France and Germany to improve his languages and read Joyce, Lawrence, Proust , Flaubert , Stendhal and Thomas Mann with admiration. He made a pilgrimage to Zennor in Cornwall where Lawrence wrote Women in Love and the visit inspired further poems. A collection
2128-589: A month later Joyce took his family to Zürich in neutral Switzerland. Joyce arrived in Zürich as a double exile: he was an Irishman with a British passport and a Triestine on parole from Austria-Hungary. To get to Switzerland, he had to promise the Austro-Hungarian officials that he would not help the Allies during the war, and he and his family had to leave almost all of their possessions in Trieste. During
2261-471: A musical performer. On 8 May 1904, he was a contestant in the Feis Ceoil , an Irish music competition for promising composers, instrumentalists and singers. In the months before the contest, Joyce took singing lessons with two voice instructors, Benedetto Palmieri and Vincent O'Brien. He paid the entry fee by pawning some of his books. For the contest, Joyce had to sing three songs. He did well with
2394-567: A new continent into literature". White, pleading delicate health, declined to travel to Sweden to accept the award. Nolan attended the ceremony on his behalf. The Nobel prize increased worldwide interest in White's work. Eye of the Storm was widely reviewed in the United States and sold 25,000 copies by March 1974. New editions of his previous novels were published and translation rights sold well. White, however, refused to have Happy Valley republished as he considered it an inferior early work and he
2527-807: A new play, The Ham Funeral , inspired by the William Dobell painting "The Dead Landlord". White sailed back to Australia in December 1947, and during his voyage The Aunt's Story was published in the United States to very favourable reviews and strong sales. Critic James Stern 's review in the New York Times Book Review was enthusiastic and Stern would go on to be one of White's major champions in America. White arrived back in Australia in February 1948. He and Lascaris moved to
2660-427: A novel about a painter, Hurtle Duffield, who exploits human relationships for his art. After the novel was published in 1970, Nolan believed Duffield was based on him, but White denied this, stating that Duffield was a composite of his own character and the working life of the artists John Passmore and Godfrey Miller. White was becoming more politically engaged at this time. He was opposed to Australia's involvement in
2793-595: A number of the artists living in the city at the time, including the sculptor August Suter and the painter Frank Budgen . He often used the time spent with them as material for Ulysses . He made the acquaintance of the writer Stefan Zweig , who organised the premiere of Exiles in Munich in August 1919. He became aware of Dada , which was coming into its own at the Cabaret Voltaire . He may have even met
SECTION 20
#17327911643562926-633: A nurse to call his wife and son. They were en route when he died 15 minutes later, at age 58. Elizabeth Withycombe Elizabeth Withycombe was born in Hartley Wintney , Hampshire, on 15 June 1902. Her father was a painter, John Withycombe , and her mother was Ellen Hannah Bell. Her grandmother was Elizabeth Gidley before her marriage. Betty Withycombe had younger sisters Marjorie and Ellen Joyce. She grew up in East Bergholt , Suffolk. Her younger sister Margaret became famous as
3059-611: A place to live and moved into a Martello tower near Dublin, which Gogarty was renting. Within a week, Joyce left when Gogarty and another roommate, Dermot Chenevix Trench, fired a pistol in the middle of the night at some pans hanging directly over Joyce's bed. With the help of funds from Lady Gregory and a few other acquaintances, Joyce and Nora left Ireland less than a month later. In October 1904, Joyce and Nora went into self-imposed exile. They briefly stopped in London and Paris to secure funds before heading on to Zürich . Joyce had been informed through an agent in England that there
3192-587: A plan to build an Olympic stadium near Centennial Park. White participated in the anti-development protests, giving speeches at a rally in June. White had been on the shortlist for the Nobel Prize in Literature since 1969. In 1971, after the prize was awarded to Pablo Neruda, he wrote to a friend: "That Nobel Prize! I hope I never hear it mentioned again. I certainly don't want it; the machinery behind it seems
3325-476: A publisher for Dubliners , Joyce found an advertisement for a correspondence clerk in a Roman bank that paid twice his current salary. He was hired for the position and went to Rome at the end of July. Joyce felt he accomplished very little during his brief stay in Rome, but it had a large impact on his writing. Though his new job took up most of his time, he revised Dubliners and worked on Stephen Hero . Rome
3458-570: A small farm on the outskirts of Sydney. There he wrote the two novels, The Tree of Man (1955) and Voss (1957), which brought him critical acclaim in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the 1960s, he wrote the novels Riders in the Chariot (1961) and The Solid Mandala (1966) and a series of plays including The Season at Sarsaparilla and A Cheery Soul which had a major impact on Australian theatre. White and Lascaris moved to Sydney's Centennial Park in 1964. From
3591-545: A small farm purchased by White at Castle Hill , now a Sydney suburb but then semi-rural. He named the house "Dogwoods", after trees he planted there. He and Lascaris worked the farm and sold flowers, vegetables, milk and cream as well as pedigree schnauzer puppies. The reviews of The Aunt's Story in the British and Australian press were less enthusiastic than those in America, and White was unable to interest theatres in Australia or overseas in producing The Ham Funeral. He
3724-624: A small salt and lime works. Joyce's paternal grandfather, James Augustine, married Ellen O'Connell, daughter of John O'Connell, a Cork alderman who owned a drapery business and other properties in Cork City . Ellen's family claimed kinship with the political leader Daniel O'Connell , who had helped secure Catholic emancipation for the Irish in 1829. Joyce's father was appointed rate collector by Dublin Corporation in 1887. The family moved to
3857-476: A wealthy sheep grazier, and Ruth (née Withycombe) were in England on an extended honeymoon. The family returned to Sydney, Australia, when he was six months old. As a child he lived in a flat with his sister, a nanny, and a maid while his parents lived in an adjoining flat. In 1916 they moved to a large house, "Lulworth", in Elizabeth Bay . At the age of four White developed asthma, a condition that had taken
3990-507: A year. He moved to London's Pimlico district where, in 1936, he met the Australian painter Roy de Maistre . De Maistre briefly became White's lover and remained a mentor and friend. White later said that de Maistre had encouraged him to break from naturalistic prose and write "from the inside out." White began work on the novel Happy Valley, partly based on his experience working as a jackaroo. In 1937, his story "The Twitching Colonel"
4123-464: A young woman in St Stephen's Green and was beaten up by her companion. He was picked up and dusted off by an acquaintance of his father's, Alfred H. Hunter, who took him into his home to tend to his injuries. Hunter, who was rumoured to be a Jew and to have an unfaithful wife, became one of the models for Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses . Joyce was a talented tenor and explored becoming
Patrick White - Misplaced Pages Continue
4256-409: Is largely populated by characters who closely resemble family members, enemies and friends from his time there. Ulysses in particular is set in the streets and alleyways of the city. Joyce is quoted as saying, "For myself, I always write about Dublin, because if I can get to the heart of Dublin I can get to the heart of all the cities of the world. In the particular is contained the universal." Joyce
4389-701: The Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève . He frequently wrote home claiming ill health due to the water, the cold weather, and his change of diet, appealing for money his family could ill-afford. In April 1903, Joyce learned his mother was dying and immediately returned to Ireland. He would tend to her, reading aloud from drafts that would eventually be worked into his unfinished novel Stephen Hero . During her final days, she unsuccessfully tried to get him to make his confession and to take communion . She died on 13 August. Afterwards, Joyce and Stanislaus refused to kneel with other members of
4522-630: The Catholic University Medical School in Dublin. When the medical school refused to provide a tutoring position to help finance his education, he left Dublin to study medicine in Paris, where he received permission to attend the course for a certificate in physics, chemistry, and biology at the École de Médecine. By the end of January 1903, he had given up plans to study medicine but he stayed in Paris, often reading late in
4655-717: The Christian Brothers O'Connell School on North Richmond Street, Dublin. Joyce's father then had a chance meeting with the Jesuit priest John Conmee , who knew the family. Conmee arranged for Joyce and his brother Stanislaus to attend the Jesuits' Dublin school, Belvedere College , without fees starting in 1893. In 1895, Joyce, now aged 13, was elected by his peers to join the Sodality of Our Lady . Joyce spent five years at Belvedere, his intellectual formation guided by
4788-594: The Dubliners . He returned to Trieste in September with his sister Eva, who helped Nora run the home. Joyce only stayed in Trieste for a month, as he almost immediately came upon the idea of starting a cinema in Dublin, which unlike Trieste had none. He quickly got the backing of some Triestine businessmen and returned to Dublin in October, launching Ireland's first cinema, the Volta Cinematograph . It
4921-546: The Marxist theoretician and revolutionary Vladimir Lenin at the Cafe Odeon, a place they both frequented. Joyce kept up his interest in music. He met Ferruccio Busoni , staged music with Otto Luening , and learned music theory from Philipp Jarnach . Much of what Joyce learned about musical notation and counterpoint found its way into Ulysses , particularly the "Sirens" section. Joyce avoided public discussion of
5054-565: The Register Office in Kensington on 4 July 1931. Joyce stayed in London for at least six months to establish his residency, but abandoned his flat and returned to Paris later in the year when Lucia showed signs of mental illness. He planned to return, but never did and later became disaffected with England. In later years, Joyce lived in Paris but frequently travelled to Switzerland for eye surgery or for treatment for Lucia, who
5187-604: The Vietnam war , and in December 1969 he participated in his first political demonstration, breaking the law by publicly inciting young men not to register for military conscription. The following year, he campaigned against censorship and gave evidence in favour of the publication of Philip Roth 's novel Portnoy's Complaint at obscenity trials in Melbourne and Sydney. In 1972, the New South Wales government announced
5320-600: The Artist , but it was rejected by the intellectual journal Dana . He then reworked it into a fictional novel of his youth that he called Stephen Hero that he labored over for years but eventually abandoned. He wrote a satirical poem called "The Holy Office", which parodied W. B. Yeats 's poem "To Ireland in the Coming Times" and once more mocked the Irish Literary Revival. It too was rejected for publication; this time for being "unholy". He wrote
5453-433: The Artist as a Young Man , wrote his only published play Exiles and decided to make Ulysses a full-length novel as he worked through his notes and jottings, working out the characters of Leopold and Molly Bloom in Trieste. Many of the novel's details were taken from Joyce's observation of the city and its people, and some of its stylistic innovations appear to have been influenced by Futurism . There are even words of
Patrick White - Misplaced Pages Continue
5586-539: The Berlitz school. Stanislaus moved in with Joyce as soon as he arrived that October, although most of his salary went directly to supporting Joyce's family. In February 1906, the Joyce household once more shared an apartment with the Francini Brunis. During this period Joyce completing 24 chapters of Stephen Hero and all but the final story of Dubliners , but was unable to get Dubliners published. Although
5719-836: The Companions of the Order of Australia in 1975 but resigned in June 1976 in protest against the dismissal of the Whitlam government in November 1975 by the Governor-General Sir John Kerr and the subsequent reintroduction of knighthoods as part of the order. White later wrote that Kerr's behaviour "moved me farther to the Left and made me a convinced Republican." Over the following years, he would break with numerous long-term friends because he thought they supported
5852-642: The English Players declined in the wake of the Great Influenza epidemic of 1918, though the company continued until 1920. Joyce's work with the English Players involved him in a lawsuit. Henry Wilfred Carr , a wounded war veteran and British consul, accused Joyce of underpaying him for his role in The Importance of Being Earnest . Carr sued for compensation; Joyce countersued for libel. The cases were resolved in 1919, with Joyce winning
5985-529: The Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. However, health problems remained a constant issue. During their time in Zürich, both Joyce and Nora suffered illnesses that were diagnosed as "nervous breakdowns" and he had to undergo many eye surgeries. During the war, Zürich was the centre of a vibrant expatriate community. Joyce's regular evening hangout was the Cafe Pfauen, where he got to know
6118-429: The London publisher Grant Richards had a contract with Joyce, the printers were unwilling to print passages they found controversial; English law could not protect them if brought to court for circulating indecent language. Richards and Joyce went back and forth trying to find a solution where the book could avoid legal liability while preserving Joyce's artistic integrity. As they negotiated, Richards began to scrutinise
6251-700: The Prowler , directed by Sharman, premiered at the Sydney Film Festival in June 1978. Reviews were generally unfavourable and the film failed at the box office. However, Sharman's 1979 production of A Cheery Soul for the Sydney Theatre Company broke box office records for the drama theatre of the Opera House despite mixed reviews. The Twyborn Affair was published in Britain in November, 1979 to very positive reviews and became
6384-475: The Rocks, opened at Adelaide in a production directed by Neil Armfield. White attended and deemed it a success. He had also written three short prose poems which were published as Three Uneasy Pieces in late 1987 . White was determined that none of his works would be published or performed in 1988 which was the bicentenary of British settlement in Australia. He also urged a boycott of all official celebrations of
6517-607: The Second World War broke out in September, White took the first available ship back to England where he continued to work on his new novel. In early 1940, White heard that Ben Huebsch, the head of the American publisher Viking , has accepted Happy Valley . Huebsch had published Lawrence and Joyce in America and White was delighted with the connection to these writers. Huebsch was to become one of White's main literary supporters. White decided to travel back to New York for
6650-484: The Suppression of Vice , leading to an official complaint. The trial proceedings continued until February 1921, when both Anderson and Healy, defended by Quinn, were fined $ 50 each for publishing obscenity and ordered to cease publishing Ulysses . Huebsch, who had expressed interest in publishing the novel in the United States, decided against it after the trial. Weaver was unable to find an English printer, and
6783-719: The Triestine dialect in Finnegans Wake . Joyce was introduced to the Greek Orthodox liturgy in Trieste. Under its influence, he rewrote his first short story and would later draw on it in creating the liturgical parodies in Ulysses . In late May 1906, the head of the Berlitz school ran away after embezzling its funds. Artifoni took over the school but let Joyce know that he could only afford to keep one brother on. Tired of Trieste and discouraged that he could not get
SECTION 50
#17327911643566916-408: The Università Popolare on various topics in English literature and applied for a teaching diploma in English at the University of Padua . He performed very well on the qualification tests, but was denied because Italy did not recognise his degree from an Irish university. In 1912, Joyce and his family returned to Dublin briefly in the summer. While there, his three-year-long struggle with Roberts over
7049-499: The Year for 1973. In his acceptance speech, he said that Australia Day should be "a day of self-searching rather than trumpet blowing" and that historian Manning Clark , comedian Barry Humphries and communist trade union leader Jack Mundey were more worthy of the award. In May 1974, White gave a speech in support of the re-election of the Whitlam Labor government , stating that it was necessary for Australia to create: "an intellectual climate from which artists would no longer feel
7182-420: The academic literature analysing his work is extensive and ongoing. Many writers, film-makers, and other artists have been influenced by his stylistic innovations, such as his meticulous attention to detail, use of interior monologue , wordplay , and the radical transformation of traditional plot and character development. Though most of his adult life was spent abroad, his fictional universe centres on Dublin and
7315-440: The arts, as well as on William Shakespeare 's play Hamlet . In May, Joyce was struck by an attack of rheumatic fever , which left him incapacitated for weeks. The illness exacerbated eye problems that plagued him for the rest of his life. While Joyce was still recovering from the attack, Lucia was born on 26 July 1907. During his convalescence, he was able to finish "The Dead", the last story of Dubliners . Although
7448-412: The book was not obscene. In 1923, Joyce began his next work, an experimental novel that eventually became Finnegans Wake . It would take sixteen years to complete. At first, Joyce called it Work in Progress , which was the name Ford Madox Ford used in April 1924 when he published its "Mamalujo" episode in his magazine, The Transatlantic Review . In 1926, Eugene and Maria Jolas serialised
7581-603: The character of Leopold Bloom. In London, Elkin Mathews published Chamber Music on the recommendation of the British poet Arthur Symons . Nonetheless, Joyce was dissatisfied with his job, had exhausted his finances, and realised he would need additional support when he learned Nora was pregnant again. He left Rome after only seven months. Joyce returned to Trieste in March 1907, but was unable to find full-time work. He went back to being an English instructor, working part-time for Berlitz and giving private lessons. The author Ettore Schmitz, better known by pen name Italo Svevo ,
7714-496: The city's emigres returned home. In October 1919, Joyce's family moved back to Trieste, but it had changed. The Austro-Hungarian empire had ceased to exist, and Trieste was now an Italian city in post-war recovery. Eight months after his return, Joyce went to Sirmione , Italy, to meet Pound, who made arrangements for him to move to Paris. Joyce and his family packed their belongings and headed for Paris in June 1920. When Joyce and his family arrived in Paris in July 1920, their visit
7847-410: The collection of poems Chamber Music at this time; which was also rejected. He did publish three poems, one in Dana and two in The Speaker , and George William Russell published three of Joyce's short stories in the Irish Homestead . These stories—"The Sisters", "Eveline", and "After the Race"—were the beginnings of Dubliners . In September 1904, Joyce was having difficulties finding
7980-421: The compensation case but losing the one for libel. The incident ended up creating acrimony between the British consulate and Joyce for the rest of his time in Zürich. By 1919, Joyce was in financial straits again. McCormick stopped paying her stipend, partly because he refused to submit to psychoanalysis from Jung, and Zürich had become expensive to live in after the war. Furthermore, he was becoming isolated as
8113-478: The completed work to his British publishers in December 1972. He delayed sending it to his American publishers, Viking, because The Vivisector had sold poorly in America and he hoped positive reviews of the new work in Britain would increase interest in the United States. The novel was published in August 1973 and White was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in October. The Nobel citation praised him "for an epic and psychological narrative art, which has introduced
SECTION 60
#17327911643568246-421: The conservative establishment or had compromised their personal or artistic integrity. In November 1975, the young theatre director Jim Sharman approached White to discuss a revival of The Season at Sarsaparilla. They also agreed to film his story "The Night the Prowler" and White began working on a script. The meeting sparked a revival in White's interest in theatre and a long-term working relationship between
8379-409: The couple had left Ireland, Nora had already become pregnant. Joyce soon became close friends with Alessandro Francini Bruni, the director of the school at Pola, and his wife Clothilde. By the beginning of 1905, both families were living together. Joyce kept writing when he could. He completed a short story for Dubliners , " Clay ", and worked on his novel Stephen Hero . He disliked Pola, calling it
8512-511: The dominant realist prose tradition of his home country, was satirical of Australian society, and sharply divided local critics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973, the only Australian to have been awarded the literary prize. Born in London to affluent Australian parents, White spent his childhood in Sydney and on his family's rural properties. He was sent to an English public school at age 13 and went on to read modern languages at Cambridge. On his graduation in 1935, he embarked on
8645-401: The editor Harriet Shaw Weaver , who operated The Egoist , and the psychotherapist Edith Rockefeller McCormick , who lived in Zürich studying under Carl Jung . Weaver financially supported Joyce throughout the entirety of his life and even paid for his funeral. Between 1917 and the beginning of 1919, Joyce was financially secure and lived quite well; the family sometimes stayed in Locarno in
8778-400: The episodes of Homer 's Odyssey are paralleled in a variety of literary styles, particularly stream of consciousness . Other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, letters, and occasional journalism. Joyce
8911-408: The event, stating: "circuses don't solve serious problems." James Joyce James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, poet and literary critic . He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important writers of the 20th century. Joyce's novel Ulysses (1922) is a landmark in which
9044-434: The family praying at her bedside. John Joyce's drinking and abusiveness increased in the months following her death, and the family began to fall apart. Joyce spent much of his time carousing with Gogarty and his medical school colleagues, and tried to scrape together a living by reviewing books. Joyce's life began to change when he met Nora Barnacle on 10 June 1904. She was a twenty-year-old woman from Galway city , who
9177-482: The fashionable small town of Bray , 12 miles (19 km) from Dublin. Joyce was attacked by a dog around this time, leading to his lifelong fear of dogs . He later developed a fear of thunderstorms , which he acquired through a superstitious aunt who had described them as a sign of God's wrath. In 1891, nine-year-old Joyce wrote the poem " Et Tu , Healy" on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell that his father printed and distributed to friends. The poem expressed
9310-486: The first two, but when he was told he had to sight read the third, he refused. Joyce won the third-place medal anyway. After the contest, Palmieri wrote Joyce that Luigi Denza , the composer of the popular song " Funiculì, Funiculà " who was the judge for the contest, spoke highly of his voice and would have given him first place but for the sight-reading and lack of sufficient training. Palmieri even offered to give Joyce free singing lessons afterwards. Joyce refused
9443-468: The following year. Before leaving Dogwoods, White had bought up every copy of his early published poems he could find and burnt them along with most of his manuscripts, papers, letters and journals. White was working on The Solid Mandala , a novel about twins, Waldo and Arthur Brown, who represent contrary aspects of his own character. He was becoming interested in Tarot, astrology, the I Ching and Jungian psychology , and these interests are reflected in
9576-585: The intellectual circle of Paris and was integrated into the international modernist artist community. Joyce met Valery Larbaud , who championed Joyce's works to the French and supervised the French translation of Ulysses . Paris became the Joyces' regular residence for twenty years, though they never settled into a single location for long. Joyce finished writing Ulysses near the end of 1921, but had difficulties getting it published. With financial backing from
9709-597: The land. But their son had already changed his mind on his future profession and was determined to become a writer. In December 1929, White left Cheltenham and sailed to Sydney. He spent two years working as a jackaroo on sheep stations at Bolaro in the Monaro district of New South Wales and at Barwon Vale in northern New South Wales. The landscapes impressed White and he wrote two unpublished novels during this time: "The Immigrants" and "Sullen Moon". White's uncle, who owned Barwon Vale, convinced White's parents that their son
9842-419: The late 1930s. Pound became Joyce's promoter, helping ensure that Joyce's works were both published and publicized. After Pound persuaded Dora Marsden to serially publish A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in the London literary magazine The Egoist , Joyce's pace of writing increased. He completed A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by 1914; resumed Exiles , completing it in 1915; started
9975-570: The late 1960s, White became increasingly involved in public affairs, opposing the Vietnam war and supporting Aboriginal self-determination, nuclear disarmament and various environmental causes. His later work includes the novels The Eye of the Storm (1973) and The Twyborn Affair (1979) and the memoir Flaws in the Glass (1981) . White was born in Knightsbridge , London, on 28 May 1912. His Australian parents, Victor Martindale White,
10108-595: The lawyer John Quinn , Margaret Anderson and her co-editor Jane Heap had begun serially publishing it in The Little Review in March 1918 but in January and May 1919, two instalments were suppressed as obscene and potentially subversive. In September 1920, an unsolicited instalment of the "Nausicaa" episode was sent to the daughter of a New York attorney associated with the New York Society for
10241-513: The left eye and his right eye functioned poorly. He even had all of his teeth removed because of infection. At one point, Joyce became worried that he could not finish Finnegans Wake , asking the Irish author James Stephens to complete it if something should happen. Joyce's financial problems continued. Although he was now earning a good income from his investments and royalties, his spending habits often left him without available money. Despite these issues, he published Pomes Penyeach in 1927,
10374-447: The lessons, but kept singing in Dublin concerts that year. His performance at a concert given on 27 August may have solidified Nora's devotion to him. Although Joyce did not ultimately pursue a singing career, he would include thousands of musical allusions in his literary works. Throughout 1904, Joyce sought to develop his literary reputation. On 7 January he attempted to publish a prose work examining aesthetics called A Portrait of
10507-564: The librettist. Critics were generally lukewarm towards Signal Driver , but encouraging towards the fragment of Voss. White, in contrast, disliked Meale's approach to Voss but was enthusiastic about the production of Signal Driver . White was encouraged to write a new play for Sharman, Netherwood , "about the sanity in insanity and the insanity in sanity". The play premiered in Adelaide in May 1983 but attracted hostile reviews which White considered
10640-555: The life of his maternal grandfather, and his health was fragile throughout his childhood. At the age of five he attended kindergarten at Sandtoft in Woollahra , close to their home. His mother often took him to plays and pantomimes and White developed a life long love of the theatre. Nevertheless, White felt closer to his nurse, Lizzie Clark, who taught him to tell the truth and "not blow his own trumpet". In 1920, he attended Cranbrook School but his asthma worsened. Two years later he
10773-615: The lives of an ordinary man and woman." The Tree of Man and his following work Voss (1957) established White's favourable critical reputation in Britain and America. White, however, was embittered by what he considered a hostile critical response in Australia. Following his international success, White continued to live and work on his farm in Castle Hill. He gave few interviews and usually declined requests for public appearances, promotion of his work, and invitations for his membership of literary and cultural organisations. He entertained
10906-593: The model for Buck Mulligan in Ulysses . In November, Joyce wrote an article, The Day of the Rabblement , criticising the Irish Literary Theatre for its unwillingness to produce the works of playwrights like Ibsen, Leo Tolstoy , and Gerhart Hauptmann . He protested against nostalgic Irish populism and argued for an outward-looking, cosmopolitan literature. Because he mentioned Gabriele D'Annunzio 's novel Il fuoco ( The Flame ), which
11039-409: The need to flee." Following a trip to Fraser Island to do research for a new novel A Fringe of Leaves , he became a supporter of the campaign to stop sand mining on the island. He wrote to the re-elected prime minister Gough Whitlam on the issue and the campaign eventually forced the government to suspend its approval of mining and hold an inquiry on the matter. White was among the first group of
11172-683: The novel Voss: "I cannot think when last a book so moved me." By this time, however, White was tired of praise for the novel as he rated several of his other works more highly. The completed opera Voss opened at the Adelaide Festival in March 1986 to general critical acclaim. White, however, boycotted the premiere because the festival had invited the Queen to attend. He attended the Sydney premiere later that year and judged it: "a stupendous occasion." In April 1987, White's new play, Shepherd on
11305-692: The novel in their magazine, transition . When parts of the novel first came out, some of Joyce's supporters—like Stanislaus, Pound, and Weaver— wrote negatively about it, and it was criticised by writers like Seán Ó Faoláin , Wyndham Lewis , and Rebecca West . In response, Joyce and the Jolases organised the publication of a collection of positive essays titled Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress , which included writings by Samuel Beckett and William Carlos Williams . An additional purpose of publishing these essays
11438-412: The novel was banned for obscenity in the United Kingdom in 1922, where it was blacklisted until 1936. Almost immediately after Anderson and Healy were ordered to stop printing Ulysses , Beach agreed to publish it through her bookshop. She had books mailed to people in Paris and the United States who had subscribed to get a copy; Weaver mailed books from Beach's plates to subscribers in England. Soon,
11571-778: The novel. Following its publication in 1966, White declined the Encyclopaedia Brittanica Award and Miles Franklin Award for the novel and stated he no longer wanted his works considered for awards. White had long had an interest in art and music, describing himself as "something of a frustrated painter, and a composer manqué." The core of his art collection was works by his friends Sidney Nolan and de Maistre but he collected works by emerging Australian artists such as James Clifford , Erica McGilchrist , and Lawrence Daws and some established artists like Brett Whiteley . In early 1967 he began work on The Vivisector ,
11704-501: The novelette Giacomo Joyce , which he eventually abandoned; and began drafting Ulysses . In August 1914, World War I broke out. Although Joyce and Stanislaus were subjects of the United Kingdom, which was now at war with Austria-Hungary, they remained in Trieste. Even when Stanislaus, who had publicly expressed his sympathy for the Triestine irredentists, was interned at the beginning of January 1915, Joyce chose to stay. In May 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary, and less than
11837-467: The play in Adelaide followed by a professional production in Sydney. White was inspired to write three further plays which were given professional productions: The Season at Sarsaparilla (1962), A Cheery Soul (1963) and Night on Bald Mountain (1964). In 1963, White's mother died in London and his share of the estate allowed him to buy a house in Centennial Park, near the centre of Sydney,
11970-562: The postal officials of both countries began confiscating the books. They were then smuggled into both countries. Because the work had no copyright in the United States at this time, "bootleg" versions appeared, including pirate versions from publisher Samuel Roth , who only ceased his actions in 1928 when a court enjoined publication. Ulysses was not legally published in the United States until 1934 after Judge John M. Woolsey ruled in United States v. One Book Called Ulysses that
12103-496: The principles of Jesuit education laid down in the Ratio Studiorum ( Plan of Studies ). He displayed his writing talent by winning first place for English composition in his final two years before graduating in 1898. Joyce enrolled at University College in 1898 to study English, French and Italian. While there, he was exposed to the scholasticism of Thomas Aquinas , which had a strong influence on his thought for
12236-469: The printers, but the entire novel was published by B. W. Huebsch in 1916. In 1918, Pound got a commitment from Margaret Caroline Anderson , the owner and editor of the New York-based literary magazine The Little Review , to publish Ulysses serially. Joyce co-founded an acting company, the English Players, and became its business manager. The company was pitched to the British government as
12369-437: The publication of Dubliners came to an end as Roberts refused to publish the book due to concerns of libel. Roberts had the printed sheets destroyed, though Joyce was able to obtain a copy of the proof sheets. When Joyce returned to Trieste, he wrote an invective against Roberts, "Gas from a Burner". He never went to Dublin again. Joyce's fortunes changed for the better in 1913 when Richards agreed to publish Dubliners . It
12502-822: The publication of Happy Valley and to complete the new novel. Happy Valley was published in June to favourable reviews. Huebsch also accepted the now completed novel The Living and the Dead for publication. White returned to London where, in November, he was called up to an intelligence unit of the Royal Air Force. He was stationed at Bentley Priory during the Blitz before being transferred to North Africa in April 1941. He subsequently served in Egypt, Palestine and Greece. While stationed near Alexandria in July 1941 he met Manoly Lascaris , who
12635-461: The publicity stemmed from his scathing character portraits of Nolan, Kerr and Joan Sutherland . Nolan considered suing White for defamation and their friendship ended. The 1982 Adelaide Festival was directed by Sharman who had commissioned a new play by White, Signal Driver . The festival also featured a short excerpt from an opera based on Voss. The opera had been commissioned by Opera Australia with Richard Meale as composer and David Malouf
12768-564: The rest of his life. He participated in many of Dublin's theatrical and literary circles. His closest colleagues included leading Irish figures of his generation, most notably, George Clancy , Tom Kettle and Francis Sheehy-Skeffington . Many of the acquaintances he made at this time appeared in his work. His first publication—a laudatory review of Henrik Ibsen 's When We Dead Awaken —was printed in The Fortnightly Review in 1900. Inspired by Ibsen's works, Joyce sent him
12901-432: The rise of fascism and antisemitism. As early as 1938, Joyce was involved in helping a number of Jews escape Nazi persecution. After the fall of France in 1940, Joyce and his family fled from Nazi occupation , returning to Zürich a final time. On 11 January 1941, Joyce underwent surgery in Zürich for a perforated duodenal ulcer . He fell into a coma the following day. He awoke at 2 am on 13 January 1941, and asked
13034-504: The sculptor known as Peggy Garland . Withycombe worked at the Clarendon Press and helped to promote the early work of Edward Ardizzone and Iona and Peter Opie . She is best known as the compiler of The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Names , published by the Clarendon Press in 1945, and in a second edition in 1950 and a third in 1977. Betty Withycombe has been described as a mentor to the Australian writer Patrick White who
13167-822: The sentiments of the elder Joyce, who was angry at Parnell's apparent betrayal by the Irish Catholic Church , the Irish Parliamentary Party , and the British Liberal Party that resulted in a collaborative failure to secure Irish Home Rule in the British Parliament . This sense of betrayal, particularly by the church, left a lasting impression that Joyce expressed in his life and art. That year, his family began to slide into poverty, worsened by his father's drinking and financial mismanagement. John Joyce's name
13300-480: The stories more carefully. He became concerned that the book might damage his publishing house's reputation and eventually backed down from his agreement. Trieste was Joyce's main residence until 1920. Although he would temporarily stay in Rome, travel to Dublin and emigrating to Zürich during World War I— it became a second Dublin for him and played an important role in his development as a writer. He completed Dubliners, reworked Stephen Hero into A Portrait of
13433-409: The theatre. The Drama Committee of the Adelaide Festival had recommended The Ham Funeral as the festival's main theatrical production for 1962. The festival governors, however, rejected the play citing concerns about "a piece of work which quite fails to reconcile poetry with social realism" and a scene involving an aborted foetus in a dustbin. The controversy led to a successful amateur production of
13566-439: The two men. In 1976, White was working on a new novel, The Twyborn Affair, partly based on aspects of his own life and that of male Antarctic explorer Herbert Dyce-Murphy (1879–1971) who had lived as a woman for several years. In researching his novel, White revisited the regions of New South Wales where White had lived and worked as a youth, and significant locations in London, France and Greece. In October, A Fringe of Leaves
13699-537: The war's politics and maintained strict neutrality. He made few comments about the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland; although he was sympathetic to the Irish independence movement, he disagreed with its violence. He stayed intently focused on Ulysses and the ongoing struggle to get his work published. Some of the serial instalments of "The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" in The Egoist had been censored by
13832-597: The war, he briefly returned to Trieste and then moved to Paris in 1920, which became his primary residence until 1940. Ulysses was first published in Paris in 1922, but its publication in the United Kingdom and the United States was prohibited because of its perceived obscenity. Copies were smuggled into both countries and pirated versions were printed until the mid-1930s, when publication finally became legal. Joyce started his next major work, Finnegans Wake , in 1923, publishing it sixteen years later in 1939. Between these years, Joyce travelled widely. He and Nora were married in
13965-516: The war, he was kept under surveillance by both the British and Austro-Hungarian secret services. Joyce's first concern was earning a living. One of Nora's relatives sent them a small sum to cover the first few months. Pound and Yeats worked with the British government to provide a stipend from the Royal Literary Fund in 1915 and a grant from the British civil list the following year. Eventually, Joyce received large regular sums from
14098-794: Was a vacancy at the Berlitz Language School , but when he arrived there was no position. The couple stayed in Zürich for a little over a week. The director of the school sent Joyce on to Trieste , which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the First World War. There was no vacancy there either. The director of the school in Trieste, Almidano Artifoni, secured a position for him in Pola , then Austria-Hungary's major naval base, where he mainly taught English to naval officers. Less than one month after
14231-405: Was afraid that some of the people on whom characters were based might sue for defamation. According to David Marr , White's biographer, "From the time of the prize his work became saturated with a late, relaxed sensuality." White himself was less relaxed about the effects of the award, telling a supporter: "the Nobel Prize is a terrifying and destructive experience." White was made Australian of
14364-490: Was another of Joyce's students. He helped Joyce financially by commissioning him to write for the newspaper. Joyce quickly produced three articles aimed toward the Italian irredentists in Trieste. He indirectly paralleled their desire for independence from Austria-Hungary with the struggle of the Irish from British rule. Joyce earned additional money by giving a series of lectures at Trieste's Università Popolare on Ireland and
14497-1062: Was born in Dublin into a middle-class family. He attended the Jesuit Clongowes Wood College in County Kildare, then, briefly, the Christian Brothers–run O'Connell School . Despite the chaotic family life imposed by his father's unpredictable finances, he excelled at the Jesuit Belvedere College and graduated from University College Dublin in 1902. In 1904, he met his future wife, Nora Barnacle , and they moved to mainland Europe. He briefly worked in Pula and then moved to Trieste in Austria-Hungary , working as an English instructor. Except for an eight-month stay in Rome working as
14630-708: Was born on 2 February 1882 at 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar , Dublin , Ireland, to John Stanislaus Joyce and Mary Jane "May" ( née Murray). He was the eldest of ten surviving siblings. He was baptised with the name James Augustine Joyce according to the rites of the Roman Catholic Church in the nearby St Joseph's Church in Terenure on 5 February 1882 by Rev. John O'Mulloy. His godparents were Philip and Ellen McCann. John Stanislaus Joyce's family came from Fermoy in County Cork , where they owned
14763-447: Was diagnosed with schizophrenia . Lucia was analysed by Carl Jung, who had previously written that Ulysses was similar to schizophrenic writing. Jung suggested that she and her father were two people going into a river, except that Joyce was diving and Lucia was falling. In spite of Joyce's attempts to help Lucia, she remained permanently institutionalised after his death. In the late 1930s, Joyce became increasingly concerned about
14896-509: Was her father's cousin and who stayed with the Withycombes when he was writing his first book of poems, Thirteen Poems in 1927-29 when he was aged 15–17 and she was in her mid twenties. According to White's biographer David Marr , Betty Withycombe was the first person, apart from White's mother, to encourage him to write. He described her as "a dark, severe, woman of 26" and a "tremendous bluestocking". His novel The Aunt's Story (1948)
15029-475: Was his illusion. I suppose I sensed it was better than mine." Before leaving for Australia, White began work on a novel The Aunt's Story , inspired by a painting by Roy de Maistre. He sent the completed typescript to his American publisher in January 1947. In March, his play Return to Abyssinia opened in London to polite reviews. White missed its short season because he was in Australia making preparations for his permanent return. He returned to London and began
15162-509: Was initially well-received, but fell apart after Joyce left. He returned to Trieste in January 1910 with another sister, Eileen. From 1910 to 1912, Joyce still lacked a reliable income. This brought his conflicts with Stanislaus, who was frustrated with lending him money, to their peak. In 1912, Prezioso arranged for him to lecture on Hamlet for the Minerva Society between November 1912 and February 1913. Joyce once more lectured at
15295-459: Was intended to be a layover on their way to London. For the first four months, he stayed with Ludmila Savitzky [ fr ] and met Sylvia Beach , who ran the Rive Gauche bookshop, Shakespeare and Company . Beach quickly became an important person in Joyce's life, providing financial support, and becoming one of Joyce's publishers. Through Beach and Pound, Joyce quickly joined
15428-528: Was issued on 15 June 1914, eight and a half years since Joyce had first submitted it to him. Around the same time, he found an unexpected advocate in Ezra Pound , who was living in London. On the advice of Yeats, Pound wrote to Joyce asking if he could include a poem from Chamber Music , "I Hear an Army Charging upon the Land" in the journal Des Imagistes . They struck up a correspondence that lasted until
15561-489: Was making slow progress on the novel which was to become The Tree of Man and was discouraged at his prospects of success as a writer. He also questioned his decision to return to Australia. In late 1951, White had a religious experience that gave him a belief in God and the inspiration to recommence work on The Tree of Man (published in 1955). He described the novel as an attempt to suggest "every possible aspect of life, through
15694-439: Was not suited to the life of a grazier. White's mother was happy for him to become a writer but she wanted him to have a career as a diplomat as well. On this basis his parents agreed to send him to Cambridge. While studying for the entrance examinations, White completed a third unpublished novel, "Finding Heaven". From 1932, White lived in England, studying French and German literature at King's College, Cambridge . There he began
15827-575: Was on the Roman Catholic list of prohibited books , his college magazine refused to print it. Joyce and Sheehy-Skeffington—who had also had an article rejected—had their essays jointly printed and distributed. Arthur Griffith decried the censorship of Joyce's work in his newspaper United Irishman . Joyce graduated from the Royal University of Ireland in October 1902. He considered studying medicine and began attending lectures at
15960-439: Was one of his students. Svevo was a Catholic of Jewish origin who became one of the models for Leopold Bloom. Joyce learned much of what he knew about Judaism from him. The two became lasting friends and mutual critics. Svevo supported Joyce's identity as an author, helping him work through his writer's block with A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . Roberto Prezioso, editor of the Italian newspaper Piccolo della Sera ,
16093-470: Was published as The Ploughman and Other Poems in an edition of 300 in Sydney in 1935 but received little critical attention and was later suppressed by White. A play, Bread and Butter Women, was given an amateur production in Sydney the same year. On White's graduation in 1935, his mother wanted him to embark on a diplomatic career but he was determined to stay in England and become a writer. His mother relented and his father granted him an allowance of £400
16226-482: Was published in Stubbs' Gazette , a blacklist of debtors and bankrupts, in November 1891, and he was temporarily suspended from work. In January 1893, he was dismissed with a reduced pension. Joyce began his education in 1888 at Clongowes Wood College , a Jesuit boarding school near Clane , County Kildare, but had to leave in 1891 when his father could no longer pay the fees. He studied at home and briefly attended
16359-466: Was published in early 1939 to generally favourable reviews which encouraged White to go to America to find a publisher there. White arrived in New York in April and travelled across the country. He visited Taos , New Mexico, where he viewed Lawrence's ashes and met Frieda Lawrence . He then moved to Cape Cod where he worked on a novel, The Living and the Dead , partly based on his life in London. When
16492-475: Was published in the London Mercury . His father died in December, leaving him a legacy of £10,000 that enabled him to write full-time in relative comfort. He started work on a play, Return to Abyssinia , and wrote skits for revues which were produced with moderate success. He completed Happy Valley and the novel was accepted by the British publisher George G. Harrap and Company in 1938. Happy Valley
16625-677: Was published to generally favourable reviews and sold well. Sharman's production of A Season at Sarsaparilla in Sydney was also a critical success and attracted good audiences. In 1977, a project to film Voss with Joseph Losey as director collapsed when the promoter Harry Miller failed to gain finance. Miller eventually sold the film rights to Nolan. The success of The Season at Sarsaparilla had inspired White to write his first play in over 12 years, Big Toys , about plutocracy and corruption in Sydney. The play, directed by Sharman, premiered in Sydney in October but attracted generally unfavourable reviews and moderate audiences. The film of The Night
16758-482: Was sent to Tudor House School , a boarding school in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, where it was thought the climate would help his lungs. White enjoyed the freedom provided by the school where discipline was lax. He read widely from the school library, wrote a play and excelled at English. In 1924 the boarding school ran into financial trouble, and the headmaster suggested that White be sent to
16891-568: Was still mentally agile, his physical health and mobility were declining. He had recovered sufficiently by January 1985 to recommence work on a new novel, Memoirs of Many in One, which he described as a "religious" and "bawdy" novel about senility. Posing as the editor of the memoirs of Alex Xenophon Demirjian Gray, White felt free to explore various aspects of his own character. The novel was published in Britain on 1 April 1986 and sharply divided critics. Salman Rushdie wrote to White in 1985, praising
17024-481: Was the birthplace of the idea for " The Dead ", which would become the final story of Dubliners , and for Ulysses , which was originally conceived as a short story. His stay in the city was one of his inspirations for Exiles . While there, he read the socialist historian Guglielmo Ferrero in depth. Ferrero's anti-heroic interpretations of history, arguments against militarism, and conflicted attitudes toward Jews would find their way into Ulysses , particularly in
17157-752: Was the time spent at the Sommerset home of his cousin, the painter Jack Withycombe. Jack's daughter Elizabeth Withycombe became a mentor to him while he was completing his first, privately-published, volume of verse, Thirteen Poems, written between 1927 and 1929. White also became friends with Ronald Waterall who was two years his senior at Cheltenham and shared his passion for the theatre. He and White would spend their holidays in London seeing as many shows as they could. White asked his parents if he could leave school to become an actor. His parents compromised and allowed him to leave school without taking his final examinations if he came home to Australia to try life on
17290-422: Was to market Work in Progress to a larger audience. Joyce publicly revealed the novel's title as Finnegans Wake in 1939, the same year he completed it. It was published in London by Faber and Faber with the assistance of T. S. Eliot. Joyce's health problems afflicted him throughout his Paris years. He had over a dozen eye operations, but his vision severely declined. By 1930, he was practically blind in
17423-550: Was unable to find one, so he submitted it to a Dublin publisher, Maunsel and Company, owned by George Roberts . In July 1909, Joyce received a year's advance payment from one of his students and returned to Ireland to introduce Giorgio to both sides of the family, his own in Dublin and Nora's in Galway. He unsuccessfully applied for the position of Chair of Italian at his alma mater , which had become University College Dublin. He met with Roberts, who seemed positive about publishing
17556-529: Was waiting to be recruited to the Royal Greek Army . Lascaris was to become White's life partner. Following the war, White was determined to leave England to avoid, "the prospect of ceasing to be an artist and turning instead into that most sterile of beings, a London intellectual." White's preference was to live in Greece but Lascaris wanted to start a new life in Australia. White relented because, "It
17689-514: Was working in Dublin as a chambermaid. They had their first outing together on 16 June 1904, walking through the Dublin suburb of Ringsend , where Nora masturbated him. This event was commemorated as the date for the action of Ulysses , known in popular culture as " Bloomsday " in honour of the novel's main character Leopold Bloom . This began a relationship that continued for thirty-seven years until Joyce died. Soon after this outing, Joyce, who had been carousing with his colleagues, approached
#355644