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66-549: Pavonia was the first European settlement on the west bank of the North River (Hudson River) that was part of the seventeenth-century province of New Netherland in what would become the present Hudson County, New Jersey . The first European to record exploration of the area was Robert Juet, first mate of Henry Hudson , an English sea captain commissioned by the Dutch East India Company . Their ship,

132-522: A barrel of beer. These transactions, dated July 12, 1630, and November 22, 1630, represent the earliest known conveyance for the area. It is said that the three were part of the same band who had sold Manhattan Island to Peter Minuit then "sold" this land, to which they had retired after that sale in 1626. On August 10, 1630, Pauw obtained a deed for Staten Island , leading some historians to consider Staten Island to be part of Pavonia. The area encompassed by Pauw's holdings on Bergen Neck likely included

198-590: A degree of protection for colonists and their allies from hostile Indians and foreign colonists. York Factory was founded by the chartered Hudson's Bay Company in 1697. It was headquarters of the company for a long time, and was once the de facto government in parts of North America such as Rupert's Land , before European-based colonies existed. It controlled the fur trade throughout much of British-controlled North America for several centuries, undertaking early exploration. Its traders and trappers forged early relationships with many groups of American Indians, and

264-567: A factory with warehouses. Usually these factories had larger warehouses to fit the products resulting from the increasing agricultural development of colonies, which were boosted in the New World by the Atlantic slave trade . In these factories, the products were checked, weighed, and packaged to prepare for the long sea voyage. In particular, spices, cocoa , tea , tobacco , coffee , sugar , porcelain , and fur were well protected against

330-715: A foothold on the west bank of what had been named the North River across from New Amsterdam and were important trading-posts for the settlers and indigenous people, who dealt in valuable beaver pelts, and they were early attempts at populating the newly claimed territory. Relations between the Netherlanders and the Lenape were tenuous. Trade agreements, land ownership, familial and societal structures were misunderstood and misconstrued by both parties. Language differences most likely did not help matters. These conflicts led to rising tensions and eventually an incident that started

396-600: A network of trading posts formed the nucleus for later official authority in many areas of Western Canada and the United States. The early coastal factory model contrasted with the system of the French, who established an extensive system of inland posts and sent traders to live among the tribes of the region. When war broke out in the 1680s between France and England, the two nations regularly sent expeditions to raid and capture each other's fur trading posts. In March 1686,

462-399: A patroon was expected to establish a settlement of at least fifty families within four years of the original grant. These first settlers were relieved of the duty of public taxes for ten years, but were required to pay the patroon in money, goods, or services in kind. A patent for the west bank of the North River was given to Michael Pauw , a burgermeester of Amsterdam and a director of

528-576: A peach from a settler's orchard on Manhattan Island, but may have been in response to the Dutch attack on New Sweden , the Lenape's trading partner on the Delaware River . During 1658, wishing to further formalize agreements with the Lenape, Stuyvesant agreed to "re-purchase" the area "by the great rock above Wiehacken," then taking in the sweep of land on the peninsula west of the Hudson and east of

594-429: A prominent role in the development of Jersey City . Abraham Isaacsen Verplanck received a land patent for Paulus Hook on May 1, 1638. A small farm went up at Kewan Punt . The leasehold of Aert Van Putten at Hobuk (Hoboken) was the site of North America's first brewery. Another patroonship was established farther up the river at Vriessendael . Although the settlements were small, they were strategic in that they were

660-674: A series of legislation called the Indian Intercourse Acts . However, in practice, numerous tribes conceded extensive territory in exchange for the trading posts, as happened in the Treaty of Fort Clark in which the Osage Nation ceded most of Missouri at Fort Clark . A blacksmith was usually assigned to the factory to repair utensils and build or maintain plows. The factories frequently also had some sort of milling operation associated with them. The factories marked

726-591: A series of raids and reprisals, known as Kieft's War . Willem Kieft arrived in New Netherland in 1639 to take up his appointment as Director of New Netherland , with a directive to increase profits from the port at Pavonia. His solution was to attempt to exact tribute from the Indians with claims that the money would buy them protection from rival groups. It was not uncommon among the native population to do so, but in this case his demands were ignored. At

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792-403: A state, meeting in a foreign place. These organizations sought to defend their common interests, mainly economic (as well as organized insurance and protection), enabling the maintenance of diplomatic and trade relations within the foreign state where they were set. The factories were established from 1356 onwards in the main trading centers, usually ports or central hubs that have prospered under

858-620: A tide navigation for vessels of eighty tons to Albany and Troy , one hundred and sixty miles above New York . This peculiarity distinguishes the North River from all the other bays and rivers of the United States. The tide in no other ascends higher than the granite ridge or comes within thirty miles of the Blue Ridge or eastern chain of mountains. In the North River it breaks through the Blue Ridge at West Point and ascends above

924-469: Is also used to describe infrastructure on and under the river, including the North River piers, North River Tunnels , and Riverbank State Park . The origin of the name North River is generally attributed to the Dutch. In describing the major rivers in the New Netherland colony, they called the present-day Hudson River the "North River", the present-day Connecticut River the "Fresh River", and

990-631: Is an alternative name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson River in the vicinity of New York City and northeastern New Jersey in the United States. In the early 17th century, the entire watercourse was named the North River (Dutch: Noort Rivier") by the Dutch colonial empire ; by the early 18th century, the term fell out of general use for most of the river's 300+ mile course. The name remains in limited use among local mariners and others and on some nautical charts and maps. The term

1056-732: The Halve Maen ( Half Moon ), ventured in the Kill van Kull and Newark Bay and anchored at Weehawken Cove during 1609, while exploring the Upper New York Bay and the Hudson Valley . By 1617 a factorij , or trading post, was established at Communipaw . Initially, these posts were set up for fur trade with the indigenous population. At that time the area was inhabited by bands of Algonquian language speaking peoples, known collectively as Lenni Lenape and later called

1122-511: The Americas from the 15th century onward also tended to be official political dependencies of those states. These have been seen, in retrospect, as the precursors of colonial expansion . A factory could serve simultaneously as market , warehouse , customs , defense and support to navigation and exploration , headquarters or de facto government of local communities. In North America , Europeans began to trade with Natives during

1188-782: The Coromandel Coast in southern India, Colombo in Sri Lanka, Ambon in Indonesia, Fort Zeelandia in Taiwan, Canton in southern China, Dejima island in Japan (the only legal point of trade between Japan and the outside world during the Edo Period ), and Fort Orange in modern-day Upstate New York in the United States. The American factories often played a strategic role as well, sometimes operating as forts, providing

1254-456: The Delaware River the "South River". Another theory is that the North River and East River were so named for the direction of travel they permitted once having entered the Upper New York Bay . At various times, North River has referred to: The river's history is strongly connected to the shipping industry in the Port of New York and New Jersey , which shifted primarily to Port Newark in

1320-796: The Delawares . Early maps show it to be the territory of the Sangicans. Later, the group of seasonally migrational people who circulated in the region were to become known by the exonym , Hackensack . They, along with the Tappan , the Wappinger , the Raritan , the Canarsee , and other groups would be known to future settlers as "the River Indians". Further explorations and settlement led to

1386-582: The Dutch West India Company . Pavonia is the Latinized form of Pauw's surname, which means "peacock". As was required, Pauw purchased the land from the indigenous population, although the concept of ownership differed significantly for the parties involved. Three Lenape "sold" the land for 80 fathoms (146 m) of wampum (shell beads strung together), 20 fathoms (37 m) of cloth, 12 kettles, six guns, two blankets, one double kettle, and half

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1452-768: The Hackensack River extending down to the Kill Van Kull in Bayonne . A mural that adorns the atrium of the Hudson County Courthouse depicts this transaction: On January 30, 1658, the Peninsula between the Hudson and Hackensack rivers south from Weehawken was finally purchased from the Indians and granted to the inhabitants of Bergen in the Year 1661 . A new village at today's Bergen Square

1518-549: The Hudson River Park which stretches from 59th Street to the Battery . The park, a joint project between New York City and New York State commenced in 1998, consists of several non-contiguous parcels of land and piers totaling 125 acres (0.51 km ), plus another 400 acres (1.6 km ) of the river itself. Several piers were rebuilt for adaptive re-use as part of the park project, with approximately 70% of

1584-806: The Hudson Waterfront in New Jersey, the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway runs for about 18 miles. In Manhattan, the Hudson River Park runs from Battery Park to 59th Street . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's current charts call the lower river the "Hudson", and the United States Geological Survey lists "North River" as an alternative name of the Hudson River without qualifying it as any particular portion of

1650-558: The feitorias were sometimes licensed to private entrepreneurs, giving rise to some conflict between abusive private interests and local populations, such as in the Maldives . Other European powers began to establish factories in the 17th century along the trade routes explored by Portugal and Spain, first the Dutch and then the English . They went on to establish in conquered Portuguese feitorias and further enclaves, as they explored

1716-470: The navigation and customs and were governed by a feitor ("factor") responsible for managing the trade, buying and trading products on behalf of the king and collecting taxes (usually 20%). The first Portuguese feitoria overseas was established by Henry the Navigator in 1445 on the island of Arguin , off the coast of Mauritania. It was built to attract Muslim traders and monopolize the business in

1782-592: The 16th century. Colonists created factories, also known as trading posts , at which furs could be traded, in Native American territory. Although European colonialism traces its roots from the classical era , when Phoenicians , Greeks and Romans established colonies of settlement around the Mediterranean – "factories" were a unique institution born in medieval Europe. Originally, factories were organizations of European merchants from

1848-471: The British. For the next ten years it was traded at the negotiating table and, for a short period, recaptured. The Dutch Empire finally relinquished control with the Treaty of Westminster during 1675. Bergen's charter was renewed by the government of East Jersey and the area retained its Dutch character for years. Although the entire region was originally Pavonia, the name now tends to be associated with

1914-561: The Dutch when the tribe would not surrender the murderer. At Achter Kol , in revenge for a theft, a Dutchman was shot with arrows while roofing a new house. Kieft decided, against the advice of the council of Twelve Men , to punish the Indians who had taken refuge among the Netherlanders (their presumed allies), when fleeing raiding Mahican from the north, by attacking Pavonia and Corlear's Hook . The initial strike which he ordered on February 25, 1643, and took place at Communipaw ,

1980-859: The East, among many other products. In the Indian Ocean, the trade in Portuguese factories was enforced and increased by a merchant ship licensing system: the cartazes . From the feitorias , the products went to the main outpost in Goa, then to Portugal where they were traded in the Casa da Índia , which also managed exports to India. There they were sold, or re-exported to the Royal Portuguese Factory in Antwerp , where they were distributed to

2046-562: The French sent a raiding party under Chevalier des Troyes over 1,300 km (810 mi) to capture the company's posts along James Bay . In 1697, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville , commander of the company's captured posts, defeated three ships of the Royal Navy in the Battle of the Bay on his way to capture York Factory by a ruse. York Factory changed hands several times in the next decade and

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2112-481: The Hansa, inviting foreign merchants to join in. Because foreigners were not allowed to buy land in these cities, merchants joined around factories, like the Portuguese in their Bruges factory: the factor(s) and his officers rented the housing and warehouses, arbitrated trade, and even managed insurance funds, working both as an association and an embassy, even administering justice within the merchant community. During

2178-422: The Hudson shore of Manhattan were formerly used for shipping and berthing ocean-going ships. In shipping notices, they were designated as, for example, "Pier 14, North River". As with the river, the name "North River piers" has largely been supplanted by "Hudson River piers", or just by a pier and number, e.g., "Pier 54". Pier 40 is located at Houston Street, and the numbering of the piers to the north correspond to

2244-682: The United States' attempt to continue a process originally pioneered by the French and then by the Spanish to officially license the fur trade in Upper Louisiana . Factories were frequently called " forts " and often had numerous unofficial names. Legislation was often passed calling for military garrisons at the fort but their de facto purpose was a trading post. In Canada, the Hudson's Bay Company created several factories, including: In

2310-524: The attacks, but the natives were kept too spread apart to mount more effective strikes. Finally a truce was agreed upon during August 1645, in part brokered by the Hackensack sachem , Oratam . Kieft was recalled to the Netherlands to answer for his conduct in 1647, but he died in a shipwreck before his version of events could be told. The war was extremely bloody in proportion to the population at

2376-579: The best route toward western and northern lands; similar routes were chosen for the Erie Canal and other early canals built by the New York state . Gallatin noted the following in reference to the North and Hudson Rivers , writing: What is called the North River is a narrow and long bay, which in its northwardly course from the harbor of New York breaks through or turns all the mountains, affording

2442-894: The city. Pavonia Avenue is a street interrupted in sections as it runs east-west in Pavonia Newport , at Hamilton Park , in Journal Square , and in the Marion Section . Pavonia Court, at the Newark Bay in Bayonne has its name from the Pavonia Yacht Club established during 1859 on the New York Bay . There is also a Pavonia Avenue in Kearny. Saint Peter's College , located on land that was part of

2508-431: The coasts of Africa, Arabia, India, and South East Asia in search of the source of the lucrative spice trade . Factories were then established by chartered companies such as the Dutch East India Company (VOC), founded in 1602, and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), founded in 1621. These factories provided for the exchange of products among European companies, local populations, and the colonies that often started as

2574-402: The condition of establishing a community of at least 50 permanent settlers and was required to re-sell his speculative acquisition back to the company. They commissioned construction of a homestead at Gemoenepaen for their representative Jan Evertsen Bout during 1633. During 1634 a homestead was built at Ahasimus for Cornelis Hendriksen Van Vorst (Voorst) , whose later descendants would play

2640-652: The eastern termination of the Catskill or great western chain. A few miles above Troy, and the head of the tide, the Hudson from the north and the Mohawk from the west unite their waters and form the North River. The Hudson in its course upwards approaches the waters of Lake Champlain , and the Mohawk those of Lake Ontario . In 1909, two tunnels were under construction: one was called the North River Tunnels ,

2706-453: The eight miles (13 km) of shore line on each of the Hudson and Hackensack Rivers from Bergen Point to today's Bergen County line. His agent set up a small factorij and ferry slip at Arresick on the tidal island that stills bears his anglicized name, Paulus Hook . He operated an intermittent ferry and traded with the local Lenape population. By 1630 a plantation worked by African slaves had been set up. Pauw, however, failed to fulfill

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2772-635: The establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan in 1625. In 1629, with the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions , the Dutch West India Company started to grant the title of patroon and land patents to some of its invested members. The deeded tracts spanned 16 miles (26 km) in length on one side of a major river, or 8 miles (13 km) if spanning both sides. The title came with powerful rights and privileges, including creating civil and criminal courts , appointing local officials, and holding land in perpetuity. In return,

2838-710: The former Jersey City area of the Horseshoe encompassing Harsimus Cove , Hamilton Park , and WALDO-Powerhouse . Since the 1980s the former site of the Erie Railroad 's Hudson waterfront Pavonia Terminal and the Pavonia Ferry has been redeveloped as Newport . The PATH rapid transit system's Newport Station , formerly called Pavonia, and the Hudson Bergen Light Rail Pavonia-Newport station are in this section of

2904-402: The influence of the Hanseatic League and its guilds and kontors . The Hanseatic cities had their own law system and furnished their own protection and mutual aid. The Hanseatic League maintained factories, among others, in England ( Boston , King's Lynn ), Norway ( Tønsberg ), and Finland ( Åbo ). Later, cities like Bruges and Antwerp actively tried to take over the monopoly of trade from

2970-406: The location of the North River piers, was labeled "North River", with the label "Hudson River" used above Midtown Manhattan . On a 2000 map of "Northern Approaches to New York City" included in Hagstrom's New York [State] Road Map , the entire river adjacent to Manhattan was labeled "Hudson River (North River)" with the river further north at Tappan Zee labeled the "Hudson River". Piers along

3036-432: The mid 20th century was home to expansive facilities operated by competing railroads. Most are now gone, allowing for public access to the waterfront at piers , parks , promenades and marinas along the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway . New ferry slips and terminals exclusively for pedestrian use have been built. The last crossing to be built was the south tube of the Lincoln Tunnel in 1957, but in 1962, another deck

3102-553: The mid-20th century due to the construction of the Holland Tunnel and other river crossings and the advent of containerization . Throughout this multi-century history, the name for the lower portion of the river has remained interchangeable with both North River and Hudson River used to describe it. In 1808, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin issued a report of proposed locations for transportation and communication internal improvements of national importance. The North River figured prominently among his proposals as

3168-428: The nearest numbered street plus 40 – thus, for example, North River Pier 86 is at West 46th Street. Most of the piers that once existed in lower Manhattan fell into disuse or were destroyed in the last half of the 20th century. The remaining piers are Pier A at the Battery and piers ranging from Pier 25 at North Moore Street to Pier 99 at 59th Street . Many of these piers and the waterfront between them are part of

3234-498: The other, the Hudson Tubes . That year the Hudson–Fulton Celebration was held, commemorating Henry Hudson , the first European to record navigating the river, and Robert Fulton , the first man to use a paddle steamer in America, named the North River Steamboat , to sail up it, leading to controversy over what the waterway should be called. Much of the shoreline previously used for maritime, rail, and industrial activities has given way to recreational promenades and piers. On

3300-647: The patroonship, has as its mascot a peacock, to which its publications make reference: Pauw Wow (newspaper), Pavan (literary magazine), Peacock Pie (yearbook). There is also a Pavonia Branch of the Jersey City Free Public Library . The Pavonia Yard streetcar depot was located near Five Corners . The Pavonia Yard , located in Camden , was operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad , which also maintained terminals and yards in Downtown Jersey City . 40°43′25″N 74°02′33″W  /  40.7237°N 74.0424°W  / 40.7237; -74.0424 North River (Hudson River) North River ( Dutch : Noort Rivier )

3366-412: The planned work complete by 2011. Prior to the opening of the North River Tunnels and the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad tubes in the early 1900s, passengers and freight were required to cross the river for travel to points east. This led to an extensive network of intermodal terminals , railyards , ferry slips , docks , barges , and carfloats . The west shore of the river from the mid 19th to

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3432-426: The rest of Europe. Easily supplied and defended by sea, the factories worked as independent colonial bases. They provided safety, both for the Portuguese, and at times for the territories in which they were built, protecting against constant rivalries and piracy. They allowed Portugal to dominate trade in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, establishing a vast empire with scarce human and territorial resources. Over time,

3498-509: The richest possession of Bassein that went on to become the financial centre of India as Bombay (Mumbai) . They were mainly driven by the trade of gold and slaves on the coast of Guinea , spices in the Indian Ocean, and sugar cane in the New World. They were also used for local triangular trade between several territories, like Goa-Macau-Nagasaki, trading products such as sugar, pepper, coconut, timber, horses, grain, feathers from exotic Indonesian birds, precious stones, silks and porcelain from

3564-457: The river. Hagstrom Maps , formerly the leading mapmaker in the New York metropolitan area and known for occasional quirky and anachronistic names, features, and artifacts on their maps, has labeled all or part of the Hudson adjacent to Manhattan as "North River" on several of its products. For instance, on a 1997 Hagstrom Map of Manhattan , the stretch of river between Hudson County, New Jersey , and Lower Manhattan , roughly corresponding to

3630-456: The routes traveled in North Africa. It served as a model for a chain of African feitorias , Elmina Castle being the most notorious. Between the 15th and 16th centuries, a chain of about 50 Portuguese forts either housed or protected feitorias along the coasts of West and East Africa, the Indian Ocean, China, Japan, and South America. The main factories of the Portuguese East Indies , were in Goa , Malacca , Ormuz , Ternate , Macao , and

3696-461: The salty sea air and against deterioration. The factor was present as the representative of the trading partners in all matters, reporting to the headquarters and being responsible for the products’ logistics (proper storage and shipping). Information took a long time to reach the company headquarters, and this was dependent on an absolute trust. Some Dutch factories were located in Cape Town in modern-day South Africa, Mocha in Yemen, Calicut and

3762-417: The situation remained relatively peaceful until 1655, when Pavonia and Staten Island were attacked by a united band of approximately five hundred Lenape. 50 settlers were killed. Over one hundred were taken hostage and held at Paulus Hook until their release could be negotiated. This incident is known as the Peach War , and is said to have been precipitated by the killing of a young Lenape woman who had stolen

3828-403: The southern tip of Manhattan , under the condition that a garrison be built. Located atop Bergen Hill , it was part of the original patroonship, close to the southern end of the Hudson Palisades . It was the first self-governing European settlement in what would become the state of New Jersey. During 1664, Fort Amsterdam and, by extension, all of New Netherland was peacefully surrendered to

3894-517: The surrounding areas, to an extent not seen before. On October 1, 1643, a force of united "tribes" attacked the homesteads at Pavonia, most of which were burned to the ground. Many settlers were killed and those who survived were ordered to the relative safety of New Amsterdam. Pavonia was evacuated. For the next two years during what became known as Kieft's War the united tribes harassed settlers all across New Netherland, killing sporadically and suddenly. The sparse European forces were helpless to stop

3960-439: The territorial and economic expansion of the Age of Discovery , the factory was adapted by the Portuguese and spread throughout from West Africa to Southeast Asia. The Portuguese feitorias were mostly fortified trading posts settled in coastal areas, built to centralize and thus dominate the local trade of products with the Portuguese kingdom (and thence to Europe). They served simultaneously as market , warehouse , support to

4026-437: The time, the settlers in New Amsterdam were in intermittent conflict with their native Raritan and Wappinger neighbors. On Staten Island , Dutch soldiers routed an encampment in retaliation for the theft of pigs, later discovered to have been stolen by other settlers. The death of a Dutch wheelwright , Claes Swits, at the hands of a Weckquaesgeek (Wappinger on the east side of the Hudson River) particularly angered many of

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4092-513: The time: more than 1,600 natives were killed at a time when the European population of New Amsterdam was only 250. The uneasy truce with the Lenape allowed for further settlement, including Constable Hook (1646) and Awiehawken (1647). Kieft's successor was Peter Stuyvesant . During 1653 Pavonia became part of the newly formed Commonality of New Amsterdam . In late 1654 a series of grants were made for tracts "achter de Kol" or Achter Col at Pamrapo , Minkakwa , and Kewan . The colony grew and

4158-415: Was a massacre: 129 Dutch soldiers killed 120 Indians, including women and children. Historians differ on whether or not the massacre was Kieft's idea. This is sometimes referred to as the Pavonia Massacre. The same night also saw a similar if smaller attack in Manhattan, the Massacre at Corlears Hook . The Native Americans call it "The Slaughter of the Innocents". This attack united the Algonquian peoples in

4224-464: Was added to the George Washington Bridge. Since 2003, various proposals have been made to add a new train line. This includes an extension of the completed 7 Subway Extension , the canceled Access to the Region's Core , and the proposed Gateway Project . 40°47′12″N 73°59′31″W  /  40.78667°N 73.99194°W  / 40.78667; -73.99194 Factorij The factories established by European states in Africa , Asia and

4290-459: Was finally ceded permanently in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht . After the treaty, the Hudson Bay Company rebuilt York Factory as a brick star fort at the mouth of the nearby Hayes River , its present location. The United States government sanctioned a factory system from 1796 to 1822, with factories scattered through the mostly territorial portion of the country. The factories were officially intended to protect Indians from exploitation through

4356-424: Was founded by settlers who wished to return to the west bank of the Hudson giving it the name Bergen , which would refer to its situation. The word berg taken from the Dutch means hill, while bergen means place of safety. Its semi-independent government was granted on September 5, 1661, by Stuyvesant, as part of his efforts re-gain a foothold on the North River 's western shore and expand beyond New Amsterdam on

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