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19-582: Other groups and clusters in the supercluster include the NGC 6769 Group and Abell S805 (IC 4765 Group, Pavo II, DRCG 1842-63) and the massive Norma Cluster . In 2014, it was announced that the Pavo–Indus Supercluster is a lobe in a greater supercluster, Laniakea , that is centered on the Great Attractor . The Virgo Supercluster would also be part of this greater supercluster, thus becoming

38-592: A connection between Pavo–Indus and the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster. However, Tully et al. revealed the existence of a filamentary extension of the Pavo–Indus Supercluster known as the Arch that caps the Local Void in the supergalactic north and provides a connection to the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster before terminating close to the NGC 7242 Cluster . The Pavo–Indus supercluster lies physically close to

57-638: A small body orbiting a central mass. Based on the length of the year, the distance from Earth to the Sun (an astronomical unit or AU), and the gravitational constant ( G ), the mass of the Sun is given by solving Kepler's third law : M ⊙ = 4 π 2 × ( 1 A U ) 3 G × ( 1 y r ) 2 {\displaystyle M_{\odot }={\frac {4\pi ^{2}\times (1\,\mathrm {AU} )^{3}}{G\times (1\,\mathrm {yr} )^{2}}}} The value of G

76-451: Is a standard unit of mass in astronomy , equal to approximately 2 × 10   kg . It is approximately equal to the mass of the Sun . It is often used to indicate the masses of other stars , as well as stellar clusters , nebulae , galaxies and black holes . More precisely, the mass of the Sun is The solar mass is about 333 000 times the mass of Earth ( M E ), or 1047 times

95-468: Is because the relative mass of another planet in the Solar System or the combined mass of two binary stars can be calculated in units of Solar mass directly from the orbital radius and orbital period of the planet or stars using Kepler's third law. The mass of the Sun cannot be measured directly, and is instead calculated from other measurable factors, using the equation for the orbital period of

114-410: Is converted into helium through nuclear fusion , in particular the p–p chain , and this reaction converts some mass into energy in the form of gamma ray photons. Most of this energy eventually radiates away from the Sun. Second, high-energy protons and electrons in the atmosphere of the Sun are ejected directly into outer space as the solar wind and coronal mass ejections . The original mass of

133-461: Is difficult to measure and is only known with limited accuracy ( see Cavendish experiment ). The value of G times the mass of an object, called the standard gravitational parameter , is known for the Sun and several planets to a much higher accuracy than G alone. As a result, the solar mass is used as the standard mass in the astronomical system of units . The Sun is losing mass because of fusion reactions occurring within its core, leading to

152-634: The Zone of Avoidance , a region near the plane of the Milky Way . Consequently, the cluster is severely obscured by interstellar dust at optical wavelengths. Its mass is estimated to be on the order of 10 solar masses . ESO 137-001 , an example of a jellyfish galaxy , is located in Abell 3627. This galaxy-cluster-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Solar mass The solar mass ( M ☉ )

171-400: The asymptotic giant branch , before peaking at a rate of 10 to 10 M ☉ /year as the Sun generates a planetary nebula . By the time the Sun becomes a degenerate white dwarf , it will have lost 46% of its starting mass. The mass of the Sun has been decreasing since the time it formed. This occurs through two processes in nearly equal amounts. First, in the Sun's core , hydrogen

190-438: The mass of Jupiter ( M J ). The value of the gravitational constant was first derived from measurements that were made by Henry Cavendish in 1798 with a torsion balance . The value he obtained differs by only 1% from the modern value, but was not as precise. The diurnal parallax of the Sun was accurately measured during the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769, yielding a value of 9″ (9  arcseconds , compared to

209-478: The Ophiuchus Supercluster and may be connected in an unknown filament between the two superclusters. Norma Cluster The Norma Cluster ( ACO 3627 or Abell 3627 ) is a rich cluster of galaxies located near the center of the Great Attractor ; it is about 68  Mpc (222  Mly ) distant. Although it is both nearby and bright, it is difficult to observe because it is located in

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228-548: The Pavo–Indus Supercluster may be connected to the Centaurus Supercluster. Later in 1984, in a collaboration with astronomer Tony Fairall and in a separate paper by Fairall published in 1988 titled "A redshift map of the Triangulum Australe–Ara region: further indication that Centaurus and Pavo are one and the same supercluster" it was concluded based on distribution of galaxies in redshift space that

247-811: The Pavo–Indus supercluster through the Norma Cluster, passing the ZOA in the Great Attractor region, to meet up with the Centaurus–Crux Cluster at a redshift at about 5,700–6,200 km/s s and the CIZA J1324.7−5736 cluster at a redshift of 5700 km/s while also splitting off to form the Centaurus Wall passing the galactic plane to meet up with Centaurus Cluster where the supercluster originates. Di Nel la H. et al found no evidence of

266-795: The Pavo–Indus supercluster was indeed connected to the Centaurus and Hydra supercluster and that the Virgo Supercluster was an appendage of a larger structure involving these superclusters. Later studies concluded that Pavo–Indus formed part of a wall of galaxies similar in size to the CfA2 Great Wall , dubbed the Norma Wall with the Norma Cluster at its center similar to the Coma Cluster . This wall encompasses

285-477: The Sun at the time it reached the main sequence remains uncertain. The early Sun had much higher mass-loss rates than at present, and it may have lost anywhere from 1–7% of its natal mass over the course of its main-sequence lifetime. One solar mass, M ☉ , can be converted to related units: It is also frequently useful in general relativity to express mass in units of length or time. The solar mass parameter ( G · M ☉ ), as listed by

304-404: The emission of electromagnetic energy , neutrinos and by the ejection of matter with the solar wind . It is expelling about (2–3) × 10   M ☉ /year. The mass loss rate will increase when the Sun enters the red giant stage, climbing to (7–9) × 10   M ☉ /year when it reaches the tip of the red-giant branch . This will rise to 10   M ☉ /year on

323-531: The local supercluster. The Pavo–Indus Supercluster exhibits a wall or filamentary structure that extends to a total length of 66  Mpc (215  Mly ). The supercluster along with the Telescopium−Grus Cloud form parts of a wall bounding the Local Void and the Sculptor Void . In 1983, in a paper by Winkler et al it was suggested based on redshift maps of the distribution of galaxies that

342-414: The present value of 8.794 148 ″ ). From the value of the diurnal parallax, one can determine the distance to the Sun from the geometry of Earth. The first known estimate of the solar mass was by Isaac Newton . In his work Principia (1687), he estimated that the ratio of the mass of Earth to the Sun was about 1 ⁄ 28 700 . Later he determined that his value was based upon a faulty value for

361-534: The solar parallax, which he had used to estimate the distance to the Sun. He corrected his estimated ratio to 1 ⁄ 169 282 in the third edition of the Principia . The current value for the solar parallax is smaller still, yielding an estimated mass ratio of 1 ⁄ 332 946 . As a unit of measurement, the solar mass came into use before the AU and the gravitational constant were precisely measured. This

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