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64-508: The original three-story house was built about 1680, making it the oldest surviving house in downtown Boston. It occupied the former site of the Second Church of Boston's parsonage, home to Increase Mather and Cotton Mather , which was destroyed by fire on November 27, 1676. Its first owner was Robert Howard, a wealthy slave merchant. His L-shaped townhouse contained spacious rooms and would have been enhanced by exterior features such as

128-609: A Master of Arts . During his time at Trinity College he was licensed as a Commonwealth Minister by Oliver Cromwell to the joint charge of St Tida's Church ( Ballyscullion ), and St Swithan's Church ( Magherafelt ). He graduated in 1658. After graduation, Mather worked as a chaplain attached to a garrison in the Channel Islands from 1659 to 1661 with a short stint at a church in Gloucester in 1660. After Cromwell's death in 1658, Mather felt less secure in his post in

192-745: A private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts , United States . Part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences , Harvard College is Harvard University's traditional undergraduate program, offering AB ( Bachelor of Arts ) and SB ( Bachelor of Science ) degrees. It is highly selective, with fewer than four percent of applicants being offered admission as of 2022. Harvard College students participate in over 450 extracurricular organizations and nearly all live on campus. First-year students reside in or near Harvard Yard and upperclass students reside in other on-campus housing. Harvard College

256-505: A slave named Spaniard. On September 27, 1722, he fainted and was thereafter bedridden. In August 1723, he suffered bladder failure and died three weeks later on August 23, 1723, in Boston , aged 84. He was buried in Copp's Hill Burying Ground . Before his death, he took lodging at the retreat of Mineral Spring Pond to recover from his illness and drink from the famous healing waters of

320-469: A candy store, cigar factory, bank and vegetable and fruit business. In 1902, Revere's great-grandson, John P. Reynolds Jr. purchased the building to prevent demolition, and restoration took place under the guidance of architect and historic preservationist Joseph Everett Chandler . In April 1908, the Paul Revere House opened its doors to the public as one of the earliest historic house museums in

384-450: A combined Oxford and Cambridge team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world. As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships . Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply " The Game ". While Harvard's football team

448-486: A new charter not lacking any of the rights previously granted. Following the Glorious Revolution and subsequent overthrow of Andros, a new charter was granted to the colony. The 1692 charter was a major departure from its predecessor, granting sweeping home rule , establishing an elective legislature , enfranchising all freeholders (previously only men admitted to a congregation could vote), and uniting

512-418: A range of intellectual areas in parallel with pursuit of a chosen major in depth fulfills the injunction of former Harvard president Abbott Lawrence Lowell that liberal education should produce "men who know a little of everything and something well". Some introductory courses have large enrollments, but most courses are small: the median class size is 12 students. Funding and faculty mentorship for research

576-626: A result of James II of England 's manipulation of the New England governments. In 1686, James revoked the Charter of Massachusetts in the process of creating the Dominion of New England . The Dominion was headed by Edmund Andros , who not only disliked puritanism and was haughty, but ruled as a near-absolute dictator: Town meetings were outlawed, leaving the Dominion without consent of

640-428: A second-floor overhang and casement windows . As is typical of early Massachusetts Bay timber construction, the main block of the three-story dwelling consisted of four structural bays demarcated by heavy framing posts and overhead beams. The larger ground-floor room in this main block was dominated by its chimney bay and adjoining lobby entrance. Although some contemporary Boston houses had separate kitchen buildings,

704-544: A senior thesis. Harvard College students must take a course in each of four General Education categories (Aesthetics and Culture; Ethics and Civics; Histories, Societies, Individuals; Science and Technology in Society) as well as a course in each of three academic divisions (Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences; Science and Engineering and Applied Science). They must also fulfill foreign language, expository writing, and quantitative reasoning with data requirements. Exposure to

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768-597: A steep decline after reaching "peak intensity during the century 1570–1670" but this reflected a similar belated interest among a certain milieu in London around the same time. Increase Mather's book Remarkable Providences was published in 1684 and forwards a doctrinal belief in the real power of witchcraft. One of the more curious aspects of the book is that while it cites numerous Reformation theologians (Luther, Beza, Melancthon) and many well-known writers on witchcraft including Dominican inquisitor Heinrich Kramer (author of

832-824: A thorough treatment of his son Cotton by Robert Calef in his comprehensive book of the Salem Trials and their aftermath, More Wonders of the Invisible World (referred to as More Wonders of the Spiritual World by the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition ). Increase Mather was said to have burned Calef's book in Harvard Yard . In 1715, following the death of his wife Maria the previous year, he married Ann Cotton, widow of his nephew John. Mather owned

896-424: A young graduate student who would later become Harvard's 21st and longest-serving president (1869–1909), bought red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta. Harvard has several fight songs, the most played of which, especially at football, are " Ten Thousand Men of Harvard " and " Harvardiana ". While " Fair Harvard " is actually the alma mater , "Ten Thousand Men"

960-610: Is $ 168,800, with 53% of students coming from the top 10% highest-earning families and 20% from the bottom 60%. As of 2024, Harvard College tuition was about $ 57,000 and total costs about $ 83,000. However, Harvard offers one of the most generous financial aid programs in the United States, with need-blind admission and 100% of financial need met for all students. Families with incomes below $ 85,000 pay nothing for their children to attend, while families earning up to $ 150,000 pay no more than 10% of their annual incomes. Financial aid

1024-421: Is available in all disciplines for undergraduates at all levels. Nearly all undergraduates live on campus, for the first year in dormitories in or near Harvard Yard and later in the upperclass houses—administrative subdivisions of the college as well as living quarters, providing a sense of community in what might otherwise be a socially incohesive and administratively daunting university environment. Each house

1088-682: Is better known outside the university. The Harvard University Band performs these fight songs and other cheers at football and hockey games. These were parodied by Harvard alumnus Tom Lehrer in his song " Fight Fiercely, Harvard ", which he composed while an undergraduate. By the late 19th century, critics of intercollegiate athletics, including Harvard president Charles William Eliot , believed that sports had become over-commercialized and took students away from their studies. They called for limitations on all sports. This opposition prompted Harvard's athletic committee to target "minor" sports—basketball and hockey—for reform in order to deflect attention from

1152-553: Is no longer one of the best as it was in football's early days, both Harvard and Yale have influenced the way the game is played. In 1903, Harvard Stadium introduced a new era into football with the first permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country. Even older than Harvard–Yale football rivalry, the Harvard–Yale Regatta is held each June on the Thames River in eastern Connecticut. The Harvard crew

1216-634: Is nonresidential but fulfills the administrative and social functions provided to on-campus residents by the other twelve houses for undergraduate students living in the Dudley Co-op, many of the undergraduate students living off-campus (which are small in number), and the Visiting Undergraduate Students who study at Harvard for a term or year. Harvard's residential houses are paired with Yale's residential colleges in sister relationships. The Harvard Undergraduate Council (UC)

1280-517: Is presided over by two faculty deans, while its Allston Burr Resident Dean —usually a junior faculty member—supervises undergraduates' day-to-day academic and disciplinary well-being. The faculty deans and resident dean are assisted by other members of the Senior Common Room —select graduate students (tutors), faculty, and university officials brought into voluntary association with each house. The faculty deans and resident dean reside in

1344-420: Is solely based on need; no merit or athletic scholarships are offered. The four-year, full-time undergraduate program has a liberal arts and sciences focus. To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester. Midway through the second year, most undergraduates join one of fifty academic majors ; many also declare a minor (secondary field). Joint majors (combining

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1408-530: Is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing . Other sports in which Harvard teams are particularly strong are men's ice hockey , squash , and men's and women's fencing . Harvard's men's ice hockey team won the school's first NCAA Championship in any team sport in 1989, and Harvard also won the Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships in 2003. Harvard

1472-466: The Charles River : Adams , Dunster , Eliot , Kirkland , Leverett , Lowell , Mather , Quincy , and Winthrop . Their construction was financed largely by a 1928 gift from Yale alumnus Edward Harkness , who, frustrated in his attempts to initiate a similar project at his alma mater, eventually offered $ 11 million to Harvard. Construction of the first houses began in 1929, but

1536-620: The Channel Islands due to Charles II 's return to the throne. He resigned the position in 1660 and sailed for Boston in 1661. Harvard later awarded Mather the first honorary degree in the New World ; he became a Doctor of Sacred Theology in 1692. In 1661, with the advent of the English Restoration and resurgence of Anglicanism , Increase returned to Massachusetts Bay Colony , where he married Maria Cotton. She

1600-592: The Colony for all but two years of his term in that office. Despite his absences he did make some changes: re-implementation of Greek and Hebrew instruction, replacement of classical Roman authors with Biblical and Christian authors in ethics classes, enactment of requirements that students attend classes regularly, live and eat on campus, and that seniors not haze other students. While politics and Puritan religion were closely related during Increase's lifetime, his first direct involvement with politics occurred as

1664-455: The Covenant, Solomon Stoddard and others attempted to further liberalize Puritanism by baptism of children who had nonmember parents and admittance of all but the openly immoral to services. To try to stop this, Mather had a synod called to outlaw similar measures. A declaration was adopted, but never made binding. In John Neal 's 1828 novel Rachel Dyer , Increase Mather appears at

1728-636: The King. While engaged in petitioning he published pieces to build popular support for his positions, such as A Narrative of the Miseries of New-England, By Reason of an Arbitrary Government Erected there Under Sir Edmund Andros (1688) and A Brief Relation for the Confirmation of Charter Privileges (1691). He attempted to restore the old charter and obtain a royal charter for Harvard; however, he abandoned that course and changed his petitions, favoring

1792-490: The Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony . Following Andros' deposition and arrest, he had William Phips appointed as Royal Governor and they returned to Massachusetts, arriving on May 14, 1692. Following his return, the administration of Harvard grew increasingly insistent that he reside nearer to the institution. Not wanting to leave his Second Church, he did not do so, and eventually resigned

1856-556: The Oxford and Cambridge model, which would eventually constitute a university, though no further colleges materialized in colonial era. The Indian College was active from 1640 to no later than 1693, but it was a minor addition not operated in federation with Harvard according to the English model. Harvard began granting higher degrees in the late eighteenth century, and it was increasingly styled Harvard University, even as Harvard College

1920-534: The Presidency. In 1681, the same year he became president of Harvard and when his son Cotton Mather was only 18-years-old, Increase Mather began work on a manuscript that was to be a collection of "illustrious providences" and he solicited contributions from the other Puritan ministers. This work demonstrated a belated interest in witchcraft relative to the European continent, where witch trials had gone into

1984-648: The Rev. Richard Mather and Kathrine Holt Mather, following their participation in the Great Migration from England due to their nonconformity to the Church of England . The stated reason for his first name was "…the never-to-be-forgotten increase , of every sort, wherewith God favoured the country about the time of his nativity." The name " Increase " is a literal translation of the Hebrew "Yosëf" ( Joseph ). He

Paul Revere House - Misplaced Pages Continue

2048-628: The Revere family. Immediately adjacent (across the entry courtyard, the original site of the John Barnard House) is the brick Pierce–Hichborn House , built about 1711 as an early Georgian house, and also operated as a nonprofit museum by the Paul Revere Memorial Association. In December 2016, the Paul Revere Memorial Association opened a 3,500-square-foot (330 m) visitor and education center connected to

2112-542: The United States. Despite the substantial renovation process which returned the house to its conjectured appearance around 1700, 90% of the structure (including two doors, three window frames, and portions of the flooring, foundation, inner wall material and raftering) is original to 1680, though none of the window glass is original. Its heavy beams, large fireplaces, and absence of interior hallways are typical of colonial living arrangements. The two chambers upstairs contain several pieces of furniture believed to have belonged to

2176-466: The assembled land transferred to Harvard. The three Quad Houses enjoy a residential setting half a mile northwest of Harvard Yard. These were built by Radcliffe College and housed Radcliffe College students until the Harvard and Radcliffe residential systems merged in 1977. They are: Cabot , Currier , and Pforzheimer House . A thirteenth house, Dudley Community, formerly called Dudley House ,

2240-426: The capital judgment against him. George Burroughs had been a fellow minister who seems to have substituted at the pulpit for Increase Mather on at least one occasion. Like his work from 1684, this 1692 work also cites Malleus Maleficarum . His reputation was not improved afterwards or for posterity, due to his association with the trials and his subsequent refusal to denounce them. He was also briefly mentioned in

2304-471: The case (which has since been appealed) found no evidence of explicit racial bias but did not rule out a small amount of implicit bias . Harvard has implemented more implicit bias training for its admissions staff in accordance with the court's recommendations. In addition, Harvard's admissions preference for children of alumni , employees, and donors has been criticized as favoring white and wealthy candidates. The median family income of Harvard students

2368-503: The colonial period." The University of Oxford and University of Cambridge , two of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the English-speaking world , have long been structured with individual colleges as part of the larger university and with each college including an association of scholars that shared room and board. Harvard's founders may have envisioned it as the first in a series of sibling colleges replicating

2432-569: The direct appearance of God's disfavor in everyday life, e.g. the weather, political situations, attacks by Native Americans, fires and floods, etc. He was strenuous in attempting to keep people to his idea of morality, making strong use of jeremiads to try to prevent indifference and especially to try to get government officials to enforce public morality. During his tenure at Harvard he regularly stamped out any relaxation of Puritan strictness, such as latitudinarianism , which had flourished during his overseas absence. Following his acceptance of

2496-563: The end of Martha Corey 's witchcraft trial to announce the guilty verdict and give a speech. He is also played by Stephen Lang in the 2014 TV series Salem . Increase Mather also appears in Act of Oblivion (2022) by Robert Harris . A portrait of Increase Mather hangs in the Middle Common Room of Mansfield College, Oxford . Harvard College Harvard College is the undergraduate college of Harvard University ,

2560-702: The enrollment of recipients of the National Merit $ 2,500 Scholarship ; it enrolled 207 such scholars in the Class of 2022. Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007, but for the class of 2016 and beyond, an early action program was reintroduced. The freshman class that entered in the fall of 2017 was the first to be majority (50.8%) nonwhite. A federal lawsuit alleges that Harvard's admissions policies discriminate against Asian Americans, who tend to be overrepresented among students with high academic achievement. A 2019 district court decision in

2624-483: The entire university. Radcliffe College , established in 1879, originally paid Harvard faculty to repeat their lectures for women. Since the 1970s, Harvard has been responsible for undergraduate matters for women, though women's Harvard diplomas were countersigned by the President of Radcliffe until a final merger in 1999. Admission is based on academic prowess, extracurricular activities, and personal qualities. For

Paul Revere House - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-574: The governed , marriage was removed from the clergy, and the Old South Church was temporarily appropriated for Anglican services. The 1687 Declaration of Indulgence , prohibiting discrimination against Catholics , saw staunch opposition from the Puritan establishment. When Mather successfully roused opposition to revocation of the charter, he was nearly framed for treason . He traveled to London (eluding spies out to catch him) to petition

2752-674: The house by an elevated walkway. Purchased in 2007, $ 4 million in renovations allow the new education center to provide additional exhibit space on Revere's Midnight Ride, his work as a silversmith, and his industrial work after the American Revolution. The renovations permit wheelchair users to access the second floor of the house for the first time, while classrooms and a library allow for expanded research and educational outreach. Increase Mather Christianity • Protestantism Increase Mather ( / ˈ m æ ð ər / ; June 21, 1639 Old Style – August 23, 1723 Old Style)

2816-455: The house in line with the Georgian architectural style that had become prevalent at that time (the roofline was returned to its original pitch, albeit without a gable, by the restorers in 1907–1908, which gave rise to a commonly held misconception that the attic had been removed). Second, a two-story lean-to was added in the ell between the two 17th-century portions of the house (this lean-to

2880-447: The house, as do resident tutors. Terms like tutor, Senior Common Room, and Junior Common Room reflect a debt to the constituent college systems at Oxford and Cambridge from which Harvard's system took inspiration. The houses were created by President Lowell in the 1930s to combat what he saw as pernicious social stratification engendered by the private, off-campus living arrangements of many undergraduates at that time. Lowell's solution

2944-566: The land on which they were built had been assembled decades before. After graduating from Harvard in 1895, Edward W. Forbes found himself inspired by the Oxford and Cambridge systems during two years of study in England; on returning to the United States he set out to acquire the land between Harvard Yard and the Charles River that was not already owned by Harvard or an associated entity. By 1918, that ambition had been largely fulfilled and

3008-597: The meeting house, and a total of 45 buildings in Boston's North End were destroyed by a fire. The meeting house was rebuilt soon afterwards, and the Paul Revere House was later constructed on the site of the Mather House. Increase Mather was President of Harvard from 1681 until 1701, although his official title at the college varied. On June 11, 1685, he was made Acting President. On July 23, 1686, he

3072-438: The notorious witch-hunting manual Malleus Maleficarum ), it does not cite John Calvin . In November 1692, he published Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits which defended the judges and trials, but also expressed words of caution, perhaps due to public pressure. In the postscript, included with the initial first edition of the book, he mentions his own attendance at the trial of George Burroughs and his agreement with

3136-469: The original "draft" system, masters (now called "faculty deans") negotiated privately over the assignment of students. From the 1960s to the mid-1990s, each student ranked the houses according to personal preference, with a lottery resolving the oversubscription of more popular houses. Today, groups of one to eight freshmen form a block which is then assigned, essentially at random, to an upperclass house. The nine "River Houses" are south of Harvard Yard, near

3200-766: The requirements of two majors) and special majors (of the student's own design) are also possible. Most majors lead to the Artium Baccalaureus (AB). Some award the Scientiae Baccalaureus (SB). There are also dual degree programs permitting students to earn both a Harvard AB and a Master of Music (MM) from either the New England Conservatory of Music or the Berklee College of Music over five years. In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and/or

3264-478: The springs from Spring Pond . Throughout his life Mather was a staunch Puritan, opposing anything openly contradictory to, mutually exclusive with, or potentially "distracting" from, his religious beliefs. He supported suppression of intoxication , unnecessary effort on Sundays and ostentatious clothing . He was initially opposed to the Half-Way Covenant but later supported it. He firmly believed in

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3328-469: The two-story extension behind the Revere House was typical. As the Revere House was set quite close to neighbors, its double casement windows were installed in the rear elevation rather than the more common placement in a gable . Around the middle of the eighteenth century, the Paul Revere House went through two major renovations. First, the roofline facing the street was raised substantially to bring

3392-544: The undergraduate class of 2025, Harvard had 57,435 applications and accepted 1,968 (3.4% acceptance rate). For the undergraduate class of 2023, the middle 50% range of SAT scores of enrolled freshmen was 710–770 for reading and writing and 750–800 for math, while the middle 50% range of the ACT composite score was 33–35. The average high school grade point average ( GPA ) was 4.18. The acceptance rate for transfer students has been approximately 1%. Harvard consistently ranks first in

3456-477: Was Nathaniel Eaton (1610–1674); in 1639, he also became its first instructor to be dismissed, for overstrict discipline. The school's first students were graduated in 1642. The Harvard Indian College was established, with the capacity for four or five Native Americans, and in 1665 Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck ( c.  1643 –1666) "from the Wampanoag … did graduate from Harvard, the first Indian to do so in

3520-665: Was a New England Puritan clergyman in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and president of Harvard College for twenty years (1681–1701). He was influential in the administration of the colony during a time that coincided with the notorious Salem witch trials . The New England Mathers originally came from the parish of Winwick near Liverpool , in Lancashire , England. Increase Mather was born in Dorchester , Massachusetts Bay Colony , on June 21, 1639, to

3584-454: Was appointed Rector . On June 27, 1692, he finished writing the new college charter and became president. On September 5, 1692, while the Salem trials were still ongoing, Increase Mather was awarded a doctorate of divinity, the first doctorate issued at Harvard, and the last for 79 years. Mather was rarely present on campus or in the town, especially during his term of Rector, as he was out of

3648-532: Was founded in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . Two years later, the college became home to North America's first known printing press , carried by the ship John of London . In 1639 the college (heretofore unnamed) was named Harvard College in honor of deceased Charlestown minister John Harvard (1607–1638) who had bequeathed to the school his entire library and half of his monetary estate. Harvard's first Headmaster

3712-660: Was his step-sister by virtue of his father's marriage to Sarah Hankredge, widow of John Cotton and mother of Maria. Maria gave birth to Cotton Mather in 1663. In 1676, Increase published A Brief History of the War with the Indians in New-England , a contemporary account of King Philip's War . Mather was ordained as minister of the North Church . He held this post until he died. On November 27, 1676, Mather's home,

3776-565: Was increasingly thought of as the university's undergraduate division in particular. Harvard College is currently responsible for undergraduate admissions, advising, housing, student life, athletics, and other undergraduate matters except instruction, which is the purview of the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences . The body known as the President and Fellows of Harvard College retains its traditional name despite having governance of

3840-467: Was removed by the restoration in 1907–1908). Paul Revere owned this house from 1770 to 1800, although he and his family may have lived elsewhere for periods in the 1780s and 1790s. It is believed that during the Revere occupancy the rear chimney was added (c. 1790) including the kitchen that visitors see in the first room they enter. After Revere sold the house, it became a tenement with its ground floor remodeled for use as shops, including at various times

3904-463: Was the first Ivy League school to win an NCAA Championship in a women's sport when its women's lacrosse team won in 1990. The school color is crimson , which is also the name of Harvard's sports teams and the student newspaper, The Harvard Crimson . The color was unofficially adopted (in preference to magenta ) by an 1875 vote of the student body, although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858, when Charles William Eliot ,

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3968-581: Was the student government of Harvard College until it was abolished by a student referendum in 2022. It was replaced by the Harvard Undergraduate Association (HUA). The Harvard Crimson fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams in the NCAA Division I Ivy League , more than any other NCAA Division I college in the country. Every two years, the Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against

4032-510: Was the youngest of six brothers, the others being Samuel, Nathaniel, Eleazar, Joseph, and Timothy. The first three of these also became ministers. In 1651, Mather was admitted to Harvard College , where he roomed with and studied under Robert Massey. When he graduated in 1656, aged 17, with a Bachelor of Arts , he began to train for the ministry , and gave his first sermon on his 18th birthday. He quickly left Massachusetts and went to Ireland, where he studied at Trinity College, Dublin , for

4096-535: Was to provide every man—Harvard was male-only at the time—with on-campus accommodations throughout his time at the college; Lowell also saw great benefits in other features of the house system, such as the relaxed discussions—academic or otherwise—which he hoped would take place among undergraduates and members of the Senior Common Room over meals in each house's dining hall. How students come to live in particular houses has changed greatly over time. Under

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