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76-633: The Defense Intelligence Agency Memorial Wall , commonly known as the Patriots Memorial , is a memorial at DIA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. , dedicated to those agency employees who lost their lives in the line of their intelligence work and whose deaths are not classified . The wall was first dedicated on 14 December 1988 by Director Leonard Perroots at the DIA Headquarters , honoring those DIA personnel "who died in

152-762: A Scientific and Technical Intelligence Directorate on April 30, 1963. DIA assumed the staff support functions of the J-2, Joint Staff, on July 1, 1963. Two years later, on July 1, 1965, DIA accepted responsibility for the Defense Attaché System —the last function the Services transferred to DIA. During the 1960s, DIA analysts focused on China's detonation of an atomic bomb and the launching of its Cultural Revolution ; increasing unrest among African and South Asian nations; fighting in Cyprus and Kashmir ; and

228-570: A U.S. intelligence agency. Non-state actor The interests, structure, and influence of NSAs vary widely. For example, among NSAs are non-profit organizations , labor unions , non-governmental organizations , banks , corporations , media organizations , business magnates , people's liberation movements , lobby groups , religious groups , aid agencies , and violent non-state actors such as paramilitary forces . Some common and influential classes of NSAs are listed here in alphabetical order: The proliferation of non-state actors since

304-633: A branch of the DIA, lost 35 personnel, but of these the DIA included only five individuals on its memorial wall, excluding the remaining 30 deaths of DAO staff. This type of unclear accounting led to some controversy before the DIA memorial was even created. In 1983, American citizen Jim Poulton threatened to sue the U.S. government for records after repeatedly failing to confirm whether his parents Orin Poulton and June Poulton, who perished during Operation Babylift , were DIA employees. Following years of wrangling, it

380-509: A general rule, DIA handles national-level, long-term and strategic intelligence needs, whereas service-level intelligence components handle tactical, short-term goals pertinent to their respective services. DIA does, however, lead coordination efforts with the military intelligence units and with the national DOD intelligence services ( NSA , NGA , NRO ) in its role as chair of the Military Intelligence Board and through

456-484: A military intelligence officer, defined and established a clandestine services program under the U.S. Southern Command 's "Plan Green". The program was then authorized by JCS Chairman John Vessey, and sanctioned by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence ("SSCI"), with the sponsorship of Senator Jesse Helms (R-NC) and Senator Barry Goldwater (R-AZ). The Goldwater–Nichols DoD Reorganization Act

532-534: A result of the Lockerbie bombing . McKee is notably absent on the DIA wall, whereas his CIA partner Matthew Gannon is honored on the CIA Memorial Wall . The majority of the disclosed DIA fatalities are either a result of terrorist attacks or accidents and acts of violence directed against overt employees. While CIA has a practice of marking the deaths of its private contractors on its memorial wall ,

608-413: A role in non-traditional governance. Many fragile states rely on non-state actors for protection and administration. More traditional methods of governance include local courts and clans, on the other end, non-traditional NSA groups govern as paramilitaries or rebel groups. The importance of this is that in the last 20 years non-state actors have acquired legal recognition due to their heavy involvement in

684-568: Is a national-level intelligence organization which does not belong to a single military element or within the traditional chain of command , instead answering to the Secretary of Defense directly through the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence . Three-quarters of the agency's 17,000 employees are career civilians who are experts in various fields of defense and military interest or application; and although no military background

760-558: Is a technical intelligence discipline that serves to detect, track, identify or describe the signatures (distinctive characteristics) of fixed or dynamic target sources. This often includes radar intelligence, acoustic intelligence, nuclear intelligence, and chemical and biological intelligence. DIA is designated the national manager for MASINT collection within the United States Intelligence Community , coordinating all MASINT gathering across agencies. DIA

836-582: Is also the national manager of the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS), the central Top Secret / Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI) processing network for the United States, and Stone Ghost , a network for US and partner nations. Directorate for Mission Services: The Directorate for Mission Services provides administrative, technical, and programmatic support to

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912-808: Is an intelligence agency and combat support agency of the United States Department of Defense , specializing in defense and military intelligence . A component of the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Intelligence Community (IC), DIA informs national civilian and defense policymakers about the military intentions and capabilities of foreign governments and non-state actors . It also provides intelligence assistance, integration and coordination across uniformed military service intelligence components , which remain structurally separate from DIA. The agency's role encompasses

988-590: Is concentrated on broader, more general intelligence needs of the President and Cabinet . Additionally, due to DIA's designation as a combat support agency , it has special responsibilities in meeting intelligence requirements specifically for the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Combatant Commanders, both in peace and at war. Although there are misconceptions in the media and public about

1064-686: Is located in the garden at the Defense Intelligence Agency Analysis Center in Washington, D.C. Since the September 11 attacks, DIA has been active in nuclear proliferation intelligence collection and analysis with particular interests in North Korea and Iran as well as counter-terrorism . DIA was also involved with the intelligence build-up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003 and was a subject in

1140-519: Is not a collective of all U.S. military intelligence units and the work it performs is not in lieu of that falling under intelligence components of individual services . Unlike the Russian GRU , which encompasses equivalents of nearly all joint U.S. military intelligence operations, DIA assists and coordinates the activities of individual service-level intelligence units (i.e. 25 AF , INSCOM , etc.), but they nevertheless remain separate entities. As

1216-507: Is particularly challenging since international law and the norms governing the use of force for intervention or peacekeeping purposes were written primarily in the context of the nation-state. Additionally, armed non-state actors have recently been held accountable to international law with the United Nations Security Council ’s decision to allow the self-defense principle to be applied against an NSA. After

1292-454: Is required, 48% of agency employees have some past military service. DIA has a tradition of marking unclassified deaths of its employees on the organization's Memorial Wall . Established in 1961 under President John F. Kennedy by Defense Secretary Robert McNamara , DIA was involved in U.S. intelligence efforts throughout the Cold War and rapidly expanded, both in size and scope, after

1368-925: The Berlin Wall , Air Force Lieutenant General Joseph Carroll took the lead in planning and organizing this new agency. The JCS published Directive 5105.21, "Defense Intelligence Agency" on August 1, and DIA began operations with a handful of employees in borrowed office space on October 1, 1961. DIA originally reported to the Secretary through the JCS. The new agency's mission was the continuous task of collecting, processing, evaluating, analyzing, integrating, producing, and disseminating military intelligence for DoD and related national stakeholders. Other objectives included more efficiently allocating scarce intelligence resources, more effectively managing all DoD intelligence activities, and eliminating redundancies in facilities, organizations, and tasks. Following DIA's establishment,

1444-498: The Cold War ended has been one of the factors leading to the Cobweb Paradigm in international politics. Under this paradigm , the traditional Westphalian nation-state experiences an erosion of power and sovereignty, and non-state actors are part of the cause. Facilitated by globalization , NSAs challenge nation-state borders and sovereignty claims. MNCs are not always sympathetic to national interests but are loyal to

1520-824: The Cotonou Agreement between the European Union (EU) and African, Caribbean and Pacific ACP countries . The agreement uses the term to refer to a wide range of nongovernmental development actors whose participation in ACP-EU development cooperation is now formally recognized. According to Article 6, non-state actors include: In practice, it means that participation is open to all kind of actors, such as community-based organisations, women's groups, human rights associations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), religious organizations, farmers' cooperatives , trade unions , universities and research institutes,

1596-780: The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center for three months before being certified. DIA Police operate under the U.S. Marshal's Office Special Deputation and jurisdictional and functional authority within the District of Columbia under a cooperative agreement with the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia . DIA Police have the following rank structure: DIA Police have K9, HAZMAT, SRT and also support DIA field operations. From World War II until

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1672-595: The Human Rights Council . Formal international organizations may also rely on non-state actors, particularly NGOs in the form of implementing partners in the national context. An example is the contribution of COHRE (Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions), to the protection of land and property (HLP) rights in Kosovo by conceptualizing the Housing and Property Directorate (now Kosovo Property Agency) within

1748-590: The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) of his decision to establish the DIA in February 1961. He ordered them to develop a plan that would integrate all the military intelligence of the DoD, a move that met strong resistance from the service intelligence units, whose commanders viewed DIA as undesirable encroachment on their turf. Despite this resistance, during the spring and summer of 1961, as Cold War tensions flared over

1824-821: The Joint Chiefs of Staff with foreign military intelligence for defense policy and war planning. DIA also managed the National Intelligence University (NIU) on behalf of the Intelligence Community before transitioning it to ODNI in June 2021. NIU and the John T. Hughes Library is housed at the Intelligence Community campus in Bethesda, Maryland and has several branch campuses at RAF Molesworth , MacDill Air Force Base , and Marine Corps Base Quantico as well as academic programs at

1900-618: The Joint Special Operations Command in overseas operations. In October 2015, the Pentagon said that DIA appointed a British Royal Air Force officer as its first deputy director in charge of improving integration between U.S. intelligence units and spy agencies of other English-speaking countries in the Five Eyes alliance. This was the first time that a foreign national was appointed to a senior position at

1976-933: The Middle East intensified as the Iran–Iraq War spilled into the Persian Gulf . DIA provided significant intelligence support to Operation Earnest Will while closely monitoring incidents such as the Iraqi rocket attack on the USS ; Stark , the destruction of Iranian oil platforms, and Iranian attacks on Kuwaiti oil tankers. The "Toyota War" between Libya and Chad and the turmoil in Haiti added to DIA's heavy production workload, as did unrest in other parts of Latin America , Somalia , Ethiopia , Burma , Pakistan , and

2052-496: The Military Intelligence Board , which coordinates activities of the entire defense intelligence community . DIA is headquartered in Washington, D.C. , on Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling with major operational activities at the Pentagon and at each Unified Combatant Command , as well as in more than a hundred U.S. embassies around the world, where it deploys alongside other government partners (e.g.,

2128-860: The Missile and Space Intelligence Center , the National Media Exploitation Center , and the Underground Facilities Analysis Center (UFAC). Further, DIA is responsible for administering the JIOCEUR and various Joint Intelligence Centers which serve and are co-located with each of the Unified Combatant Commands . Additionally, DIA manages the Directorate for Intelligence, Joint Staff (J2) which advises and supports

2204-668: The NSA and NGA . The DIA has its own police force (established in 1963), made up of federal officers who protect DIA people and property. DIA Police provide law enforcement and police services, emergency response and physical security at DIA campuses. DIA Police have 170 sworn, uniformed officers that protect and police the six DIA sites (Headquarters, Reston, Charlottesville, DIA Logistics Operation Center, National Center for Medical Intelligence and Missile and Space Intelligence Center). DIA Police has 26 Special Agents that carry out security investigations. DIA Police Officers are trained at

2280-651: The Philippines . With the end of the Cold War, defense intelligence began a period of reevaluation following the fall of the Soviet system in many Eastern European countries, the reunification of Germany , and ongoing economic reforms in the region. In response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 , DIA set up an extensive, 24-hour, crisis management cell designed to tailor national-level intelligence support to

2356-559: The President's Daily Brief and the National Intelligence Estimates . Analysts serve DIA in all of the agency's facilities and DIA has the most forward deployed analysts in the Intelligence Community. Directorate for Science and Technology: The Directorate for Science and Technology manages DIA's technical assets and personnel. These assets gather and analyze Measurement and Signature Intelligence , which

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2432-720: The Senate . He or she is the primary intelligence adviser to the Secretary of Defense and also answers to the Director of National Intelligence . The Director is also the Commander of the Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance , a subordinate command of United States Strategic Command , which is headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska. Additionally, he or she chairs

2508-830: The Senate Report of Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq . After the invasion, DIA led the Iraq Survey Group to find the alleged Weapons of Mass Destruction . The agency has conflicted with the CIA in collection and analysis on the existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and has often represented the Pentagon in the CIA–DoD intelligence rivalry due to DIA's own Clandestine HUMINT collection. In 2012, DIA announced an expansion of clandestine collection efforts. The newly consolidated Defense Clandestine Service (DCS) would absorb

2584-563: The September 11 attacks . Because of the sensitive nature of its work, the spy organization has been embroiled in numerous controversies, including those related to its intelligence-gathering activities, to its role in torture , as well as to attempts to expand its activities on U.S. soil. The Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency is an intelligence officer who is nominated by the President and confirmed by

2660-939: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , the overthrow of Iranian monarchy , and the taking of American hostages from the U.S. embassy in Tehran in 1979 . Also, of serious concern were the Vietnamese takeover in Phnom Penh , the China–Vietnam border war , the overthrow of Idi Amin in Uganda , the north–south Yemen dispute, troubles in Pakistan , border clashes between Libya and Egypt , the Sandinista takeover in Nicaragua , and

2736-765: The missile gap between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In the late 1960s, crises that tested intelligence responsiveness included: the Tet Offensive in Vietnam ; the Six-Day War between Egypt and Israel ; continuing troubles in Africa, particularly Nigeria ; North Korea 's seizure of the USS  Pueblo ; and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia . The early 1970s were transitional years as

2812-414: The 1980s, DIA had transformed into a fully integrated national-level intelligence agency. Its 1981 flagship publication Soviet Military Power , the most comprehensive overview of Soviet military strength and capabilities at the time, was met with wide acclaim; SMP continued to be produced by DIA as a serialized publication roughly over the next decade. In 1983, in order to research the flow of technology to

2888-576: The CIA) and also operates the U.S. Defense Attache Offices . Additionally, the agency has staff deployed at the Col. James N. Rowe Building at Rivanna Station in Charlottesville, Virginia , National Center for Medical Intelligence (NCMI) in Fort Detrick , Maryland, Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC) in Huntsville, Alabama , Russell-Knox Building on Marine Corps Base Quantico , National Center for Credibility Assessment at Fort Jackson, South Carolina , and Defense Intelligence Support Center (DISC) in Reston, Virginia . DIA also recently completed

2964-449: The DIA spokesperson said that "Well, [dying while] coming back on an airplane [during the Vietnam War] is just like getting killed on the Beltway here in a car accident". The Poulton family was billed thousands of dollars for coffins and transportation for the bodies of Orin and June, but they refused to pay; in the end, the government did not insist on payment. Defense Intelligence Agency The Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA )

3040-549: The DIA–CIA rivalry, the two agencies have a mutually beneficial relationship and division of labor . According to a former senior U.S official who worked with both agencies, "the CIA doesn't want to be looking for surface-to-air missiles in Libya " while it is also tasked with evaluating the Syrian opposition. CIA and DIA Operations Officers all go through the same type of clandestine training at Camp Peary , an interagency Defense installation under CIA administration better known in popular culture by its CIA nickname "The Farm". DIA

3116-490: The Defense HUMINT Service and expand DIA's overseas espionage apparatus to complement the work of corresponding elements at CIA. DCS would focus on military intelligence concerns—issues that the CIA has been unable to manage due to lack of personnel, expertise or time—and would initially deal with Islamist militia groups in Africa, weapons transfers between North Korea and Iran, and Chinese military modernization. The DCS works in conjunction with CIA's Directorate of Operations and

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3192-415: The Defense Intelligence School (now the National Intelligence University ), and on January 1, 1963, it activated a new Production Center. Several Service elements were merged to form this production facility, which occupied the "A" and "B" Buildings at Arlington Hall Station , Virginia . The agency also added an Automated Data Processing (ADP) Center on February 19, a Dissemination Center on March 31, and

3268-482: The Kuwaiti Theater of Operations to provide intelligence support. The Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center (AFMIC), and the Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC), associated with the Army for over 20 and 50 years respectively, became part of DIA in January 1992. This was part of the continuing effort to consolidate intelligence production and make it more efficient. On September 11, 2001, seven DIA employees lost their lives along with 118 other victims at

3344-411: The Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 piloted by five Al-Qaeda hijackers plowed into the western side of the building, as part of the September 11 attacks . The death of seven employees at once was the largest combined loss in DIA's history. On September 11, 2009, DIA dedicated a memorial to the seven employees lost in the terrorist attacks on the Pentagon. The memorial

3420-467: The Services reluctantly transferred intelligence functions and resources to it on a time-phased basis to avoid rapidly degrading the overall effectiveness of defense intelligence. A year after its formation, in October 1962, the agency faced its first major intelligence test during the superpower Cuban Missile Crisis confrontation that developed after Soviet missiles were discovered at bases in Cuba by Air Force spy planes. In late 1962, DIA established

3496-433: The Soviet Union, the Reagan Administration created Project Socrates within the agency. Over the following years Project Socrates's scope broadened to include monitoring of foreign advanced technology as a whole. Project Socrates ended in 1990 with Michael Sekora, the project's director, leaving in protest when the Bush Administration reduced funding. In 1984, the Clandestine Services organization, designated STAR WATCHER,

3572-425: The Soviet movement of combat troops to Cuba during the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II . Following the promulgation in 1979 of Executive Order 12036 , which restructured the Intelligence Community and better outlined DIA's national and departmental responsibilities, the agency was reorganized around five major directorates: production, operations, resources, external affairs, and J-2 support. By

3648-428: The agency shifted its focus from consolidating its functions to establishing itself as a credible producer of national-level intelligence. This proved difficult at first since sweeping manpower decrements between 1968 and 1975 had reduced agency manpower by 31 percent and precipitated mission reductions and a broad organizational restructuring. Challenges facing DIA at this time included the rise of Ostpolitik in Germany;

3724-457: The agency's domestic and global operations and analytic efforts. The Directorate also manages DIA's training centers -- the Joint Military Intelligence Training Center and the Joint Military Attaché School . This includes providing counterintelligence to the agency as well as serving as the counterintelligence executive agent for the Department of Defense. Centers: DIA is divided into five regional centers and two functional centers which manage

3800-443: The agency's efforts in these areas of responsibility. These centers are the Americas and Transnational Threats Center, the Indo-Pacific Regional Center, the Europe/Eurasia Regional Center, the Middle East/Africa Regional Center, the China Mission Group, the Defense Resources and Infrastructure Center, and the Defense Combating Terrorism Center. DIA also manages Community-wide centers such as the National Center for Medical Intelligence ,

3876-511: The agency's role has occasionally been confused with those of law enforcement agencies. DIA's parent organization, the Department of Defense, features in fiction and media much more prominently due to the public's greater awareness of its existence and the general association of military organizations with warfare , rather than spycraft. DIA and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) are distinct organizations with different functions. DIA focuses on national level defense-military topics, while CIA

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3952-413: The all-source analysis elements of DIA, and is responsible for developing and deploying analytic tradecraft throughout the Defense Intelligence Enterprise. Analysts analyze and disseminate finalized intelligence products, focusing on national, strategic and operational-level military issues that may arise from worldwide political, economic, medical, natural or other related processes. Analysts contribute to

4028-461: The armed NSA since most armed non-state actors often reside on the territory of a sovereign state , which thus may also endure a retaliatory or preemptive attack. The 9/11 attacks had a significant impact in demonstrating that non-state actors may be held accountable to international law and may contend in the political and the military arenas, alongside states. The term Non State Actors is widely used in development cooperation , particularly under

4104-439: The co-located Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance . The Military Intelligence Integrated Database (MIDB) is due to be replaced by the Machine-Assisted Analytic Rapid-Repository System (MARS) beginning in spring 2024. DIA is organized into four directorates and five regional centers Directorate for Operations: Directorate for Analysis: The Directorate of Analysis manages

4180-430: The coalition forces assembled to expel Iraq from Kuwait . By the time Operation Desert Storm began, some 2,000 agency personnel were involved in the intelligence support effort. Most of them associated in some way with the national-level Joint Intelligence Center (JIC), which DIA established at The Pentagon to integrate the intelligence being produced throughout the Community. DIA sent more than 100 employees into

4256-473: The collection and analysis of human-source intelligence (HUMINT), both overt and clandestine , while also handling U.S. military-diplomatic relations abroad. DIA concurrently serves as the national manager for the highly technical measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) and as the Defense Department manager for counterintelligence programs. The agency has no law enforcement authority, contrary to occasional portrayals in American popular culture. DIA

4332-468: The collection and analysis of military-related foreign political, economic, industrial, geographic, and medical and health intelligence . DIA produces approximately one-quarter of all intelligence content that goes into the President's Daily Brief . DIA's intelligence operations extend beyond the zones of combat, and approximately half of its employees serve overseas at hundreds of locations and in U.S. embassies in 140 countries. The agency specializes in

4408-569: The corporation's interests instead. NSAs challenge the nation-state's sovereignty over internal matters through advocacy for societal issues, such as human rights and the environment. Armed non-state actors operate without state control and are involved in internal and trans-border conflicts. The activity of such groups in armed conflicts adds layers of complexity to traditional conflict management and resolution. The conflicts are often fought not only between non-state actors and states but also between multiple NSA groups. Interventions in such conflicts

4484-403: The creation of DIA in 1961, the three Military Departments collected, produced and distributed their intelligence for individual use. This turned out to be duplicative, costly, and ineffective as each department provided their own, often conflicting estimates to the Secretary of Defense and other Federal agencies. While the Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 aimed to correct these deficiencies,

4560-399: The emergence of the Palestine Liberation Organization in the Middle East ; and the U.S. incursion into Cambodia from South Vietnam . The agency's reputation grew considerably by the mid-1970s, as decision makers increasingly recognized the value of its products. Agency analysts in 1972 concentrated on Lebanon , President Richard Nixon 's visit to China , the 1973 Chilean coup d'état ,

4636-540: The formation of Sri Lanka , and the prisoners of war being held in Southeast Asia. Subsequent challenges involved: détente ; the development of arms control agreements; the Paris peace talks (Vietnam); the Yom Kippur War ; and global energy concerns. Intense Congressional review during 1975–76 created turbulence within the Intelligence Community. The Murphy and Rockefeller Commission investigations of charges of intelligence abuse ultimately led to an Executive Order that modified many Intelligence Community functions. At

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4712-484: The framework of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo. Non-state actors are fundamental agents in helping to achieve both national and international development goals, such as those around climate change. Actions by non-state actors contribute significantly towards filling the greenhouse gas emissions gap left by unambitious or poorly executed national climate policies, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). Another example that shows

4788-485: The importance of non-state actors in peace-building is the contribution of ICBL (International Campaign to Ban Landmines) to the international prohibition on the use of landmines. ICBL is a global network of NGOs that has operated in over 90 countries since 1992. Its primary goal is to make a world free of anti-personnel landmines . Their passionate advertising appealing for global cooperation drew Diana, Princess of Wales to become an ardent advocate. Together, they brought

4864-441: The intelligence responsibilities remained unclear, the coordination was poor and the results fell short of national reliability and focus. As a result of this poor organization, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed the Joint Study Group in 1960 to find better ways for organizing the nation's military intelligence activities. Acting on the recommendations of the Joint Study Group, Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara advised

4940-511: The issue to the United Nations General Assembly . ICBL's efforts led the international community to urge states to ratify the Ottawa Treaty (Mine Ban Treaty) in 1997, and its contribution was recognized and praised as it was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in the same year. Non-state actors also have a role in governance . While NSAs are incredibly useful in advancing international peace, monitoring human rights violations, and lobbying for socio-political issues like climate change, they also play

5016-408: The media and the private sector. Also included in this definition are informal groups such as grassroots organizations , informal private sector associations, etc. The private sector, however, is considered only insofar as it is involved in non-profit activities (e.g. private sector associations, chambers of commerce, etc.) Non-state actors can aid in opinion building in international affairs, such as

5092-430: The number of DIA contractor losses, if any, is unknown. Unlike the more expansive memorial at the DIA's fellow defense agency the NSA – which includes members of all military elements operating on behalf of or assigned to the NSA – the DIA's interpretation of "personnel" and what it means to die in the line of duty has remained opaque to the public. During Operation Babylift , the U.S. Defense Attache Office (DAO),

5168-414: The organization was created to balance CIA's espionage operations which primarily targeted Soviet KGB / GRU officers, but ignored and were dismissive of Third World targets in areas of potential military conflict. Although there were previous attempts to establish such a DoD level espionage organization, there was no authorization document by which it could be established. This changed when Gregory Davis,

5244-460: The renovation of Intelligence Community Campus-Bethesda in Maryland, which serves as the new location of the National Intelligence University as well as a facility for DIA and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Less known than its civilian equivalent or its cryptologic counterpart , DIA and its personnel have at times been portrayed in works of American popular culture . As with other U.S. foreign intelligence organizations,

5320-585: The same time, with U.S. involvement in Vietnam ending, defense intelligence faced a significant decline in resources. During this period, DIA conducted numerous studies on ways of improving its intelligence products. Despite these and other Community-wide efforts to improve intelligence support, the loss of resources during the 1970s limited the Community's ability to collect and produce timely intelligence and ultimately contributed to intelligence shortcomings in Iran , Afghanistan , and other strategic areas. Special DIA task forces were set up to monitor crises such as

5396-507: The service of the United States". It "commemorates the profound individual sacrifices made on behalf of the United States by DIA members and acts as a reminder of the selflessness, dedication, and courage required to confront national challenges..." The DIA does not provide detailed criteria on who is eligible for inclusion on the memorial. The wall is presumably not exhaustive due to omission of DIA personnel with links to classified missions, such as DIA officer Charles Dennis McKee, who died as

5472-576: The terrorist attacks of 9/11, the US and the UN debated whether the right of self-defense, as protected by the UN Charter 's Article 51 , was applicable to armed non-state actors, in this case Al-Qaeda . Article 51 allows member states to pursue a preemptive self-defense if they know that an imminent attack is coming. Many issues still remain on the extent to which the potential victim state could retaliate against

5548-521: Was crafted partly to force military officers to serve in a Joint Services assignment in order to qualify for flag rank—ensuring the future of case officers from each Service. The clandestine organization within DIA grew and flourished, and was cited by the SSCI for its intelligence achievements. Personnel selection and training were rigorous, and the case officers were notable for their advanced educations, area knowledge, and multilingual capabilities. The program

5624-421: Was created under DIA with the mission of conducting intelligence collection on perceived areas of conflict and against potential adversaries in developing countries. A critical objective was to create a Joint Services career path for case officers, since individual Services were inconsistent in their support of clandestine operations, and case officers were routinely sacrificed during reductions in force. Ultimately,

5700-540: Was partially gutted under President Bill Clinton as he foresaw no conflict which would justify its existence, but, it was resurrected under President George W. Bush . Designated a combat support agency under the Goldwater–Nichols Act, DIA moved to increase cooperation with the Unified & Specified Commands and to begin developing a body of joint intelligence doctrine. Intelligence support to U.S. allies in

5776-489: Was revealed that Orin, although working for the DIA's Defense Attache Office at the time, was actually being paid by the U.S. Navy , and as such was not considered a member DIA personnel for bookkeeping purposes. Similarly, June Poulton was a civilian paid by the U.S. Army . Kenneth E. Geisen, the DIA spokesperson at the time, said "I'm not denying it. I'm not confirming it...DIA would have no reason to cover up anything". When asked about honoring these civilians on war memorials,

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