The Pax calendar was invented by James A. Colligan, SJ in 1930, as a perennializing reform of the annualized Gregorian calendar .
57-659: The common year is divided into 13 months of 28 days each, whose names are the same as in the Gregorian calendar, except that a month called Columbus occurs between November and December. The first day of every week, month and year would be Sunday. Unlike other perennial calendar reform proposals, such as the International Fixed Calendar and the World Calendar , it preserves the 7-day week by periodically intercalating an extra seven days to
114-649: A better fit to the sidereal year. There have been reforms of the solar version of the Hindu calendar which changed the distribution of the days in each month to better match the length of time that the Sun spends in each sidereal zodiacal sign. The same applies to the Buddhist calendar . The first millennium reform of the Hebrew calendar changed it from an observational calendar into a calculated calendar. The Islamic calendar
171-484: A calendar is to unambiguously identify any day in past, present and future by a specific date in order to record or organize social, religious, commercial or administrative events. Recurring periods that contain multiple days, such as weeks , months , and years , are secondary, convenient features of a calendar. Most cultures adopt a primary dating system, but different cultures have always needed to align multiple calendars with each other, either because they coexisted in
228-491: A common year of 52 weeks (364 days). In leap years, a one-week month called Pax would be inserted after Columbus . To get the same mean year as the Gregorian Calendar this leap week is added to 71 of the 400 years in the cycle. The years with leap week are years whose last two digits are a number that is divisible by six (including 00) or 99: however, if a year number ending in 00 is divisible by 400, then Pax
285-411: A device to track solar day-to-day progression, such as that established at places like Stonehenge . After centuries of empirical observations, the theoretical aspects of calendar construction could become more refined, enabling predictions that identified the need for reform. There have been 50 to 100 reforms of the traditional Chinese calendar over 2500 years, most of which were intended to better fit
342-431: A leap month called Meton every 3 or 2 years with 30 or 31 days. 60 years together are called a cycle. It uses a leap cycle which has equal number of days, weeks, months, years and cycles. 2498258 days, 356894 weeks, 84599 months, 6840 years and 114 cycles nearly all equal each other. It is called an era, although time isn't divided into it in this calendar. Some propose to improve leap rules of existing calendars, such as
399-482: A leap week of seven days to the calendar every five or six years to keep the calendar roughly in step with the tropical year. They have years of either 364 days (52 weeks) or 371 days (53 weeks), thus preserving the 7-day week. Proposals mainly differ in their selection of a leap rule, placing of the leap item (usually middle or end of the year), in the start day of the week and year, in the number (12 or 13) and size of months and in connected naming; some are compatible to
456-532: A new column is begun when the year would need to go further up the column. Places marked "leap" means that there was no Pax year in the sequence which corresponded to that Gregorian date. The next table shows what happens around a typical turn of the century and also the full range (18 Dec to 6 Jan) of 19 days that the Pax Calendar New Year Day varies against the Gregorian calendar. Colligan published multiple alternative methods of organising
513-639: A perennial calendar, with dates fixed always on the same weekdays, so the same calendar table serves year after year. Advantages claimed for a perennial over an annualized calendar like the Gregorian are simplicity and regularity. Scheduling is simplified for institutions and industries with extended production cycles. School terms and breaks, for example, can fall annually on the same dates. Month-based ordinal dating ("Fourth Thursday in November", "Last Monday in May") will be obsolete. Two methods favored for perennializing
570-521: A sabbath every seven days. Independently the World Council of Churches still tries to find a common rule for the date of Easter, which might be eased by a new common calendar. Reformers cite several problems with the Gregorian calendar: It is hard or even impossible to solve all these issues in just one calendar. Most plans evolve around the solar year of a little more than 365 days. This number does not divide well by seven or twelve, which are
627-559: A thirteen-month reform, the Pax Calendar . By 1955, Cecil L. Woods proposed the twelve-month Jubilee Calendar which inserts an extra week called "Jubilee" before January in specified years. The Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar (2003) inserts an extra year-end month of seven days called "Xtra", and the Symmetry454 calendar (circa 2004) lengthens the month of December by one week on leap years. The Christian celebration of Easter
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#1732773330088684-531: A whole number of days nor a whole number of lunar months; neither does the lunar month have a whole number of days: in each case there are fractions "left over". (In some physical circumstances the rotations and revolutions of a planet and its satellite(s) can be phase-locked – for example the same side of the moon always faces us – but this has not operated to lock together the lengths of the Earth's year, day and month.) Such remainders could accumulate from one period to
741-484: Is historically calculated to occur on the first Sunday after the first ecclesiastical full moon falling on or after 21 March. In leap-week calendars, March 21 is less likely to match astronomical spring equinox than in the Gregorian calendar. The Symmetry454 calendar proposes Sunday, April 7 as a permanently fixed date for Easter, based on the median date of the Sunday after the day of the astronomical lunar opposition that
798-401: Is a calendar that applies to any year , keeping the same dates , weekdays and other features. Perennial calendar systems differ from most widely used calendars which are annual calendars . Annual calendars include features particular to the year represented, and expire at the year's end. A perennial calendar differs also from a perpetual calendar , which is a tool or reference to compute
855-399: Is a variant of this concept. Each year of this calendar can be up to 371 days long. Some calendars have quarters of regularly patterned uneven months e.g., a 35-day (five-week) month and a pair of 28-day (four-week) months, with a leap week appended to the final month when needed. The Common Civil Calendar and Time calendar has months of 30 and 31 days, but inserts a leap week in the middle of
912-676: Is cancelled. Duncan Steel mentions the Pax Calendar proposal: As a matter of fact, this leap-week idea is not a new one. and such calendars have been suggested from time to time. ... In 1930, there was another leap-week calendar proposal put forward, this time by a Jesuit, James A. Colligan, but once more the Easter question scuppered it within the Catholic Church. Unlike the International Fixed Calendar,
969-540: Is on or after the day of the astronomical northward equinox, calculated for the meridian of Jerusalem. In 1963 the Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican declared: "[The Vatican] would not object if the feast of Easter were assigned to a particular Sunday of the Gregorian Calendar... [and] does not oppose efforts designed to introduce a perpetual calendar into civil society." In the Pax Calendar,
1026-449: Is sequestered from the cycle of the week and celebrated as "Worldsday". December 30 falls on a Saturday, Worldsday follows next, and then January 1 begins every new year on a Sunday. The extra day in leap year is treated similarly. Blank-day calendars with thirteen months have also been developed. Among them are: The Georgian calendar, by Hirossa Ap-Iccim (= Rev. Hugh Jones ) (1745); The Positivist calendar , by Auguste Comte (1849); and
1083-484: Is the large irregularity of the length of the year from one to the next. The simplicity of a lunar calendar has always been outweighed by its inability to track the seasons, and a solar calendar is used in conjunction to remedy this defect. Identifying the lunar cycle month requires straightforward observation of the Moon on a clear night. However, identifying seasonal cycles requires much more methodical observation of stars or
1140-442: Is used for each season of every year. A decimal calendar is a calendar which includes units of time based on the decimal system . The French Republican Calendar was introduced (along with decimal time ) in 1793. It consisted of twelve months, each divided into three décades of ten days, with five or six intercalary days called sansculottides . The calendar was abolished by Napoleon on January 1, 1806. The lengths of
1197-623: The Chinese calendar due to problems between regions in China and practical changes in religious calendars such as the Islamic calendar , where the start of the month is now derived from astronomical data rather than sightings by religious leaders. Some design changes, however, will yield date identifiers different from the previous design for some days, often in the distant past or future. The calendar system must clarify whether dates are changed to
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#17327733300881254-409: The Hebrew calendar . The Rectified Hebrew calendar uses a more accurate leap cycle of 4366 months per 353-year cycle, with 130 leap years per cycle, and a progressively shorter molad interval, intended to replace the 19-year leap cycle and the constant molad interval of the traditional fixed arithmetic Hebrew calendar, respectively. Calendar proposals that introduce a thirteenth month or change
1311-706: The International Fixed Calendar , by Moses B. Cotsworth (1902), and championed by George Eastman . Blank-day reform proposals face a religious objection, however. Sabbatarians , who are obliged to regard every seventh day as a day of rest and worship, must observe their holy day on a different weekday each year. Leap week calendar plans often restrict common years to 364 days, or 52 weeks, and expand leap years to 371 days, or 53 weeks. The added week may extend an existing month, or it may stand alone as an inserted seven-day month. The leap-week calendar may have been conceived originally by Rev. George M. Searle (1839-1918), around 1905. In 1930, James A. Colligan, S.J. proposed
1368-459: The Pax Calendar , which avoids off-calendar days by adding a 7-day leap week to the 364-day common year for 71 out of 400 years. Lunisolar calendars usually have 12 or 13 months of 29 or 30 days. The Hermetic Lunar Week Calendar is a lunisolar calendar proposal which has 12 or 13 lunar months of 29 or 30 days a year, and begins each year near the vernal equinox . The Meyer–Palmen Solilunar Calendar has 12 lunar months with 29 or 30 days plus
1425-686: The week date of ISO 8601. The World Calendar , favored by the UN in the 1950s, and the International Fixed Calendar , quite popular among economists between the World Wars, are proposals that start each year on a Sunday. The 364 days within the week system form 52 weeks of 7 days. The World Calendar has every quarter beginning on the same day of the week. In the World Calendar, the 365th and 366th day are considered holidays and named Worlds Day and Leap Year Day. These "off-calendar" days stand outside
1482-614: The Julian calendar, although the Russian church year still uses the Julian calendar. Those nations that adopted this calendar on or after 1700, had to drop more than ten days: Great Britain, for instance, dropped eleven. In 1923, Milutin Milanković proposed to a synod of some Eastern Orthodox Churches at Constantinople that only centennial years that leave a remainder of 200 or 600 upon division by 900 would be leap years, decreasing
1539-552: The Julian-Gregorian system of months often also propose new names for these months. New names have also been proposed for days out of the week cycle (e.g., 365th and leap) and weeks out of the month cycle. Proposals to change the traditional month and weekday names are less frequent. The Gregorian calendar obtains its names mostly from gods of historical religions (e.g., Thursday from Nordic Thor or March from Roman Mars ) or leaders of vanished empires (July and August from
1596-624: The Pax calendar has a new year day that differs from the Gregorian New Year's Day. This is a necessary consequence of it intercalating a week rather than a day. The following tables compare the Gregorian dates (left column) of New Year's Day in the Pax Calendar for various years. Dates in December occur in the preceding Gregorian year. Dates in bold are Sundays. The Pax years run sequentially down each column (from second-left to right), and
1653-424: The average year length to 365.24 2 days: these remainders were chosen to delay as much as possible the first year (after the year of 1923) that this calendar would disagree with the Gregorian calendar, which occurs in until 2800. It was adopted by some Eastern Orthodox Churches, under the names Revised Julian calendar or New calendar, but was rejected by others. The Gregorian calendar is currently used by most of
1710-420: The calendar are the introduction of so-called "blank days" and of a periodic "leap week". Blank-day calendars remove a day or two (the latter for leap years) from the weekday cycle, resulting in a year length of 364 weekdays. Since this number is evenly divisible by 7, every year can begin on the same weekday. In the twelve-month plan of The World Calendar , for example, the Gregorian year-end date of December 31
1767-457: The calendar months to astronomical lunations and to more accurately add the extra month so that the regular months maintain their proper seasonal positions, even though each seasonal marker can occur anywhere within its month. There have been at least four similar reforms of the lunisolar version of the Hindu calendar , all intended to make the month a better match to the lunation and to make the year
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1824-534: The calendar with the astronomical year (either solar or sidereal ) and/or the synodic month in lunar or lunisolar calendars . Most reforms for calendars have been to make them more accurate. This has happened to various lunar and lunisolar calendars, and also the Julian calendar , when it was altered to the Gregorian calendar . The fundamental problems of the calendar are that the astronomical year has neither
1881-569: The extra week is added in every year having its last number, or its last two numbers, divisible by 6, and in every year ending with the number 99, and every centennial year not divisible by 400. The Hanke-Henry Permanent Calendar's leap week occurs every year that either begins or ends in a Thursday on the corresponding Gregorian calendar. The Symmetry454 calendar's leap week formula was chosen over others based on 10 criteria, including smoothest distribution of weeks, minimal "jitter" and predicted accuracy of 4-5 millennia. Objections to leap weeks include
1938-607: The first Caesars), or ordinals that got out of synchronization (September through December, originally seventh through tenth, now ninth through twelfth). Comte's Positivist calendar, for example, proposed naming the 13 months in his calendar after figures from religion, literature, philosophy and science. Similarly, the Hermetic Lunar Week Calendar uses 12 or 13 lunar months named after 13 contributors to research on psychoactive plants and chemicals. There have been many specific calendar proposals to replace
1995-453: The inconvenience of a periodic extra week for billing and payment cycles, and for dividing the leap year into halves and quarters. Another objection is that anniversaries, such as birthdays, are more likely on average to occur on a leap week than a leap day. Besides blank-day and leap-week reforms only a few other options for achieving a perennial calendar have been suggested. The Long-Sabbath Calendar, by Rick McCarty (1996), extends to 36 hours
2052-457: The intercalary month with an intercalary day to be inserted within February every four years. This produced a noticeably more accurate calendar, but it had an average year length of 365 days and six hours (365.25 days), which had the effect of adding about three-quarters of an hour every four years. The effect accumulated from inception in 45 BC until by the 16th century the northward equinox
2109-421: The last Saturday of the year and the subsequent first Sunday of the new year. Seventy-two hours are thereby covered with two weekdays instead of the usual three, which shortens the year to 364 calendar days without interrupting the weekday cycle. Another option would trim every year to exactly 364 days, allowing the calendar months to drift relative to the seasons. January would move from mid-winter to mid-summer, in
2166-509: The months inherited from the old Roman calendar as reformed by Julius Caesar do not follow any apparent logic systematically. Many reform proposals seek to make the pattern more uniform. When keeping the traditional dozen months and the close approximation of a solar year, this usually yields four equal quarters of three months each where one month is longer than the other two. World Calendar and Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar follow this with 31:30:30 and 30:30:31 days per month, respectively. On
2223-438: The months, including three 12-month plans in addition to the 13-month plan, and in a follow-up work focused on two possible 12-month calendars, in which Pax would be between September and October. He also provided two alternatives to the leap week plan, either extending one or two Mondays per year to 48 hours or making Pax a month of 28 or 21 days to be added 18 times in 400 years. Perennial calendar A perennial calendar
2280-490: The new design retroactively (using a proleptic calendar ) or whether the design in use then and there shall be respected. Calendar schisms happen if not all cultures that adopted a common calendar system before perform a calendar reform at the same time. If date identifiers are similar but different, confusion and mistakes are unavoidable. Most calendars have several rules which could be altered by reform: Historically, most calendar reforms have been made in order to synchronize
2337-418: The next, thereby driving the cycles out of synchronization. A typical solution to force synchronization is intercalation . This means occasionally adding an extra day, week, or month into the cycle. An alternative approach is to ignore the mismatch and simply let the cycles continue to drift apart. The general approaches include: An obvious disadvantage of the lunisolar method of inserting a whole extra month
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2394-436: The northern hemisphere, after approximately 150 years. The calendar year can be reckoned to drift though all the seasons once every 294 calendar years equal to 293 years of 365.2423208191 days. Calendar reform Calendar reform or calendrical reform is any significant revision of a calendar system. The term sometimes is used instead for a proposal to switch to a different calendar design. The prime objective of
2451-419: The other hand, Symmetry454 uses 4:5:4 weeks per month. They all result in 364 systematically distributed days and hence have to add either one extra and one leap day or a leap week. Some calendar reformers seek to equalize the length of each month in the year. This is often accomplished by creating a calendar that has 13 months of 4 weeks (28 days) each, making 364 days. The earliest known proposal of this type
2508-399: The same space (e.g. secular and religious groups with different demands) or had established trading relations. Once specified, a calendar design cannot be altered without becoming a new design. If a proposed design is sufficiently close to the legacy one, i.e. compatible with it, a reform of the local calendar system is possible without disruption. Examples of this include the changes to
2565-407: The same weekdays every year. The term perennial calendar appeared as early as 1824, in the title of Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster 's Perennial calendar and companion to the almanack. In that work he compiled "the events of every day in the year, as connected with history, chronology, botany, natural history, astronomy, popular customs and antiquities, with useful rules of health, observations on
2622-399: The seven-day week and caused some religious groups to strongly oppose adoption of the World Calendar. Such concerns helped prevent the World Calendar from being adopted. Supporters of the World Calendar, however, argue that the religious groups' opposition overlooked every individual's right to celebrate these holidays as extra days of worship, or Sabbaths . This option, they reason, maintained
2679-539: The seven-day worship cycle for those who share that concern, while allowing benefits of a perennial calendar to be shared by all. Some calendar reform ideas, such as the Pax Calendar , Symmetry454 calendar and the Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar , were created to solve this problem by having years of either 364 days (52 weeks) or 371 days (53 weeks), thus preserving the 7-day week. The 53-week calendar, used in government and in business for fiscal years ,
2736-548: The traditional numbers of days per week and months per year respectively. The nearby numbers 360, 364 and 366 are divisible in better ways. There are also lunar-centric proposals. Many calendar reforms have offered solutions to make the Gregorian calendar perennial. These reforms would make it easy to work out the day of the week of a particular date , and would make changing calendars each year unnecessary. There are, roughly speaking, two options to achieve this goal: leap week calendars and intercalary days . Leap week calendars add
2793-556: The weather, explanations of the feasts and festivals of the church and other miscellaneous useful information". The data listed there for each date in the calendar apply in every year, and supplement data to be found in annual almanacs. Often printed in perennial-calendar format also are book blanks for diaries, ledgers and logs, for use in any year. Entries on the blank pages of these books are organized by calendar dates, without reference to weekdays or year numbers. A goal of modern calendar reform has been to achieve universal acceptance of
2850-407: The weekdays of dates for any given year, or for representing a wide range of annual calendars. For example, most representations of the Gregorian calendar year include weekdays and are therefore annual calendars, because the weekdays of its dates vary from year to year. For this reason, proposals to perennialize the Gregorian calendar typically introduce one or another scheme for fixing its dates on
2907-425: The world. There is also an international standard describing the calendar, ISO 8601 , with some differences from traditional conceptions in many cultures. Since the papal reform in 1582, several proposals have been offered to make the Gregorian calendar more useful or regular. Very few reforms have gained official acceptance. The rather different decimal French Republican Calendar was one such official reform, but
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#17327733300882964-576: The year, when needed, whereas its successor, the Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar, moves the extra week to the end of the year. In the World Season Calendar , months are discarded altogether; instead, the year is divided into four seasons of 13 weeks each. An extra day (two days during leap year) is added to the calendar that is not assigned a day of the week in order to perennialize the calendar. The same calendar of 91 days
3021-511: The years entirely, it would require a few thousand years to accumulate a day. So that the northward equinox would have the same date in the new Gregorian calendar as it had when the Council of Nicaea made recommendations in AD ;325 ( March 21 ), ten days were dropped so that October 5 became October 15 in 1582. This reform took a few centuries to spread through the nations that used
3078-568: Was a reform of the preceding lunisolar calendar which completely divorced it from the solar year. Another reform was performed in Seljuk Persia by Omar Khayyam and others, developing the precisely computed Jalali calendar . When Julius Caesar took power in Rome, the Roman calendar had ceased to reflect the year accurately. The Julian reform made 46 BC 445 days long and replaced
3135-570: Was abolished twelve years later by Napoleon . After World War II , the newly formed United Nations continued efforts of its predecessor, the League of Nations , to establish the proposed World Calendar but postponed the issue after a veto from the government of the United States , which was mainly based upon concerns of religious groups about the proposed days that would be outside the seven-day week cycle ("blank days") and thus disrupt having
3192-470: Was falling on March 10 or 11. Under Pope Gregory XIII , the leap year rule was altered : only centennial years evenly divisible by 400 are leap years. Thus, the years 1600, 2000, 2400 and 2800 are leap years , while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2900, and 3000 are common years despite being divisible by 4. This rule makes the mean year 365.2425 days (365 d, 5 h, 49 min, 12 s) long. While this does not synchronize
3249-545: Was the Georgian Calendar (1745) by Rev. Hugh Jones . The Positivist calendar (1849), created by Auguste Comte , was based on a 364-day year which included one or two "blank" days. Each of the 13 months had 28 days and exactly four weeks, and each started on a Monday. The International Fixed Calendar is a more modern descendant of this calendar: invented by Moses B. Cotsworth and financially backed by George Eastman . Around 1930, one James Colligan invented
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