81-1093: Patrick may refer to: Patrick (given name) , list of people and fictional characters with this name Patrick (surname) , list of people with this name People [ edit ] This section lists people commonly referred to solely by this name. Saint Patrick (c. 385–c. 461), Christian saint Gilla Pátraic (died 1084), Patrick or Patricius, Bishop of Dublin Patrick, 1st Earl of Salisbury (c. 1122–1168), Anglo-Norman nobleman Patrick (footballer, born 1983) , Brazilian right-back Patrick (footballer, born 1985) , Brazilian striker Patrick (footballer, born 1992) , Brazilian midfielder Patrick (footballer, born 1994) , Brazilian right-back Patrick (footballer, born May 1998) , Brazilian forward Patrick (footballer, born November 1998) , Brazilian attacking midfielder Patrick (footballer, born 1999) , Brazilian defender Patrick (footballer, born 2000) , Brazilian defender John Byrne (Scottish playwright) (born 1940), also
162-401: A Belgian comedy-drama film Places [ edit ] Patrick, Queensland , Barcaldine Region, Queensland, Australia Patrick (parish) , Isle of Man, UK Patrick, South Carolina , US Patrick County, Virginia , US Organisations [ edit ] Patrick (sportswear company) , founded in 1892 Patrick Corporation , an Australian transport company Patrick Division ,
243-2300: A French filmmaker Patrick Tracy Burris (1967–2009), American spree killer Patrick Carr (disambiguation) , multiple people Patrick Critton , American former teacher and the first successful aircraft hijacker Patrick E. Crago , American medical researcher Patrick Wood Crusius (born 1998), perpetrator of the 2019 El Paso shooting Patrick Degorce (born 1969), French hedge fund manager Patrick Dumont , American businessman Pat Finucane (1949–1989), Irish lawyer Patrick Fitzgerald , American Attorney Patrick Flanagan , American inventor Patrick Gaffney (disambiguation) , multiple people Patrik Gardesten , Swedish officer Patrick de Gayardon (1960–1998), French skydiver, skysurfer and BASE jumper Patrick Gordon , Imperial Russian Army general Patrick Graham (disambiguation) , multiple people Patrick Harvey (disambiguation) , multiple people Patrick Hemingway , son of author Ernest Hemingway Patrick Hitler , half-nephew of Adolf Hitler Patrick Jeffrey , American diver Patrick Kearney (born 1939), prolific American serial killer, rapist, and necrophile Pat Kenny , Irish broadcaster Patrick Kielty , Irish comedian and television presenter Pat Kiernan , television news anchor Patrick Kong , Hong Kong film director and screenwriter Patrick Lee (Chinese businessman) , Chinese business magnate Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield (1939–2005; also known as Patrick Lichfield), photographer Patrick Lin (chef) , Hong Kong Senior Executive Chef Patrick Lin (cinematographer) , Hong Kong–born cinematographer and layout artist Patrick Lung (1934-2014), Hong Kong film director Patrick Lynch (disambiguation) , multiple people Patrick Mackay (born 1952), British serial killer Patrick McGuinness (disambiguation) , multiple people Sir Patrick Moore , English astronomer Patrick Moore (born 1947), founder member of Greenpeace Patrick Nogueira , Brazilian murderer serving three life sentences plus 25 years in Spain Pat O'Brien , radio and television personality Patrick Russell (disambiguation) , multiple people Patrick Rechner , Canadian Captain taken hostage working as
324-479: A UN observer in Bosnia Patrick "Spaz" Spaziante , American comic book artist Patrick Stritch , Irish photographer from Fermoy , County Cork , best known for his picture of Irish Republican Army general, Liam Lynch Patrick Swift (1927–1983), painter Patrick Tam (film director) (born 1948), Hong Kong film director and film editor Patrick Whelan (1893–1916), Irish Volunteer, KIA during
405-481: A brushable texture, with a binder such as gum arabic . This was painted on the pieces of coloured glass, and then fired to burn away the ingredients giving texture, leaving a layer of the glass and colouring, fused to the main glass piece. "Silver stain", introduced soon after 1300, produced a wide range of yellow to orange colours; this is the "stain" in the term "stained glass". Silver compounds (notably silver nitrate ) are mixed with binding substances, applied to
486-521: A different colour). In medieval glass flashing was especially used for reds, as glass made with gold compounds was very expensive and tended to be too deep in colour to use at full thickness. Another group of techniques give additional colouring, including lines and shading, by treating the surfaces of the coloured sheets, and often fixing these effects by a light firing in a furnace or kiln. These methods may be used over broad areas, especially with silver stain, which gave better yellows than other methods in
567-458: A former division in the NHL See also [ edit ] Croagh Patrick , a mountain in the west of Ireland Patric (disambiguation) Partick (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Patrick . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
648-783: A great demand for the revival of the art of stained glass window making. Among the earliest 19th-century English manufacturers and designers were William Warrington and John Hardman of Birmingham, whose nephew, John Hardman Powell, had a commercial eye and exhibited works at the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876, influencing stained glass in the United States of America. Other manufacturers included William Wailes , Ward and Hughes , Clayton and Bell , Heaton, Butler and Bayne and Charles Eamer Kempe . A Scottish designer, Daniel Cottier , opened firms in Australia and
729-454: A more Classical manner, and characterised by the brilliant cerulean colour of the blue backgrounds (as against the purple-blue of the glass of Chartres) and the use of pink and mauve glass. During the mid- to late 19th century, many of Germany's ancient buildings were restored, and some, such as Cologne Cathedral , were completed in the medieval style. There was a great demand for stained glass. The designs for many windows were based directly on
810-438: A number of resources to use and the work of centuries of other artists from which to learn as they continue the tradition in new ways. In the late 19th and 20th centuries there have been many innovations in techniques and in the types of glass used. Many new types of glass have been developed for use in stained glass windows, in particular Tiffany glass and dalle de verre . The primary method of including colour in stained glass
891-399: A painter under the pseudonym Patrick Don Harris (wrestler) (born 1960), American professional wrestler who uses the ring name Patrick Multimedia [ edit ] Films [ edit ] Patrick (1978 film) , an Australian horror film Patrick (2013 film) , an Australian remake of the 1978 film Patrick (2018 film) , a British comedy film Patrick (2019 film) ,
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#1732765104297972-442: A rigid frame. Painted details and yellow stain are often used to enhance the design. The term stained glass is also applied to windows in enamelled glass in which the colors have been painted onto the glass and then fused to the glass in a kiln; very often this technique is only applied to parts of a window. Stained glass, as an art and a craft , requires the artistic skill to conceive an appropriate and workable design, and
1053-650: A slightly mauve tint, characteristic of the glass in older houses in New England . Selenium has been used for the same purpose. While very pale green is the typical colour of transparent glass, deeper greens can be achieved by the addition of Iron(II) oxide which results in a bluish-green glass. Together with chromium it gives glass of a richer green colour, typical of the glass used to make wine bottles . The addition of chromium yields dark green glass, suitable for flashed glass. Together with tin oxide and arsenic it yields emerald green glass. The first stage in
1134-409: A stain known as "Cousin's rose" was used to enhance flesh tones. In the 16th century, a range of glass stains were introduced, most of them coloured by ground glass particles. They were a form of enamelled glass . Painting on glass with these stains was initially used for small heraldic designs and other details. By the 17th century a style of stained glass had evolved that was no longer dependent upon
1215-423: A thin layer of red glass to a thicker body of glass that is clear or lightly tinted, forming " flashed glass ". A lightly coloured molten gather is dipped into a pot of molten red glass, which is then blown into a sheet of laminated glass using either the cylinder (muff) or the crown technique described above. Once this method was found for making red glass, other colours were made this way as well. A great advantage
1296-491: A traditional type, it is usually left to the discretion of the designer to fill the surrounding areas with borders, floral motifs and canopies. A full-sized cartoon is drawn for every "light" (opening) of the window. A small church window might typically have two lights, with some simple tracery lights above. A large window might have four or five lights. The east or west window of a large cathedral might have seven lights in three tiers, with elaborate tracery. In medieval times
1377-2140: Is a male given name of Latin origin. It is derived from the Roman name Patricius (meaning patrician , i.e. 'father', 'nobleman'). People named Patrick [ edit ] Actors and entertainers [ edit ] Patrick Armand , French ballet dancer Patrick Brasca , Canadian–Taiwanese singer Patrick Cargill , British actor Pat Condell , English stand-up comedian Pat Corley , American actor Patrick Dempsey (born 1966), American actor Patrick Duffy , American actor Patrick Ellis (radio host) (1943–2020), American radio show host Patrick Nattawat Finkler (born 2003), Thai–German actor, singer, dancer, songwriter and model Patrick Fugit (born 1982), American actor Patrick Garcia (born 1981), Filipino actor Patrick Gower , New Zealand journalist Patrick Heusinger (born 1981), American actor Patrick J. Adams (born 1981), Canadian actor Patrick Macnee , English actor Patrick Magee , Irish actor Patrick McDonnell , Irish actor Patrick McGoohan (1928–2009), Irish-American actor Patrick Monahan , Irish comedian Patrick O'Connell , Irish actor Pat Paulsen (1927–1997), American comedian and satirist Patrick Poivey (1948-2020), French voice of Bruce Willis . Pat Sajak , American game show host Patrick Stewart (born 1940), English actor Patrick Swayze (1952–2009), American actor Patrick Tam (actor) (born 1969), Hong Kong actor and singer Patrick Tang (born 1974), Hong Kong singer, actor, and television host Patrick Topaloff (1944–2010), French singer and actor Patrick Troughton (1920–1987), English actor Patrick Tse (born 1936), Hong Kong actor, producer, screenwriter and director Patrick Warburton (born 1964), American actor Patrick Waltz (1924–1972), American actor Patrick Wilson (born 1973), American actor and singer Other Sean Patrick Flanery , American actor Sean Patrick Thomas , American actor Neil Patrick Harris , American actor Authors [ edit ] Patrick,
1458-535: Is a murky mustard color but glows purple-red to transmitted light, and the cameo glass Portland vase which is midnight blue, with a carved white overlay. In early Christian churches of the 4th and 5th centuries, there are many remaining windows which are filled with ornate patterns of thinly-sliced alabaster set into wooden frames, giving a stained-glass like effect. Evidence of stained-glass windows in churches and monasteries in Britain can be found as early as
1539-403: Is coloured by adding metallic oxide powders or finely divided metals while it is in a molten state. Copper oxides produce green or bluish green, cobalt makes deep blue, and gold produces wine red and violet glass. Much of modern red glass is produced using copper, which is less expensive than gold and gives a brighter, more vermilion shade of red. Glass coloured while in the clay pot in the furnace
1620-502: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Stained glass Stained glass is colored glass as a material or works created from it. Although, it is traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-dimensional structures and sculpture . Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term "stained glass" to include domestic lead light and objets d'art created from foil glasswork exemplified in
1701-418: Is known as pot metal glass, as opposed to flashed glass . Using a blow-pipe , a glass maker will gather a glob of molten glass that was taken from the pot heating in the furnace. The 'gather' is formed to the correct shape and a bubble of air blown into it. Using metal tools, molds of wood that have been soaking in water, and gravity, the gather is manipulated to form a long, cylindrical shape. As it cools, it
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#17327651042971782-447: Is now sometimes used instead of lead. For further technical details, see Came glasswork . Traditionally, when a window was inserted into the window space, iron rods were put across it at various points to support its weight. The window was tied to these rods with lead strips or, more recently, with copper wires. Some very large early Gothic windows are divided into sections by heavy metal frames called ferramenta . This method of support
1863-458: Is reheated so that the manipulation can continue. During the process, the bottom of the cylinder is removed. Once brought to the desired size it is left to cool. One side of the cylinder is opened, and the cylinder is then put into another oven to quickly heat and flatten it, and then placed in an annealer to cool at a controlled rate, making the material more stable. "Hand-blown" or "mouth-blown" cylinder (also called muff glass) and crown glass were
1944-415: Is still made today, but not on a large scale. Rolled glass (sometimes called "table glass") is produced by pouring molten glass onto a metal or graphite table and immediately rolling it into a sheet using a large metal cylinder, similar to rolling out a pie crust. The rolling can be done by hand or by machine. Glass can be "double rolled", which means it is passed through two cylinders at once (similar to
2025-468: Is that the double-layered glass can be engraved or abraded to reveal the clear or tinted glass below. The method allows rich detailing and patterns to be achieved without needing to add more lead-lines, giving artists greater freedom in their designs. A number of artists have embraced the possibilities flashed glass gives them. For instance, 16th-century heraldic windows relied heavily on a variety of flashed colours for their intricate crests and creatures. In
2106-412: Is to use glass, originally colourless, that has been given colouring by mixing with metal oxides in its melted state (in a crucible or "pot"), producing glass sheets that are coloured all the way through; these are known as "pot metal" glass. A second method, sometimes used in some areas of windows, is flashed glass , a thin coating of coloured glass fused to colourless glass (or coloured glass, to produce
2187-903: The Harry Potter series of books Patrick Harper (fiction) , the Irish right-hand man in the Sharpe book and television series Patrick Jane , main character in The Mentalist Paddy Kirk popular character in the Yorkshire-based soap opera Emmerdale . Patrick Kuby, a character from the television series Breaking Bad Patrick McKinney in the Netflix television series Stranger Things . Patrick McReary, character in GTA IV and GTA V . Patrick Star in
2268-736: The Aube department alone. At the Reformation in England, large numbers of medieval and Renaissance windows were smashed and replaced with plain glass. The Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII and the injunctions of Thomas Cromwell against "abused images" (the object of veneration) resulted in the loss of thousands of windows. Few remain undamaged; of these the windows in the private chapel at Hengrave Hall in Suffolk are among
2349-464: The Bible , history, or literature; may represent saints or patrons, or use symbolic motifs, in particular armorial. Windows within a building may be thematic, for example: within a church – episodes from the life of Christ ; within a parliament building – shields of the constituencies; within a college hall – figures representing the arts and sciences; or within a home – flora, fauna, or landscape. During
2430-476: The French Revolution . During the 19th century a great number of churches were restored by Viollet-le-Duc . Many of France's finest ancient windows were restored at that time. From 1839 onwards much stained glass was produced that very closely imitated medieval glass, both in the artwork and in the nature of the glass itself. The pioneers were Henri Gèrente and André Lusson. Other glass was designed in
2511-434: The death metal band Cannibal Corpse , former member for the heavy metal band Nevermore and a former touring musician with the thrash metal band Slayer Patrick Chukwuemeka Okogwu, known as Tinie Tempah , British rapper Patrick Simmons (born 1948), American guitarist and singer, founding member of the band The Doobie Brothers Patrick Stump (born 1984), American musician, lead singer and rhythm guitarist of
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2592-463: The "Bishop's Eye" at Lincoln Cathedral . While stained glass was widely manufactured, Chartres was the greatest centre of stained glass manufacture, producing glass of unrivalled quality. Probably the earliest scheme of stained glass windows that was created during the Renaissance was that for Florence Cathedral, devised by Lorenzo Ghiberti . The scheme includes three ocular windows for
2673-463: The 7th century. The earliest known reference dates from 675 AD when Benedict Biscop imported workmen from France to glaze the windows of the monastery of St Peter which he was building at Monkwearmouth . Hundreds of pieces of coloured glass and lead, dating back to the late 7th century, have been discovered here and at Jarrow . In the Middle East, the glass industry of Syria continued during
2754-470: The 7th-century BC. The Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna , attributed to the 8th century alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān , discusses the production of colored glass in ancient Babylon and Egypt. The Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna also describes how to create colored glass and artificial gemstones made from high-quality stained glass. The tradition of stained glass manufacture has continued, with mosques, palaces, and public spaces being decorated with stained glass throughout
2835-740: The Basílica Nuestra Señora de Lourde and the Templo Vótivo de Maipú both located in Chile. The Catholic revival in England, gaining force in the early 19th century with its renewed interest in the medieval church, brought a revival of church building in the Gothic style, claimed by John Ruskin to be "the true Catholic style". The architectural movement was led by Augustus Welby Pugin . Many new churches were planted in large towns and many old churches were restored. This brought about
2916-764: The British web series Corner Shop Show Patrick, in Me Before You and its film adaptation Patrick, a cement mixer in the British children's TV series Thomas & Friends Patrick Bateman in Bret Easton Ellis' novel American Psycho Patrick Clifton , titular character in Postman Pat Patrick Darling in Dirty Sexy Money Sir Patrick Delaney-Podmore in
2997-506: The Easter Rising of 1916 Patrick Taylor (disambiguation) , multiple people Patrick Theodore (born 1985), Footwear Designer (Indonesian) Patrick Warren (born 1985) British missing person since 1996 Patrick Williams (disambiguation) , multiple people Patrick Yau , Hong Kong film director and assistant director Fictional characters [ edit ] Patrick , an Irish chip shop owner played by David Mullane in
3078-602: The Islamic period with major centres of manufacture at Raqqa , Aleppo and Damascus and the most important products being highly transparent colourless glass and gilded glass, rather than coloured glass. The creation of stained glass in Southwest Asia began in ancient times. One of the region's earliest surviving formulations for the production of colored glass comes from the Assyrian city of Nineveh , dating to
3159-564: The Islamic world. The stained glass of Islam is generally non-pictorial and of purely geometric design, but may contain both floral motifs and text. Stained glass creation had flourished in Persia (now Iran) during the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736 A.D.), and Zand dynasty (1751–1794 A.D.). In Persia stained glass sash windows are called Orosi windows (or transliterated as Arasi, and Orsi), and were once used for decoration, as well as controlling
3240-493: The Middle Ages. Alternatively they may be used for painting linear effects, or polychrome areas of detail. The most common method of adding the black linear painting necessary to define stained glass images is the use of what is variously called "glass paint", "vitreous paint", or " grisaille paint". This was applied as a mixture of powdered glass, iron or rust filings to give a black colour, clay, and oil, vinegar or water for
3321-5469: The Republic of Zambia Religious figures [ edit ] Saint Patrick , Christian saint Patrick Duggan (bishop) , Roman Catholic Bishop of Clonfert in Ireland Sportspeople [ edit ] Patrick, the working name of professional wrestler Don Harris Patrik Andersson , Swedish football player Patrick Bailey (born 1999), American baseball player Patrick Baldassarre (born 1986), Swiss basketball player Patrick Bamford , English football player Pat Barry (born 1979), American kickboxer and mixed martial artist Pat Batteaux (born 1978), American football player Patrick Battiston (born 1957), French footballer Patrik Berger , Czech football player Patrik Berglund , Swedish ice hockey player Patrick Beverley (born 1968), American basketball player Pat Boller (born 1972), American ice hockey coach and executive Paddy Bradley , Irish Gaelic football player Pat Bryant (born 2002), American football player Patrick Burris , American judoka and two-time Olympian Patrick Cain , American football player Pat Calathes (born 1985), Greek-American basketball player Pat Cash , Australian tennis player Patrick Chan (born 1990), Canadian figure skater Patrick Chung , American football player Pat Cummins , Australian cricketer Patrick Dangerfield , Australian football player Patrik Divkovič (born 1999), Slovenian taekwondo practitioner Patrick Eaves , American-Canadian ice hockey player Pat Elflein , American football player Pat Elzie , American-German basketball coach and former player Patrick Ewing , American basketball player Patrick Faber (field hockey) , Dutch field hockey player Patrick Feeney (born 1991), American sprinter Patrick Fernandes (born 1993), Cape Verdean footballer Pat Freiermuth (born 1998), American football player Patrik Gunnarsson (born 2000), Icelandic footballer Pádraig Harrington , Irish professional golfer Patrick Heuscher , Swiss volleyball player Patric Hörnqvist , Swedish ice hockey player Patrekur Jóhannesson , Icelandic handball coach Patrick Kane , professional ice hockey player Patrick Kluivert , Dutch football player and coach Patrick Kühl , German swimmer Patrik Kühnen , German tennis player Patrik Laine , Finnish ice hockey player Patrick Laird (born 1995), American football player Patrick Lam (born 1983), Hong Kong equestrian Patrick Larkins (1860–1918), American baseball player Patrick Lewis , American football player Pat Mahomes , American baseball player; father of Patrick Mahomes II Patrick Mahomes II , American football player Patrick Matt , Liechtensteiner cyclist Pat Matzdorf , American athlete Patrick Mazeika (born 1993), American baseball player Patrick Mboma (born 1970), Cameroonian football player Pat McAfee (born 1987), American football player Patrick McEnroe , American tennis player Patrick McGuirk (born 1967), American football player Patrick McMorris (born 2001), American football player Patrick Mekari (born 1997), American football player Patrick Miller (basketball) (born 1992), American basketball player Patty Mills , Australian basketball player← Patrick Monteverde (born 1997), American baseball player Patrick Morris (American football) (born 1995), American football player Pat Mountain , Welsh football player Patrick O'Connell (1887–1959), Irish footballer Pat O'Connor (disambiguation) , multiple people Pat O'Hanlon (born 1991), Australia Rugby League player Patrick Owomoyela (born 1979), German footballer Patrick Pedersen (born 1991), Danish footballer Patrick Queen (born 1999), American football player Patrick Rafter , Australian tennis player Patrick Rakovsky , German football player Patrick Ramsey , American football player Patrick Ricard (American football) (born 1994), American football player Pat Richards (born 1981), Australian Rugby League player Patrick Rowe (born 1969), American football player Patrick Roy , Canadian ice hockey goaltender Pat Ryan (born 1955), American football player Patrick Sandoval , American baseball player Patrick Scales (American football) , American football player Patrick Schmollinger , Austrian swimmer Patrick da Silva , Brazilian football player Patrik Sjöberg , Swedish high jumper Pat Spillane , Irish Gaelic footballer Patrick Surtain (born 1976), American football player Patrick Surtain II (born 2000), American football player Pat Tillman (born 1976), American football player and Army Ranger Patrick Vahe (born 1996), American football player Patrick Veszpremi , Australian rules footballer Patrick Vieira , Senegalese-born French football player Patrik Virta (born 1996), Finnish ice hockey player Patrick Vörös (born 1993), Canadian professional wrestler Patrick Weigel (born 1994), American baseball player Patrick Willis (born 1985), American football player Other [ edit ] H.I.H. Prince Patrick Ali of Iran Patrick Abercrombie , English town planner Patrick Bokanowski ,
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3402-553: The US. In France there was a greater continuity of stained glass production than in England. In the early 19th century most stained glass was made of large panes that were extensively painted and fired, the designs often being copied directly from oil paintings by famous artists. In 1824 the Sèvres porcelain factory began producing stained glass to supply the increasing demand. In France many churches and cathedrals suffered despoliation during
3483-778: The World . New World Library. pp. 552–554. ISBN 978-1-60868-320-8 . [REDACTED] Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_(given_name)&oldid=1259952175 " Categories : Given names English masculine given names Masculine given names French masculine given names Irish masculine given names German masculine given names Hidden categories: Pages with German IPA Articles with short description Short description
3564-975: The band Fall Out Boy Patrick Wilson (born 1969), American musician, drummer of the band Weezer Patrick Wolf (born 1983), English singer-songwriter Politicians [ edit ] Patrick Dankwa Anin (1928-1999), Ghanaian politician Pat Bell (born 1957), Canadian politician) Patrik Björck (born 1957), Swedish politician Patrick Blake (1846–1909), Canadian politician Patrick Boland , Irish politician Patrick Buchanan , American political commentator, author and politician Patrick Byrne , Irish politician Patrick Connor , Irish politician Patrick Donnelly , Irish politician Patrick Duffy , Irish politician Patrick Duncan , South African politician Patrik Engström (born 1968), Swedish politician Patrick F. Gill , American Representative Patrick Henry (1736–1799), American revolutionary figure Patrick Hetzel (born 1964), French Member of Parliament Patrick Hillery (1923–2008),
3645-406: The band The Smithereens Patrick Doyle , Scottish film composer Patrick Girondi , singer, composer Patrick Hernandez , French singer Patrick Lindner , German singer Pat Metheny , American jazz guitarist Steven Patrick Morrissey (born 1959), British singer Patrick Monahan (born 1969), American musician (rock band Train) Patrick "Pat" O'Brien , former lead guitarist for
3726-408: The cartoon was drawn directly on the surface of a whitewashed table, which was then used as a pattern for cutting, painting and assembling the window. The cartoon is then divided into a patchwork, providing a template for each small glass piece. The exact position of the lead which holds the glass in place is also noted, as it is part of the calculated visual effect. Each piece of glass is selected for
3807-473: The clothes wringers on older washing machines) to yield glass of a specified thickness (typically about 1/8" or 3mm). The glass is then annealed. Rolled glass was first commercially produced around the mid-1830s and is widely used today. It is often called cathedral glass , but this has nothing to do with medieval cathedrals, where the glass used was hand-blown. Architectural glass must be at least 1 / 8 of an inch (3 mm) thick to survive
3888-772: The cupola windows has since been lost, and that by Donatello has lost nearly all of its painted details. In Europe, stained glass continued to be produced; the style evolved from the Gothic to the Classical, which is well represented in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, despite the rise of Protestantism . In France, much glass of this period was produced at the Limoges factory, and in Italy at Murano , where stained glass and faceted lead crystal are often coupled together in
3969-399: The decorated surface to the atmosphere or mechanical damage. Once the glass is cut and painted, the pieces are assembled by slotting them into H-sectioned lead cames. All the joints are then soldered together and the glass pieces are prevented from rattling and the window made weatherproof by forcing a soft oily cement or mastic between the glass and the cames. In modern windows, copper foil
4050-409: The design, the structure of the window, the nature and size of the glass available and his or her own preferred technique. A traditional narrative window has panels which relate a story. A figurative window could have rows of saints or dignitaries. Scriptural texts or mottoes are sometimes included and perhaps the names of the patrons or the person to whose memory the window is dedicated. In a window of
4131-491: The desired colour and cut to match a section of the template. An exact fit is ensured by "grozing" the edges with a tool which can nibble off small pieces. Details of faces, hair and hands can be painted onto the inner surface of the glass using a special glass paint which contains finely ground lead or copper filings, ground glass, gum arabic and a medium such as wine, vinegar or (traditionally) urine. The art of painting details became increasingly elaborate and reached its height in
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#17327651042974212-565: The dome and three for the facade which were designed from 1405 to 1445 by several of the most renowned artists of this period: Ghiberti , Donatello , Uccello and Andrea del Castagno . Each major ocular window contains a single picture drawn from the Life of Christ or the Life of the Virgin Mary , surrounded by a wide floral border, with two smaller facade windows by Ghiberti showing the martyred deacons, St Stephen and St Lawrence . One of
4293-642: The early 1600s; the earliest is the work of Dirck Crabeth and his brother Wouter . Many of the original cartoons still exist. Stained glass was first imported to Latin America during the 17th–18th centuries by Portuguese and Spanish settlers. By the 20th century, many European artists had begun to establish their own studios within Latin America and had started up local production. With these new local studios came inventive techniques and less traditional imagery. Examples of these more modern works of art are
4374-413: The early 20th century. From 1300 onwards, artists started using "silver stain" which was made with silver nitrate . It gave a yellow effect ranging from pale lemon to deep orange. It was usually painted onto the outside of a piece of glass, then fired to make it permanent. This yellow was particularly useful for enhancing borders, canopies and haloes, and turning blue glass into green glass. By about 1450,
4455-707: The eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral . As Gothic architecture developed into a more ornate form, windows grew larger, affording greater illumination to the interiors, but were divided into sections by vertical shafts and tracery of stone. This elaboration of form reached its height of complexity in the Flamboyant style in Europe, and windows grew still larger with the development of the Perpendicular style in England and Rayonnant style in France. Integrated with
4536-466: The engineering skills to assemble the piece. A window must fit snugly into the space for which it is made, must resist wind and rain, and also, especially in the larger windows, must support its own weight. Many large windows have withstood the test of time and remained substantially intact since the Late Middle Ages . In Western Europe , together with illuminated manuscripts , they constitute
4617-435: The famous lamps of Louis Comfort Tiffany . As a material stained glass is glass that has been colored by adding metallic salts during its manufacture, and usually then further decorating it in various ways. The colored glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held together (traditionally) by strips of lead, called cames or calms, and supported by
4698-420: The finest. With the latter wave of destruction the traditional methods of working with stained glass died, and were not rediscovered in England until the early 19th century. See Stained glass – British glass, 1811–1918 for more details. In the Netherlands a rare scheme of glass has remained intact at Grote Sint-Jan Church, Gouda . The windows, some of which are 18 metres (59 feet) high, date from 1555 to
4779-400: The glass paint away to make the design, or the lettering of an inscription. This was the most common method of making inscriptions in early medieval glass, giving white or light letters on a black background, with later inscriptions more often using black painted letters on a transparent glass background. These are the colours in which the glass itself is made, as opposed to colours applied to
4860-504: The glass some protection against weathering, although this can also be true for paint. They were also probably fired separately, the stain needing a lower heat than the paint. "Sanguine", "carnation", "Rouge Jean Cousin " or "Cousin's rose", after its supposed inventor, is an iron-based fired paint producing red colours, mainly used to highlight small areas, often on flesh. It was introduced around 1500. Copper stain, similar to silver stain but using copper compounds, also produced reds, and
4941-481: The glass. Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colourless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron oxide impurities produce a green tint which becomes evident in thick pieces or with the aid of scientific instruments. A number of additives are used to reduce the green tint, particularly if the glass is to be used for plain window glass, rather than stained glass windows. These additives include manganese dioxide which produces sodium permanganate , and may result in
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#17327651042975022-657: The incoming sunlight in the hot and semi-arid climate. Stained glass, as an art form, reached its height in the Middle Ages when it became a major pictorial form used to illustrate the narratives of the Bible to a largely illiterate populace. In the Romanesque and Early Gothic period, from about 950 to 1240, the untraceried windows demanded large expanses of glass which of necessity were supported by robust iron frames, such as may be seen at Chartres Cathedral and at
5103-945: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick&oldid=1227431965 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Patrick (given name) Patrick [REDACTED] Stained glass window of Saint Patrick Pronunciation / ˈ p æ t r ɪ k / German: [patʁɪk] Gender Male Name day March 17 Origin Language(s) Latin Meaning " Nobleman ", " patrician " Other names Nickname(s) Pat, Paddy , Patty , Rick , Ricky Related names Patricia , Pádraic , Pádraig , Pádraigín , Patrice , Patricio , Patryk Patrick
5184-425: The late medieval period , glass factories were set up where there was a ready supply of silica , the essential material for glass manufacture. Silica requires a very high temperature to melt, something not all glass factories were able to achieve. Such materials as potash , soda , and lead can be added to lower the melting temperature. Other substances, such as lime , are added to make the glass more stable. Glass
5265-464: The lofty verticals of Gothic cathedrals and parish churches, glass designs became more daring. The circular form, or rose window , developed in France from relatively simple windows with openings pierced through slabs of thin stone to wheel windows, as exemplified by the west front of Chartres Cathedral, and ultimately to designs of enormous complexity, the tracery being drafted from hundreds of different points, such as those at Sainte-Chapelle , Paris and
5346-424: The major form of medieval pictorial art to have survived. In this context, the purpose of a stained glass window is not to allow those within a building to see the world outside or even primarily to admit light but rather to control it. For this reason stained glass windows have been described as "illuminated wall decorations". The design of a window may be abstract or figurative; may incorporate narratives drawn from
5427-488: The medieval period the glass was abraded; later, hydrofluoric acid was used to remove the flash in a chemical reaction (a very dangerous technique), and in the 19th century sandblasting started to be used for this purpose. There are a number of glass factories, notably in Germany, the United States, England, France, Poland and Russia, which produce high-quality glass, both hand-blown (cylinder, muff, crown) and rolled (cathedral and opalescent). Modern stained-glass artists have
5508-462: The process. The centre of each piece of glass, known as the "bull's-eye", is subject to less acceleration during spinning, so it remains thicker than the rest of the sheet. It also has the pontil mark , a distinctive lump of glass left by the "pontil" rod, which holds the glass as it is spun out. This lumpy, refractive quality means the bulls-eyes are less transparent, but they have still been used for windows, both domestic and ecclesiastical. Crown glass
5589-476: The production of a window is to make, or acquire from the architect or owners of the building, an accurate template of the window opening that the glass is to fit. The subject matter of the window is determined to suit the location, a particular theme, or the wishes of the patron. A small design called a Vidimus (from Latin "we have seen") is prepared which can be shown to the patron. A scaled model maquette may also be provided. The designer must take into account
5670-1247: The pseudonym used by artist John Byrne (born 1940), Scottish playwright Patrick Cary (c. 1624–1658), English poet Pat Chapman , English food writer Padraic Colum (1881–1972), Irish author Patrick Cullinan (1932–2011), South African poet and biographer Patrick Delaforce , historian and British Army captain Patrick Jennings (born 1962), American children's book author Patrick Jones (born 1965), Welsh poet and playwright Patrick Lane (1939–2019), Canadian poet Patrick Modiano (born 1945), French novelist Patrick Pearse (1879–1916), Irish poet and nationalist Patrick O'Brian (1914–2000), English author and translator Patrick Süskind (born 1949), German writer and screenwriter Musicians [ edit ] Pat Acuña (born 1986), American drummer, member of indie rock band Silent Old Mtns Patrick Alavi , German musician Pat Boone (born 1934), American singer Patrick Brasca , Canadian-Taiwanese singer Patrick Bruel , French singer Patrick Carney (born 1980), American drummer, member of indie rock band The Black Keys Pat DiNizio (1955–2017), American songwriter, lead singer of
5751-400: The push and pull of typical wind loads. However, in the creation of red glass, the colouring ingredients must be of a certain concentration, or the colour will not develop. This results in a colour so intense that at the thickness of 1 / 8 inch (3 mm), the red glass transmits little light and appears black. The method employed to create red stained glass is to laminate
5832-528: The same window. The French Revolution brought about the neglect or destruction of many windows in France. Nonetheless, the country still holds the largest set of Renaissance stained glass in its churches, particularly in the regions of Normandy and Champagne where there were vivid ateliers in many cities until the early 17th century with the stained glass painter Linard Gonthier being active in Troyes until 1642 . There are 1042 preserved 16th-century windows in
5913-979: The sixth President of Ireland (1976–1990) Patrick Home (1728–1808), Scottish MP for Berwickshire (1784–1796) Patrick J. Kennedy , former United States congressman Patrick Leonard , Irish politician Patrik Lundqvist (born 1984), Swedish politician Patrick Matibini (born 1959), Zambian politician and judge / current speaker of the national assembly 'parliament' Patrick Murphy , Irish politician Patrick Norton , Irish politician Patrick Palmer , Irish politician Patrick Pearse (aka Pádraig Pearse) (1879–1916), Irish activist and revolutionary Pat Roberts , American Senator from Kansas Pat Robertson , American preacher and political figure Patrick Lipton Robinson , Jamaican U.N. judge Patrick Tierney , Irish politician Patrick Vahoe (born 1970), Solomon Islands politician Patrick Vans , Scottish judge Patrick Vanse (1655–1733), Scottish MP Levy Patrick Mwanawasa (1948-2008), Former President of
5994-509: The skilful cutting of coloured glass into sections. Scenes were painted onto glass panels of square format, like tiles. The colours were then annealed to the glass before the pieces were assembled. A method used for embellishment and gilding is the decoration of one side of each of two pieces of thin glass, which are then placed back to back within the lead came . This allows for the use of techniques such as Angel gilding and Eglomise to produce an effect visible from both sides but not exposing
6075-407: The surface of glass, and then fired in a furnace or kiln. They can produce a range of colours from orange -red to yellow. Used on blue glass they produce greens. The way the glass is heated and cooled can significantly affect the colours produced by these compounds. The chemistry involved is complex and not well understood. The chemicals actually penetrate the glass they are added to a little way, and
6156-418: The technique therefore gives extremely stable results. By the 15th century it had become cheaper than using pot metal glass and was often used with glass paint as the only colour on transparent glass. Silver stain was applied to the opposite face of the glass to silver paint, as the two techniques did not work well one on top of the other. The stain was usually on the exterior face, where it appears to have given
6237-504: The television series SpongeBob SquarePants Patrick Verona, main character in 10 Things I Hate About You Lord Harry , also known as Patrick, the locomotive character from The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry See also [ edit ] Pádraigín , Irish given name Patrick (disambiguation) Patrick (surname) References [ edit ] ^ Neala, Shane (2015). Inspired Baby Names from Around
6318-589: The types used in the traditional fabrication of stained-glass windows. Crown glass is hand-blown glass created by blowing a bubble of air into a gather of molten glass and then spinning it, either by hand or on a table that revolves rapidly like a potter's wheel . The centrifugal force causes the molten bubble to open up and flatten. It can then be cut into small sheets. Glass formed this way can be either coloured and used for stained-glass windows, or uncoloured as seen in small paned windows in 16th- and 17th-century houses. Concentric, curving waves are characteristic of
6399-460: The work of famous engravers such as Albrecht Dürer . Original designs often imitate this style. Much 19th-century German glass has large sections of painted detail rather than outlines and details dependent on the lead. The Royal Bavarian Glass Painting Studio was founded by Ludwig I in 1827. A major firm was Mayer of Munich , which commenced glass production in 1860, and is still operating as Franz Mayer of Munich, Inc. . German stained glass found
6480-639: Was also favoured for large, usually painted, windows of the Baroque period. Coloured glass has been produced since ancient times. Both the Egyptians and the Romans excelled at the manufacture of small colored glass objects. Phoenicia was important in glass manufacture with its chief centres Sidon , Tyre and Antioch . The British Museum holds two of the finest Roman pieces, the Lycurgus Cup , which
6561-477: Was mainly used in the 18th and 19th centuries. "Cold paint" is various types of paint that were applied without firing. Contrary to the optimistic claims of the 12th century writer Theophilus Presbyter , cold paint is not very durable, and very little medieval paint has survived. As well as painting, scratched sgraffito techniques were often used. This involved painting a colour over pot metal glass of another colour, and then before firing selectively scratching
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