152-703: Pazardzhik ( Bulgarian : Пазарджик [ˈpazɐrd͡ʒik] ) is a city situated along the banks of the Maritsa river, southern Bulgaria . It is the centre of Pazardzhik Province and Pazardzhik Municipality . It is located in the Upper Thracian Plain and in the Pazardzhik-Plovdiv Field, a subregion of the plains. It is west of Plovdiv , about 37 kilometres (23 mi), 112 kilometres (70 mi) southeastern of Sofia and 288 kilometres (179 mi) from Burgas . The population
304-616: A Jewish, a Vlach and an Armenian school. In 1848 the town had around 600 schoolboys. It was reported in 1854 that the local government in Pazardzhik taxed people, including those who passed by and entered. In 1870, the Makedoniya newspaper provided a description of the social life in Pazardzhik: The public life in this town is fairly developed. The urbanites hold soirées with balls. You will see dames and gentlemen—dressed in
456-737: A community centre in 1862 and the women's union Prosveta in 1870, which regularly organized lectures. In the course of the Tanzimat reforms of 1834, a Bulgarian congregation was able to form, which in 1837 had the Church of the Dormition built with its carved altar wall, the work of masters of the famous Debar school. Stefan Zahariev reports that the city was divided into 33 mahallas in the 1860s. At that time there were 3420 houses, 1200 shops, 19 mosques, 6 churches, 1 synagogue and 4 public baths. There were also 8 Turkish and 6 Bulgarian schools, as well as
608-532: A consonant and are feminine, as well as nouns that end in –а/–я (most of which are feminine, too) use –та. Nouns that end in –е/–о use –то. The plural definite article is –те for all nouns except for those whose plural form ends in –а/–я; these get –та instead. When postfixed to adjectives the definite articles are –ят/–я for masculine gender (again, with the longer form being reserved for grammatical subjects), –та for feminine gender, –то for neuter gender, and –те for plural. Both groups agree in gender and number with
760-485: A department ''Mayor's Office''. The secretary is divided into 7 directorates - Legal and Administrative Services, Civil Registration of population, European funds, strategic planning and digital services, Education and culture, Budget and municipal property, Architecture and spartial planning and Construction, transport, environment. Pazardzhik is twinned with: Leading sectors in the economy according to their net sales revenue in 2012 The economy of Pazardzhik began from
912-528: A dialect continuum, and there is no well-defined boundary where one language ends and the other begins. Within the limits of the Republic of North Macedonia a strong separate Macedonian identity has emerged since the Second World War, even though there still are a small number of citizens who identify their language as Bulgarian. Beyond the borders of North Macedonia, the situation is more fluid, and
1064-431: A higher share, but in 2012, expenditure on acquisition of fixed capital in this economic activity decreased by almost 2 times. The main transportation for the city are trolleybuses , buses, taxis and trains. The trolleybus network in Pazardzhik is one of the main transportation covering 2/3 of the city. It first opened on 1 June 1993. The trolleybus lines are 6 (1, 1E, 2, 2E, 4, 5) and have designated routes. The length
1216-484: A huge number of individuals. Two Pomaks were sentenced to death, and two others to 15 years in prison. A group of Pomaks traveled to Sofia to oppose these measures, but were stopped by the militia near the town of Samokov , where two Pomaks were killed and 50 injured in a violent battle. A demonstration of more than 5,000 people in Pazardzhik was organized by the independent associations in December 1989 with demands for
1368-488: A major role in the Pazardzhik region. After 1989, production was stopped or even abandoned (in most places) within a few years, as Bulgarian rice was no longer competitive on the world market. Pazardzhik has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) according to the Köppen climate classification and a considerable amount of humid continental climate and Mediterranean influence on the city. According to Batakliev 's book about
1520-502: A middle ground between the macrodialects. It allows palatalizaton only before central and back vowels and only partial reduction of / a / and / ɔ / . Reduction of / ɛ / , consonant palatalisation before front vowels and depalatalization of palatalized consonants before central and back vowels is strongly discouraged and labelled as provincial. Bulgarian has six vowel phonemes, but at least eight distinct phones can be distinguished when reduced allophones are taken into consideration. There
1672-446: A much smaller group of irregular nouns with zero ending which define tangible objects or concepts ( кръв /krɤf/ 'blood', кост /kɔst/ 'bone', вечер /ˈvɛtʃɛr/ 'evening', нощ /nɔʃt/ 'night'). There are also some commonly used words that end in a vowel and yet are masculine: баща 'father', дядо 'grandfather', чичо / вуйчо 'uncle', and others. The plural forms of the nouns do not express their gender as clearly as
SECTION 10
#17327724804081824-490: A number of phraseological units and sayings. The major exception are vocative forms, which are still in use for masculine (with the endings -е, -о and -ю) and feminine nouns (-[ь/й]о and -е) in the singular. In modern Bulgarian, definiteness is expressed by a definite article which is postfixed to the noun, much like in the Scandinavian languages or Romanian (indefinite: човек , 'person'; definite: човек ът , "
1976-465: A serious invasive species (invasive exotic) in natural native plant habitats , especially riparian and woodland types, and also a horticultural weed in gardens of the western and southern regions of North America with milder winters. Ivies create a dense, vigorously smothering, shade-tolerant evergreen groundcover that can spread through assertive underground rhizomes and above-ground runners quickly over large natural plant community areas and outcompete
2128-531: A special count form in –а/–я , which stems from the Proto-Slavonic dual : два/три стола ('two/three chairs') versus тези столове ('these chairs'); cf. feminine две/три/тези книги ('two/three/these books') and neuter две/три/тези легла ('two/three/these beds'). However, a recently developed language norm requires that count forms should only be used with masculine nouns that do not denote persons. Thus, двама/трима ученици ('two/three students')
2280-475: A staple of the Romantic movement in landscape painting, for example Visitor to a Moonlit Churchyard by Philip James de Loutherbourg (1790), Tintern Abbey, West Front by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1794) and Netley Abbey by Francis Towne (1809). In this context ivy may represent the ephemerality of human endeavours and the sublime power of nature. The image of ivy-covered historic buildings gave
2432-520: A symbol of love and friendship, there was once a tradition of priests giving ivy to newlyweds, and as it clings to dead trees and remains green, it was also viewed as a symbol of the eternal life of the soul after the death of the body in medieval Christian symbolism. The traditional British Christmas carol , " The Holly and the Ivy ", uses ivy as a symbol for the Virgin Mary . Ivy-covered ruins were
2584-574: A training base for students of the Higher Medical Institute in Pazardzhik. In modern times Pazardzhik has a well-developed health care network, both in outpatient and inpatient care. According to the data of the Regional Health Inspectorate - Pazardzhik, as of June 2014, there are 5 multiprofile hospitals on the territory of the municipality, all of them in Pazardzhik. In comparison there are 12 hospitals in
2736-635: Is " Ye lena Yankovich" ( Йелена Янкович ). Until the period immediately following the Second World War , all Bulgarian and the majority of foreign linguists referred to the South Slavic dialect continuum spanning the area of modern Bulgaria, North Macedonia and parts of Northern Greece as a group of Bulgarian dialects. In contrast, Serbian sources tended to label them "south Serbian" dialects. Some local naming conventions included bolgárski , bugárski and so forth. The codifiers of
2888-513: Is 30 km (19 mi), which is one-way. The total passenger buses are 23, 6 of them are articulated buses . The bus transport network in Pazardzhik consists of 16 lines (1, 2, 2А, 3А, 6, 7, 10, 13, 13А, 14, 14A) covering the most important areas of the city. Pazardzhik is near the Trakia motorway and is on the I-8 road . The city connects with the major hub city Plovdiv and is 7 km away from
3040-598: Is 55,220, as it has been growing around from the end of the 19th century to the end of the 20th century. The city reached its highest milestone, exceeding 80,000. Due to poor economic performance in Bulgaria during the 1990s and early 2000s, emigration of Bulgarians began, which affected Pazardzhik as well. The history of Pazardzhik can be traced back to the 7th millennium BC, with early civilisations being brought from Asia-Minor . They were agro-pastralists and settled near Maritsa , Pazardzhik and Sinitovo . A clay idol named
3192-558: Is about the establishment is during 1418, where the Minnet Bey and the Tatars from Isquilip, which resettled due to Mehmed I . Mehmed, after taking Samsun , passed through Isquilip and takes punitive measures against Minnet Bey. The reason for this, although presented by Aşıkpaşazadeh in the form of a dialogue, is explicitly stated in the source - Minnet Bey deviated from the campaign to which he had been called. The entire group of Tatars
SECTION 20
#17327724804083344-647: Is also a significant Bulgarian diaspora abroad. One of the main historically established communities are the Bessarabian Bulgarians , whose settlement in the Bessarabia region of nowadays Moldova and Ukraine dates mostly to the early 19th century. There were 134,000 Bulgarian speakers in Ukraine at the 2001 census, 41,800 in Moldova as of the 2014 census (of which 15,300 were habitual users of
3496-496: Is based on a general consensus reached by all major Bulgarian linguists in the 1930s and 1940s. In turn, the 39-consonant model was launched in the beginning of the 1950s under the influence of the ideas of Russian linguist Nikolai Trubetzkoy . Despite frequent objections, the support of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences has ensured Trubetzkoy's model virtual monopoly in state-issued phonologies and grammars since
3648-640: Is best represented by the layers of the Yunatsite settlement mound - its last period corresponds to the Karanovo VI culture. The development of the Late Neolithic culture was interrupted in the first centuries of the 4th millennium BC. - In the period from 3700 to 3300 BC, life in the settlement mounds ended. However, some finds from the mountain areas of the Rhodopes and Sredna Gora show that there
3800-534: Is capable of inducing contact dermatitis . It has also been shown to kill breast cancer cells. The flowers of ivy are pollinated by Hymenoptera and are particularly attractive to the common wasp . The name ivy derives from Old English ifig , cognate with German Efeu , of unknown original meaning. The scientific name Hedera is the classical Latin name for the plant. Old regional common names in Britain, no longer used, include "Bindwood" and "Lovestone", for
3952-534: Is carried out and the construction of new ones begins. In 1954 the number of pupils in all primary schools was 7,275. In 1959, the processes of reconstruction of the school in the direction of its polytechnicisation began. School workshops for labour training were built in primary and junior high schools and in the secondary schools classrooms for mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and agriculture, and experimental fields and sections were set up. Educational levels of Pazardzhik are relatively high. Around 57% of
4104-433: Is common in all modern Slavic languages (e.g. Czech medv ě d /ˈmɛdvjɛt/ "bear", Polish p ię ć /pʲɛ̃tɕ/ "five", Serbo-Croatian je len /jělen/ "deer", Ukrainian нема є /nemájɛ/ "there is not ...", Macedonian пишува ње /piʃuvaɲʲɛ/ "writing", etc.), as well as some Western Bulgarian dialectal forms – e.g. ора̀н’е /oˈraɲʲɛ/ (standard Bulgarian: оране /oˈranɛ/ , "ploughing"), however it
4256-405: Is currently no consensus on the number of Bulgarian consonants, with one school of thought advocating for the existence of only 22 consonant phonemes and another one claiming that there are not fewer than 39 consonant phonemes. The main bone of contention is how to treat palatalized consonants : as separate phonemes or as allophones of their respective plain counterparts. The 22-consonant model
4408-699: Is mainly based on agriculture, which also includes animal breeding. Farms are mainly located in the fertile land of the Upper Thracian Plain . The landmarks of the city are the clock tower , Church of the Dormition , which has a wood-carved iconstasis protected by UNESCO , the History Museum , the old post office, the Drama Theatre and others. The vegetation in and around the town is mainly broad-leaved species - oak , linden , poplar , chestnut , plane and less often coniferous species - mainly pine and fir . Willow , birch , ivy grow around
4560-439: Is mainly based on agriculture. Farms are mainly located in the fertile land of the Upper Thracian Plain , where vegetables are grown - tomatoes, peppers, etc. Fruit is also grown, especially peaches and cherries. Pamid grapes are also grown around the area, which is used to make the wine Trakia. Industry on the territory of Pazardzhik is the dominant sector in economy. Weaknesses include the loss of foreign markets in recent years,
4712-817: Is mainly split into two broad dialect areas, based on the different reflexes of the Proto-Slavic yat vowel (Ѣ). This split, which occurred at some point during the Middle Ages, led to the development of Bulgaria's: The literary language norm, which is generally based on the Eastern dialects, also has the Eastern alternating reflex of yat . However, it has not incorporated the general Eastern umlaut of all synchronic or even historic "ya" sounds into "e" before front vowels – e.g. поляна ( polyana ) vs. полени ( poleni ) "meadow – meadows" or even жаба ( zhaba ) vs. жеби ( zhebi ) "frog – frogs", even though it co-occurs with
Pazardzhik - Misplaced Pages Continue
4864-479: Is not represented in standard Bulgarian speech or writing. Even where /jɛ/ occurs in other Slavic words, in Standard Bulgarian it is usually transcribed and pronounced as pure /ɛ/ – e.g. Boris Yeltsin is "Eltsin" ( Борис Елцин ), Yekaterinburg is "Ekaterinburg" ( Екатеринбург ) and Sarajevo is "Saraevo" ( Сараево ), although – because of the stress and the beginning of the word – Jelena Janković
5016-478: Is one more to describe a general category of unwitnessed events – the inferential (преизказно /prɛˈiskɐzno/ ) mood. However, most contemporary Bulgarian linguists usually exclude the subjunctive mood and the inferential mood from the list of Bulgarian moods (thus placing the number of Bulgarian moods at a total of 3: indicative, imperative and conditional) and do not consider them to be moods but view them as verbial morphosyntactic constructs or separate gramemes of
5168-401: Is perceived as more correct than двама/трима ученика , while the distinction is retained in cases such as два/три молива ('two/three pencils') versus тези моливи ('these pencils'). Cases exist only in the personal and some other pronouns (as they do in many other modern Indo-European languages ), with nominative , accusative , dative and vocative forms. Vestiges are present in
5320-612: Is safe to assume that only a few years after its foundation, Pazardzhik, like a number of other settlements in Thrace, was severely shaken by the civil war between the Ottoman sons of Sultan Bayezid I. In the 1530s, an intensification of rice cultivation began in Thrace, directly affecting the immediate vicinity of Pazardzhik. According to the accounts of Hoca Sadeddin Efendi , in this case taken directly from Idris Bitlisi , rice cultivation
5472-418: Is that mutable parts of speech vary grammatically, whereas the immutable ones do not change, regardless of their use. The five classes of mutables are: nouns , adjectives , numerals , pronouns and verbs . Syntactically, the first four of these form the group of the noun or the nominal group. The immutables are: adverbs , prepositions , conjunctions , particles and interjections . Verbs and adverbs form
5624-599: Is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for Hedera , and recognises over 400 registered cultivars. Much discussion has involved whether or not ivy climbing trees will harm trees. In Europe, the harm is generally minor although there can be competition for soil nutrients, light, and water, and senescent trees supporting heavy ivy growth can be liable to windthrow damage. The UK's Woodland Trust says "Ivy has long been accused of strangling trees, but it doesn’t harm
5776-652: Is the Service of Saint Cyril from Skopje (Скопски миней), a 13th-century Middle Bulgarian manuscript from northern Macedonia according to which St. Cyril preached with "Bulgarian" books among the Moravian Slavs. The first mention of the language as the "Bulgarian language" instead of the "Slavonic language" comes in the work of the Greek clergy of the Archbishopric of Ohrid in the 11th century, for example in
5928-789: Is the intergeneric hybrid × Fatshedera lizei , a cross between Fatsia japonica and Hedera hibernica . This hybrid was produced once in a garden in France in 1910 and has never successfully been repeated, the hybrid being maintained in cultivation by vegetative propagation. Ivies are very popular in cultivation within their native range and compatible climates elsewhere, for their evergreen foliage, attracting wildlife, and for adaptable design uses in narrow planting spaces and on tall or wide walls for aesthetic addition, or to hide unsightly walls, fences and tree stumps. Numerous cultivars with variegated foliage and/or unusual leaf shapes have been selected for horticultural use. The American Ivy Society
6080-659: Is the language of the Bulgarians . Along with the closely related Macedonian language (collectively forming the East South Slavic languages ), it is a member of the Balkan sprachbund and South Slavic dialect continuum of the Indo-European language family . The two languages have several characteristics that set them apart from all other Slavic languages , including the elimination of case declension ,
6232-399: Is used, and the choice between them is partly determined by their ending in singular and partly influenced by gender; in addition, irregular declension and alternative plural forms are common. Words ending in –а/–я (which are usually feminine) generally have the plural ending –и , upon dropping of the singular ending. Of nouns ending in a consonant, the feminine ones also use –и , whereas
Pazardzhik - Misplaced Pages Continue
6384-433: Is widely represented by a large number of companies. There are natural resources underpinning the extraction of raw materials for the sector. In the sectoral distribution of expenditure on the acquisition of fixed capital assets, the largest share of manufacturing and the production and distribution of electricity and heat and gaseous fuels. Construction at the beginning of the period before 2007–2008 financial crisis also had
6536-496: The 1934 Bulgarian coup d'état , which overthrew Mushanov 's cabinet by Kimon Georgiev 's Zveno and the Military Union, saw being replaced Mihail Trendafilov with Georgi Kenderov as mayor of Pazardzhik and also Lyubomir Levicharov as deputy mayor. Bulgaria's participation in the final stage of World War II was conditioned by circumstances reflecting national and international interest. On 17 September 1944, an agreement
6688-551: The Balkan language area (mostly grammatically) and later also by Turkish , which was the official language of the Ottoman Empire , in the form of the Ottoman Turkish language , mostly lexically. The damaskin texts mark the transition from Middle Bulgarian to New Bulgarian, which was standardized in the 19th century. As a national revival occurred toward the end of the period of Ottoman rule (mostly during
6840-714: The Bulgarian Empire introduced the Glagolitic alphabet which was devised by the Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 850s. The Glagolitic alphabet was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script , developed around the Preslav Literary School , Bulgaria in the late 9th century. Several Cyrillic alphabets with 28 to 44 letters were used in the beginning and the middle of
6992-575: The Greek hagiography of Clement of Ohrid by Theophylact of Ohrid (late 11th century). During the Middle Bulgarian period, the language underwent dramatic changes, losing the Slavonic case system , but preserving the rich verb system (while the development was exactly the opposite in other Slavic languages) and developing a definite article. It was influenced by its non-Slavic neighbors in
7144-540: The Rhodope Mountains , as well as storing iron from Samokov . The river was used as a water route for transporting goods on rafts to Adrianople and Constantinople . In 1718 Gerard Kornelius Drish visited Pazardzhik and wrote "the buildings here according to construction, size and beauty stand higher than those of Niš , Sofia and all other places". In 1738 the population of Pazardzhik was predominantly Turkish. On 2 June 1810, Count Nikolay Kamensky invaded
7296-521: The Second Bulgarian Empire were founded near the west of the city. In the left shores of Topolnitsa , fragments of sgraffito ceramics, iron shovel and sword were founded in 1926. Disputes were made on when the city was established. According to research made by historian Stefan Zahariev concluded that Pazardzhik was first founded in 1395, where nomads from Saruhan settled under Bayezid I 's orders. First and only, Zahariev implicates
7448-803: The accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the European Union , following the Latin and Greek scripts . Bulgarian possesses a phonology similar to that of the rest of the South Slavic languages, notably lacking Serbo-Croatian's phonemic vowel length and tones and alveo-palatal affricates. There is a general dichotomy between Eastern and Western dialects, with Eastern ones featuring consonant palatalization before front vowels ( / ɛ / and / i / ) and substantial vowel reduction of
7600-524: The bashi-bazouk . A fire brigade was also established under the leadership of Gabriel Seliktar; their task was to extinguish fires in Bulgarian and Jewish houses and shops. The town was planned to be burnt down like other settlements that experienced it during the April Uprising . The Armenian-born telegraphist Ovanes Sovadzhiyan saved the town from total annihilation. The ciphered order arrived at
7752-445: The person") or to the first nominal constituent of definite noun phrases (indefinite: добър човек , 'a good person'; definite: добри ят човек , " the good person"). There are four singular definite articles. Again, the choice between them is largely determined by the noun's ending in the singular. Nouns that end in a consonant and are masculine use –ът/–ят, when they are grammatical subjects , and –а/–я elsewhere. Nouns that end in
SECTION 50
#17327724804087904-649: The " Big Excursion " of 1989. The language is also represented among the diaspora in Western Europe and North America, which has been steadily growing since the 1990s. Countries with significant numbers of speakers include Germany , Spain , Italy , the United Kingdom (38,500 speakers in England and Wales as of 2011), France , the United States , and Canada (19,100 in 2011). The language
8056-500: The 15th century, when it was still a small town and a market place. It began to form as an important trade centre in the Ottoman Empire . In the 17th-18th century, the town was the primary centre of crafts within the empire. There were many crafts practised, including leatherworking (clothing and footwear from leather) forging metal, etc. After the Liberation, there was a large change in the rural life of Pazardzhik. The main aspect of
8208-568: The 1960s. However, its reception abroad has been lukewarm, with a number of authors either calling the model into question or outright rejecting it. Thus, the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association only lists 22 consonants in Bulgarian's consonant inventory . The parts of speech in Bulgarian are divided in ten types, which are categorized in two broad classes: mutable and immutable. The difference
8360-411: The 1980s, after the loss of Russian markets, the city's economy was in despair. Living standards fell by 40%. After 1989, new modern industries appeared. The industries in 1993 were 293, but increased to 424 in 2008. Distribution of unemployment by age in 2014 Pazardzhik Municipality 's economy in the performance of the province decreased after 2009. GDP per capita was 9,101 BGN in 2012, twice below
8512-464: The 19th century during the efforts on the codification of Modern Bulgarian until an alphabet with 32 letters, proposed by Marin Drinov , gained prominence in the 1870s. The alphabet of Marin Drinov was used until the orthographic reform of 1945, when the letters yat (uppercase Ѣ, lowercase ѣ) and yus (uppercase Ѫ, lowercase ѫ) were removed from its alphabet, reducing the number of letters to 30. With
8664-627: The 19th century preferred Pazardzhik . It was also nicknamed The City of Rice before the Liberation . After 1934, the city changed its name unofficially to Pazardzhik. Pazardzhik Point on Snow Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica is named after Pazardzhik. The beginning of the pattern of civilisation brought by the Asia-Minor settlers in the second half of the 7th millennium BC has so far been judged on
8816-461: The 19th century), a modern Bulgarian literary language gradually emerged that drew heavily on Church Slavonic/Old Bulgarian (and to some extent on literary Russian , which had preserved many lexical items from Church Slavonic) and later reduced the number of Turkish and other Balkan loans. Today one difference between Bulgarian dialects in the country and literary spoken Bulgarian is the significant presence of Old Bulgarian words and even word forms in
8968-537: The 4th grade, while the rest enter the second school. In Pazardzhik there are 2 higher educational institutions (University Agricultural College and College for Primary Pedagogues) and a branch of the Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski" , 4 elementary, 7 primary, 4 secondary schools, 10 specialized high schools, 1 interschool center for vocational training after 6th and 7th grade, and one children's complex for extracurricular forms. Healthcare here after
9120-623: The Dormition was first founded. Vasil Levski appointed the revolutionary committee in Pazardzhik as a second centre in 1872. Following 4 years after that, Georgi Benkovski resumed the activity of the committee. During the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) , Iosif Gurko wrestled the Ottomans out of the city and during the same period, Ovanes Sovadzhian prevented the annihilation of the city. The first reported Red Army troops entered Pazardzhik on 23 September 1944. After 9 September 1944,
9272-592: The Isquilip region, a fact reported only by the "anonymous". The identity of Minnet Bey has not been fully clarified in historiography. The fourth claim and the preferred one is the city's establishment from the resettled Crimean Tatar people by the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II 's campaign on Kiliia and Akkerman according to the Dutch professor Machiel Kiel . The Tatars settled there in 1485, where
SECTION 60
#17327724804089424-447: The Liberation of Bulgaria was limited. There were lack of doctors and pharmacists in the area and no available hospitals. Many doctors and pharmacists, studied in different locations, came here in the mid-19th century. Russian troops after liberating the town in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) , established the first hospital ''Saint Pantaleimon''. In 1928, the hospital gained investments from national foundations in Bulgaria. Ivan Sokolov
9576-477: The Minnet Bey and the Tatars came from Isquilip, and the fourth thesis and the final one is the city's foundation from the resettled Crimean Tatar people. Rice cultivation intensified in the region, which made the economy of the city grow. During the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) , there was a brief siege under Count Nikolay Kamensky . In the mid-19th century, it was an important craft and trade centre. Many institutions were established in this period. Тhe Church of
9728-491: The Pazardzhik Venus was founded in 1872. The Drougoubitai tribe settled in the early Middle Ages. Many different researches have all been disputed on the founding of Pazardzhik. One of them was that the city was founded in 1395 by nomads from Saruhan . Another one was three years later in 1398, the city was founded by the migration of Tatars from Actav to Rumelia . The third is about the establishment in 1418, where
9880-456: The Turkish neighbourhoods also had Bulgarians. In 1865, the city's population was 25,000, with Bulgarians making up 57% and Turks 28.5%. As a trading city, the city was attractive to other peoples, and so significant minorities of Jews, Armenians and other peoples remained in the city for decades, and they are still present today, although in much smaller numbers. Sephardic Jews were probably in
10032-649: The abolition of the monopoly of the Communist Party's power, a change in the electoral law, the release of political prisoners, the legalization of independent groups and the removal of the Penal Code for anti-government agitation. Eight years later, in 1997 it was reported that the police attacked the Roma neighbourhood Iztok and killed three gypsies. On 27 April 2016, the Pazardjik municipality council became
10184-443: The areas of Pazardjik and Plovdiv,: "Near [Pazardzhik], we saw [women] plowing, sowing, cutting, and gathering hay [alongside] males. They did their job always in a good disposition, singing [folk] songs and making jokes." Vasil Levski appointed the revolutionary committee in Pazardzhik as the second district centre in Bulgaria in 1872. In 1876 Georgi Benkovski resumed the activity of the Pazardzhik revolutionary committee. The town
10336-612: The basis of the early Neolithic finds from the Rakitovo settlement mound, which chronologically corresponds to the Karanovo I culture . The first known and discovered tribes in the city was in the Stone Age period, around the same time. They were agro-pastralists and founded a settlement from this era at the right shores of Maritsa , near Sinitovo and Pazardzhik. It continues until the 5th millennium BC during Chalcolithic period in
10488-430: The beginning of the uprising. At the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) , the Imperial Russian Army under the command of Lieutenant General Iosif Gurko continued to be present in the areas of Bulgaria that had been wrested from Ottoman rule. The Zapdniya detachment of Russian troops stationed in Pazardzhik was withdrawn on 14 January 1878. Unlike many other Bulgarian towns where massacres occurred during or after
10640-725: The berries. The species differ in detail of the leaf shape and size (particularly of the juvenile leaves) and in the structure of the leaf trichomes , and also in the size and, to a lesser extent, the colour of the flowers and fruit. The chromosome number also differs between species. The basic diploid number is 48, while some are tetraploid with 96, and others hexaploid with 144 and octaploid with 192 chromosomes. Ivies are natives of Eurasia and North Africa, but have been introduced to North America and Australia. They invade disturbed forest areas in North America. Ivy seeds are spread by birds. Ivies are of major ecological importance for their nectar and fruit production, both produced at times of
10792-404: The characteristic features of a kasbah of the time. Unlike neighbouring Philibe (Plovdiv), whose urban planning depended entirely on the sultan and local senior administrators, Pazardzhik attracted the attention and active support of influential Akıncı families. Among the builders of public buildings in the city are the names of Evrenosoglu , who promoted the construction of the city's imaret ,
10944-399: The city as early as 1492. About 10% of the 17,000 inhabitants were Jewish when Jews had a monopoly in the trading and distribution of grain. Some Aromanian families also live in Pazardzhik. The municipal administration consists of a mayor , a deputy mayor and a secretary. The mayor of Pazardzhik is the head of the city's administration. The previous mayor was Todor Popov , who is a part of
11096-411: The city grew to an industrial centre, which in 1947 during nationalisation , began consolidation of industrial enterprises. There were demonstrations consisting of about 5,000 protesters, demanding to change to democracy. The economy of Pazardzhik is now a slowly growing one. GDP per capita is 9,101 BGN in 2012. The average monthly salary was 635 BGN and unemployment was 5.2% in 2015. The economy today
11248-403: The city turned their backs completely on nomadism and turned to agriculture or handicrafts - a fact reported by Ibn Kemal , who probably described the situation as he knew it in the 1580s. Within a few decades these changes breathed vital force into the new settlement, and in the second half of the 16th century the first mosque was built, attracting settlers and craftsmen, and the village took on
11400-412: The completion of the action of the verb and form past perfective (aorist) forms; imperfective ones are neutral with regard to it and form past imperfective forms. Most Bulgarian verbs can be grouped in perfective-imperfective pairs (imperfective/perfective: идвам/дойда "come", пристигам/пристигна "arrive"). Perfective verbs can be usually formed from imperfective ones by suffixation or prefixation, but
11552-486: The dense woody tangle of ivy. Birds and small mammals also nest in ivy. It serves to increase the surface area and complexity of woodland environments. The following species are widely accepted; they are divided into two main groups, depending on whether they have scale-like or stellate trichomes on the undersides of the leaves: The species of ivy are largely allopatric and closely related, and many have on occasion been treated as varieties or subspecies of H. helix ,
11704-410: The depreciation of machinery, and the weak management capacity of local businesses, which are easily squeezed out by foreign competitors. The textiles industry, which was one of the largest dominant industries a few years ago, is currently in a poor state and enterprises rely on toll manufacturing, which deprives the market of quality goods from Bulgarian production brands. Construction in the municipality
11856-401: The development of a suffixed definite article , and the lack of a verb infinitive . They retain and have further developed the Proto-Slavic verb system (albeit analytically). One such major development is the innovation of evidential verb forms to encode for the source of information: witnessed, inferred, or reported. It is the official language of Bulgaria , and since 2007 has been among
12008-564: The eastern dialects prevailed, and in 1899 the Bulgarian Ministry of Education officially codified a standard Bulgarian language based on the Drinov-Ivanchev orthography. Bulgarian is the official language of Bulgaria , where it is used in all spheres of public life. As of 2011, it is spoken as a first language by about 6 million people in the country, or about four out of every five Bulgarian citizens. There
12160-432: The economy was agriculture, which included the production of rice and cereals. Factories were built, including for the production of Marseille tiles in 1908 and pottery in 1914. Pazardzhik's economy grew in 1920-1944 period, as it included the electrification of the city in 1922. In 1938, there were 18 industry enterprises and in 1944, that number grew to 54. During the nationalisation of the Bulgarian economy in 1947, all of
12312-470: The family Vitaceae ), Cape-ivy (used interchangeably for Senecio angulatus and Delairea odorata , Asteraceae ), poison-ivy ( Toxicodendron radicans , Anacardiaceae ), Swedish ivy (Whorled Plectranthus Plectranthus verticillatus , Lamiaceae ) and ground ivy ( Glechoma hederacea , also Lamiaceae), and Kenilworth ivy ( Cymbalaria muralis , Plantaginaceae ). Like many other evergreen plants, which impressed European cultures by persisting through
12464-448: The field of the educational system. Entrance examinations in high schools were abolished and poor pupils were exempted from fees. The reconstruction of education in the 1950s was carried out entirely on the concept of Marxism and Soviet education. On the initiative of the municipal government, with the active participation of mass organizations and the voluntary labor of the population, major and partial renovation of existing school buildings
12616-478: The first in Bulgaria to outlaw the burqa, followed by Stara Zagora on 28 April, Sliven on 25 May, and Burgas on 1 June. In May 2016, the first fine was imposed on a lady in Pazardzik. The number of fined women grew in subsequent months. In the 1880s, the population of Pazardzhik numbered about 15,000, making it one of the largest in Bulgaria. Since then, the town grew decade by decade, mainly due to immigrants from
12768-441: The first species described. Several additional species have been described in the southern parts of the former Soviet Union , but are not regarded as distinct by most botanists. Hybrids have been recorded between several Hedera species, including Atlantic ivy ( H hibernica ) with common ivy ( H helix ). Hybridisation may also have played a part in the evolution of some species in the genus. A well-known hybrid involving ivies
12920-423: The ground. Ivies have two leaf types, with palmately lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the tops of rock faces, from 2 m or more above ground. The juvenile and adult shoots also differ, the former being slender, flexible and scrambling or climbing with small aerial roots to affix
13072-544: The group of the verb or the verbal group. Nouns and adjectives have the categories grammatical gender , number , case (only vocative ) and definiteness in Bulgarian. Adjectives and adjectival pronouns agree with nouns in number and gender. Pronouns have gender and number and retain (as in nearly all Indo-European languages ) a more significant part of the case system. There are three grammatical genders in Bulgarian: masculine , feminine and neuter . The gender of
13224-501: The highway. The Pan-European Corridor VIII passes through, connecting it with cities such as Skopje . There are intercity buses which connect many cities and also countries like Greece . Pazardzhik has 62,003 cars per 1000 people and around 26 people die in road accidents per 10000 people in 2011 according to the Eurostat . Educational level of the population of Pazardzhik The education after 9 September 1944 also imposed changes in
13376-489: The historical yat vowel or at least root vowels displaying the ya – e alternation. The letter was used in each occurrence of such a root, regardless of the actual pronunciation of the vowel: thus, both ml ya ko and ml e kar were spelled with (Ѣ). Among other things, this was seen as a way to "reconcile" the Western and the Eastern dialects and maintain language unity at a time when much of Bulgaria's Western dialect area
13528-402: The industries were consolidated. New buildings in the 1960s and 1970s were built for the huge industries. According to a CIA report in 1952 a labourer made 16 BGN per day, whilst bank clerks and directors made 500–600 and 800 BGN per month respectively. During this period, Pazardzhik was considered a large industrial centre, with whole trade complexes and streets springing up in the 1970s, but in
13680-481: The influential Malkoçoğlu Bali Bey , who built the Pirzade Curve near Pazardzhik, to Kadı Ishak Çelebi from Bitola , who built one of the city's mosques. The influence of nearby Ihtiman , completely dominated by the powerful Akinji clan of Mihalovtsi, is also important. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the town flourished as a port and warehouse on the river Maritsa , storing grain, wine, rice and timber from
13832-725: The language), and presumably a significant proportion of the 13,200 ethnic Bulgarians residing in neighbouring Transnistria in 2016. Another community abroad are the Banat Bulgarians , who migrated in the 17th century to the Banat region now split between Romania, Serbia and Hungary. They speak the Banat Bulgarian dialect , which has had its own written standard and a historically important literary tradition. There are Bulgarian speakers in neighbouring countries as well. The regional dialects of Bulgarian and Macedonian form
13984-576: The language, but its pronunciation is in many respects a compromise between East and West Bulgarian (see especially the phonetic sections below). Following the efforts of some figures of the National awakening of Bulgaria (most notably Neofit Rilski and Ivan Bogorov ), there had been many attempts to codify a standard Bulgarian language; however, there was much argument surrounding the choice of norms. Between 1835 and 1878 more than 25 proposals were put forward and "linguistic chaos" ensued. Eventually
14136-456: The latest 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows: In the 18th and early 19th centuries, the all-Bulgarian districts of Kavlakkavak and Syulyukkavak were established. According to some accounts, by the mid-19th century the city consisted of 33 neighbourhoods - 18 Turkish, 12 Bulgarian and 3 Gypsy. Although the Bulgarian neighbourhoods were smaller in number, they were more densely populated, while
14288-469: The latest fashion with a brilliant luxury of silk and brocade frocks—dancing polka and mazurka. They are very fond of visits on Sundays and holidays. Therefore, this is a very good custom, because it softens the manners, and, indeed, we can meet many polite and easy-going people in this town. Bela Erody wrote the following in the Hungarian weekly newspaper Vasarnapi Ujsag on 5 March 1876 regarding women in
14440-409: The latter. Russian loans are distinguished from Old Bulgarian ones on the basis of the presence of specifically Russian phonetic changes, as in оборот (turnover, rev), непонятен (incomprehensible), ядро (nucleus) and others. Many other loans from French, English and the classical languages have subsequently entered the language as well. Modern Bulgarian was based essentially on the Eastern dialects of
14592-481: The literary norm regarding the yat vowel, many people living in Western Bulgaria, including the capital Sofia , will fail to observe its rules. While the norm requires the realizations vidyal vs. videli (he has seen; they have seen), some natives of Western Bulgaria will preserve their local dialect pronunciation with "e" for all instances of "yat" (e.g. videl , videli ). Others, attempting to adhere to
14744-557: The local coalition "Novoto Vreme", who won his first election in 2007 and subsequently served second, third and currently fourth consecutive terms in 2011, 2015 and 2019. Afterwards, Petar Kulenski , a part of the political party We Continue the Change , won the 2023 elections with 3000 votes ahead of Popov and became incumbent mayor as of 2023. The mayor is a branch in the administration, which includes an Internal Audit Department, Financial Controller, Deputy Mayor, Data Security Officer and
14896-437: The local villages held an annual market and their leadership was entrusted to their leader Sar-Khan Bey, who in turn settled in the depopulated village of Zagorovo, from which Sarukhanbehlu (today Septemvri ) emerged. According to Zahariev, a historian from Pazardzhik, the first Tatar settlers were united in the mahalla Hadzha Kalach, which also built the first mosque in the town. It became a town in 1488. Pazardzhik developed in
15048-475: The low vowels / ɛ / , / ɔ / and / a / in unstressed position, sometimes leading to neutralisation between / ɛ / and / i / , / ɔ / and / u / , and / a / and / ɤ / . Both patterns have partial parallels in Russian, leading to partially similar sounds. In turn, the Western dialects generally do not have any allophonic palatalization and exhibit minor, if any, vowel reduction. Standard Bulgarian keeps
15200-399: The masculine ones usually have –и for polysyllables and –ове for monosyllables (however, exceptions are especially common in this group). Nouns ending in –о/–е (most of which are neuter) mostly use the suffixes –а, –я (both of which require the dropping of the singular endings) and –та . With cardinal numbers and related words such as няколко ('several'), masculine nouns use
15352-477: The most significant exception from the above are the relatively numerous nouns that end in a consonant and yet are feminine: these comprise, firstly, a large group of nouns with zero ending expressing quality, degree or an abstraction, including all nouns ending on –ост/–ест -{ost/est} ( мъдрост /ˈmɤdrost/ 'wisdom', низост /ˈnizost/ 'vileness', прелест /ˈprɛlɛst/ 'loveliness', болест /ˈbɔlɛst/ 'sickness', любов /ljuˈbɔf/ 'love'), and secondly,
15504-510: The name ivy especially denotes common ivy ( Hedera helix ), known in North America as "English ivy", which is frequently planted to clothe brick walls. On level ground ivies remain creeping, not exceeding 5–20 cm height, but on surfaces suitable for climbing, including trees , natural rock outcrops or man-made structures such as quarry rock faces or built masonry and wooden structures, they can climb to at least 30 m above
15656-719: The national average (18,382 BGN ) and 18% lower than that of the province (10,315 BGN). It is the result of the general economic situation and low competitiveness. The average monthy salary was 635 BGN and unemployment was 5.2% in 2015. As of 31 May 2014, according to the data of the Directorate "Labour Office", 4 008 people were unemployed. In the period January–May 2014, the number of people who entered employment were 1175 people, of which 153 people (13%) were long-term unemployed. Women were 59% unemployed, while men were 41% unemployed. The unemployment rate increased to 5.7% in 2017. Activity rates were an estimated 49.8%. The economy today
15808-838: The native vegetation. The use of ivies as ornamental plants in horticulture in California and other states is now discouraged or banned in certain jurisdictions. Similar problems exist in Australia . For example, in both countries the North African drought-tolerant H. canariensis and H. algeriensis and European H. helix were originally cultivated in garden, park, and highway landscaping, but they have become aggressively invasive in coastal forests and riparian ecosystems, now necessitating costly eradication programs. The berries are moderately toxic to humans. Ivy foliage contains triterpenoid saponins and falcarinol . Falcarinol
15960-572: The newspaper Makedoniya : "Such an artificial assembly of written language is something impossible, unattainable and never heard of." After 1944 the People's Republic of Bulgaria and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia began a policy of making Macedonia into the connecting link for the establishment of a new Balkan Federative Republic and stimulating here a development of distinct Macedonian consciousness. With
16112-459: The nomads of Sarukhan in the founding of Pazardzhik. To answer the question of how and when the city was founded, Zahariev combines two different episodes in the history of the settlement of Thrace to create a 'story'. Three years later in 1398, according to the history of İbn-i Kemal , the city was founded by the migration of Tatars from Actav to Rumelia . Another claim according to Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall , an Austrian historian and orientalist,
16264-447: The norm, will actually use the "ya" sound even in cases where the standard language has "e" (e.g. vidyal , vidyali ). The latter hypercorrection is called свръхякане ( svrah-yakane ≈"over- ya -ing"). Bulgarian is the only Slavic language whose literary standard does not naturally contain the iotated e /jɛ/ (or its variant, e after a palatalized consonant /ʲɛ/ , except in non-Slavic foreign-loaned words). This sound combination
16416-659: The noun can largely be inferred from its ending: nouns ending in a consonant ("zero ending") are generally masculine (for example, град /ɡrat/ 'city', син /sin/ 'son', мъж /mɤʃ/ 'man'; those ending in –а/–я (-a/-ya) ( жена /ʒɛˈna/ 'woman', дъщеря /dɐʃtɛrˈja/ 'daughter', улица /ˈulitsɐ/ 'street') are normally feminine; and nouns ending in –е, –о are almost always neuter ( дете /dɛˈtɛ/ 'child', езеро /ˈɛzɛro/ 'lake'), as are those rare words (usually loanwords) that end in –и, –у, and –ю ( цунами /tsuˈnami/ ' tsunami ', табу /tɐˈbu/ 'taboo', меню /mɛˈnju/ 'menu'). Perhaps
16568-994: The noun they are appended to. They may also take the definite article as explained above. Pronouns may vary in gender, number, and definiteness, and are the only parts of speech that have retained case inflections. Three cases are exhibited by some groups of pronouns – nominative, accusative and dative. The distinguishable types of pronouns include the following: personal, relative, reflexive, interrogative, negative, indefinitive, summative and possessive. A Bulgarian verb has many distinct forms, as it varies in person, number, voice, aspect, mood, tense and in some cases gender. Finite verbal forms are simple or compound and agree with subjects in person (first, second and third) and number (singular, plural). In addition to that, past compound forms using participles vary in gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and voice (active and passive) as well as aspect (perfective/aorist and imperfective). Bulgarian verbs express lexical aspect : perfective verbs signify
16720-473: The official languages of the European Union . It is also spoken by the Bulgarian historical communities in North Macedonia , Ukraine , Moldova , Serbia , Romania , Hungary , Albania and Greece . One can divide the development of the Bulgarian language into several periods. Bulgarian was the first Slavic language attested in writing. As Slavic linguistic unity lasted into late antiquity,
16872-470: The oldest manuscripts initially referred to this language as ѧзꙑкъ словѣньскъ, "the Slavic language". In the Middle Bulgarian period this name was gradually replaced by the name ѧзꙑкъ блъгарьскъ, the "Bulgarian language". In some cases, this name was used not only with regard to the contemporary Middle Bulgarian language of the copyist but also to the period of Old Bulgarian. A most notable example of anachronism
17024-429: The past pluperfect subjunctive. Perfect constructions use a single auxiliary "be". The traditional interpretation is that in addition to the four moods (наклонения /nəkloˈnɛnijɐ/ ) shared by most other European languages – indicative (изявително, /izʲəˈvitɛɫno/ ) imperative (повелително /poveˈlitelno/ ), subjunctive ( подчинително /pottʃiˈnitɛɫno/ ) and conditional (условно, /oˈsɫɔvno/ ) – in Bulgarian there
17176-604: The pockets of speakers of the related regional dialects in Albania and in Greece variously identify their language as Macedonian or as Bulgarian. In Serbia , there were 13,300 speakers as of 2011, mainly concentrated in the so-called Western Outlands along the border with Bulgaria. Bulgarian is also spoken in Turkey: natively by Pomaks , and as a second language by many Bulgarian Turks who emigrated from Bulgaria, mostly during
17328-649: The population have had secondary, or higher education. In comparison, Pazardzhik Province has 52.7% highly educated population, while Yuzhen Tsentralen Planning Region has around 57.1% of highly educated. According to the European Roma Rights Centre in 2002–2003, Pazardzhik had segregated education of the Romani people , specifically in the Iztok neighbourhood, which has two schools: one for 1–4th grade and 5–8th grade. Many Roma students drop out after
17480-704: The proclamation of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia as part of the Yugoslav federation, the new authorities also started measures that would overcome the pro-Bulgarian feeling among parts of its population and in 1945 a separate Macedonian language was codified. After 1958, when the pressure from Moscow decreased, Sofia reverted to the view that the Macedonian language did not exist as a separate language. Nowadays, Bulgarian and Greek linguists, as well as some linguists from other countries, still consider
17632-644: The province. After passing accreditation in November 2013, the number of hospital beds as of 1 January 2014 are 434. Bulgarian language Rup Moesian Bulgarian ( / b ʌ l ˈ ɡ ɛər i ə n / , / b ʊ l ˈ -/ bu(u)l- GAIR -ee-ən ; български език , bŭlgarski ezik , pronounced [ˈbɤɫɡɐrski] ) is an Eastern South Slavic language spoken in Southeast Europe , primarily in Bulgaria . It
17784-614: The region, the highest temperature ever recorded around 1921–1955 is 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) in July, while the lowest is −29.5 °C (−21.1 °F) in February. Mainly in June, July and August are shown to have higher temperatures in comparison with the other months. The coldest months are December, January and February, as shown in the climate table. The wettest months of the year are May and June, both above 58 mm. The name comes from
17936-466: The resultant verb often deviates in meaning from the original. In the pair examples above, aspect is stem-specific and therefore there is no difference in meaning. In Bulgarian, there is also grammatical aspect . Three grammatical aspects are distinguishable: neutral, perfect and pluperfect. The neutral aspect comprises the three simple tenses and the future tense. The pluperfect is manifest in tenses that use double or triple auxiliary "be" participles like
18088-421: The rivers. The region is traditionally used for agriculture due to the favourable climate and fertile soils and is considered a recognised region for the cultivation of vegetables and fruit. Besides cereals, tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, watermelons, tobacco and wine, but also peaches, cherries and cotton are grown. From the 15th century until the 1980s, Pazardzhik was a centre of Bulgarian rice cultivation, which
18240-510: The rural areas and surrounding smaller towns, reaching its peak in 1985–1992 with over 80,000 inhabitants. Thereafter, as a result of the poor economic situation in the Bulgarian provinces in the 1990s, the population began to shrink, leading to a new exodus towards the national capital Sofia and abroad. In February 2011, the city had 71,979 inhabitants, while the Pazardzhik Municipality has 114,817 inhabitants. According to
18392-447: The shoot to the substrate (rock or tree bark), the latter thicker, self-supporting and without roots. The flowers are greenish-yellow with five small petals; they are produced in umbels in autumn to early winter and are very rich in nectar . The fruit is a greenish-black, dark purple or (rarely) yellow berry 5–10 mm diameter with one to five seeds, ripening in late winter to mid-spring. The seeds are dispersed by birds which eat
18544-525: The singular ones, but may also provide some clues to it: the ending –и (-i) is more likely to be used with a masculine or feminine noun ( факти /ˈfakti/ 'facts', болести /ˈbɔlɛsti/ 'sicknesses'), while one in –а/–я belongs more often to a neuter noun ( езера /ɛzɛˈra/ 'lakes'). Also, the plural ending –ове /ovɛ/ occurs only in masculine nouns. Two numbers are distinguished in Bulgarian– singular and plural . A variety of plural suffixes
18696-653: The south, near the Besaparian hills. Another settlement was established in this period, at the today's railway station. It was destroyed due to the construction of the railroad Baronhirshova in 1876, the station and other structures around it in the beginning of the 20th century. A clay idol (named the Pazardzhik Venus ) was found in 1872 and now is in the Natural History Museum in Vienna . It
18848-428: The standard Bulgarian language, however, did not wish to make any allowances for a pluricentric "Bulgaro-Macedonian" compromise. In 1870 Marin Drinov , who played a decisive role in the standardization of the Bulgarian language, rejected the proposal of Parteniy Zografski and Kuzman Shapkarev for a mixed eastern and western Bulgarian/Macedonian foundation of the standard Bulgarian language, stating in his article in
19000-479: The station's telegraph office while the Turkish military were in Sovadzhiyan's office. Risking his life, he interpreted the telegram in the opposite sense. Namely, that the city and its inhabitants should be spared. To avoid scrutiny, Sovadzhiyan swallowed the printed text of the original message. After some time, the Russian troops entered the city, which was saved from destruction by an Armenian. In 1904, there
19152-430: The town with 14,000 soldiers, 4,300 cavalry, and around 160 guns (12 foot batteries and 2 horse batteries). The town was seized after a brief siege and a tremendous attack, for which Kamensky's regiment received the silver Bazardzhik (Pazardzhik) medal, which was worn on St. George ribbons. In the mid-19th century, Pazardzhik was an important craft and trade centre with a population of about 25,000. Some mahallas emerged in
19304-415: The town, one of them being Chiksalan. There were two large annual fairs and a large market on Tuesdays and Wednesdays. There was a post office and a telegraph. The town also developed into an important cultural centre during this period, as the first school in the town, which was taught Bulgarian alongside Greek, was opened by bishop Dionysius in 1823, a class school was opened in 1847, a girls' school in 1848,
19456-497: The tree at all, and even supports at least 50 species of wildlife." Harm and problems are more significant in North America , where ivy is without the natural pests and diseases that control its vigour in its native continents; the photosynthesis or structural strength of a tree can be overwhelmed by aggressive ivy growth leading to death directly or by opportunistic disease and insect attacks. Several ivy species have become
19608-484: The various Macedonian dialects as part of the broader Bulgarian pluricentric dialectal continuum . Outside Bulgaria and Greece, Macedonian is generally considered an autonomous language within the South Slavic dialect continuum. Sociolinguists agree that the question whether Macedonian is a dialect of Bulgarian or a language is a political one and cannot be resolved on a purely linguistic basis, because dialect continua do not allow for either/or judgements. In 886 AD,
19760-535: The verb class. The possible existence of a few other moods has been discussed in the literature. Most Bulgarian school grammars teach the traditional view of 4 Bulgarian moods (as described above, but excluding the subjunctive and including the inferential). There are three grammatically distinctive positions in time – present, past and future – which combine with aspect and mood to produce a number of formations. Normally, in grammar books these formations are viewed as separate tenses – i. e. "past imperfect" would mean that
19912-623: The verb is in past tense, in the imperfective aspect, and in the indicative mood (since no other mood is shown). There are more than 40 different tenses across Bulgarian's two aspects and five moods. Hedera See text Hedera , commonly called ivy (plural ivies ), is a genus of 12–15 species of evergreen climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae , native to Western Europe , Central Europe , Southern Europe , Macaronesia , northwestern Africa and across central-southern Asia east to Japan and Taiwan . Several species are cultivated as climbing ornamentals, and
20064-490: The war, unprotected Pazardzhik was spared planned depredation. Elsewhere along the Maritsa, the Ottoman commander Süleyman Hüsnü Pasha had burned down several settlements and killed or mistreated the inhabitants. A group of young Jews organised a vigilante group in the town in order to protect the possessions of Bulgarian families that have fled and their own, as well as to defend the remaining population from violent attacks by
20216-441: The way it clings and grows over stones and bricks. US Pacific Coast regional common names for H. canariensis include "California ivy" and "Algerian ivy". For H. helix , regional common names include "common ivy" (Britain and Ireland) and "English ivy" (North America). The name ivy has also been used as a common name for a number of other unrelated plants, including Boston ivy (Japanese Creeper Parthenocissus tricuspidata , in
20368-548: The winter, ivy has traditionally been imbued with a spiritual significance. It was brought into homes to drive out evil spirits. In Ancient Rome it was believed that a wreath of ivy could prevent a person from becoming drunk, and such a wreath was worn by Bacchus , the god of intoxication. Ivy bushes or ivy-wrapped poles have traditionally been used to advertise taverns in the United Kingdom, and many pubs are still called The Ivy. The clinging nature of ivy makes it
20520-585: The word pazar , ultimately from the Persian : bāzār , "market" + the Turkic diminutive suffix -cık , "small". Called Tatar Pazardzhik because the Qarā Tātārs settled there earlier in the town's history, its title thus signified, "small Tatar market". From the 15th-19th century, foreign travellers wrote the city's name as Pazardzhik, Bazardzhik, Tatar Pazardzhik , etc. Bulgarian written documents from
20672-461: The yat alternation in almost all Eastern dialects that have it (except a few dialects along the yat border, e.g. in the Pleven region). More examples of the yat umlaut in the literary language are: Until 1945, Bulgarian orthography did not reveal this alternation and used the original Old Slavic Cyrillic letter yat (Ѣ), which was commonly called двойно е ( dvoyno e ) at the time, to express
20824-620: The year when few other nectar or fruit sources are available. The ivy bee Colletes hederae is completely dependent on ivy flowers, timing its entire life cycle around ivy flowering. The fruit are eaten by a range of birds, including thrushes , blackcaps , and woodpigeons . The leaves are eaten by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera such as angle shades , lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing , scalloped hazel , small angle shades , small dusty wave (which feeds exclusively on ivy), swallow-tailed moth and willow beauty . A very wide range of invertebrates shelter and overwinter in
20976-412: The years from its foundation in 1398 to the time of the earliest Ottoman register available in 1472. According to the register, by the year it was put together, the town had roughly 105 Muslim homes and was a completely Muslim town. Within a period of less than eighty years, Tatar Pazardzhik was already included as a town in the Ottoman cadastre - eloquent testimony to its highly successful development. It
21128-446: Was a fire in the city, which burnt down more than 300 workshops and commercial buildings. Handicraft was practiced in the early 20th century, such as the production of aba, haberdashery and coppersmithing. There were many factories such as for tobacco, food products, walnut and sesame oil. The famous British travel writer Patrick Leigh Fermor visited Pazardzhik in the late summer of 1934, according to his book The Broken Road . During
21280-559: Was a prominent doctor working in the hospital. He created the first private hospital in the town. After 1948, hospital work expanded, as outpatient examinations increased, and the number of qualified staff were growing. From 1 January 1959, by decision of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, the hospital became a district hospital directly subordinate to it. From 1979 to 1990 the District Clinical Hospital became
21432-673: Was closed on 20 November 1950, and the survivors were sent to the Belene camp. Eight people, "because they knew everything that was going on in the camp", were left without sentences "forever in Pazardzhik prison", but they too were transferred to Belene in June 1952. Approximately 600 prisoners were behind bars in 1952, which were forced to work on hydroelectric power stations on the Maritsa. In Bulgaria, there were instances of violent resistance against minorities. In 1971, there were riots in Pazardzhik, during which two Communist Party officials were reportedly killed. The authorities replied by detaining
21584-430: Was controlled by Serbia and Greece , but there were still hopes and occasional attempts to recover it. With the 1945 orthographic reform, this letter was abolished and the present spelling was introduced, reflecting the alternation in pronunciation. This had implications for some grammatical constructions: Sometimes, with the changes, words began to be spelled as other words with different meanings, e.g.: In spite of
21736-447: Was deployed. The Soviet command in Pazardzhik was headed by Dmitry Gorunkov and assistants - Nikolai Pavlovich Ugryumov and Vasily Feodorovich Bezhanov. After 9 September 1944, the city grew to an industrial centre, which in 1947 during nationalisation, began consolidation of industrial enterprises. The leading sectors of the economy were food and beverages, machinery and metals, chemical, electronics, production of accumulators, etc. In 1960
21888-420: Was established a factory for accumulators, one of the biggest ones in Bulgaria. In 1981 49,7% of the industrial products in the okrug were produced in the town. Pazardzhik had 72 industrial enterprises and the cooperatives are also developed. After 1989, the process of state ownership in its various forms began. Conditions were made for the development of private-owned agriculture enterprises. The special camp "C"
22040-754: Was established. It was a secret concentration camp, organized secretly and illegally, about which only the head of the State's Security and Georgi Dimitrov knew about. It was housed in the old prison, and was run by the Counterintelligence Department II of the State Security. It was intended for persons captured on the border, but from the very beginning many IMRO activists were also sent. According to testimonies, they were killed with iron rods by groups of executioners. By 1950, 137 people were sent to Camp C, of whom 65 died. The camp
22192-631: Was introduced in the region as early as the time of Lala Şahin Pasha , but according to the authoritative opinion of Inaljik, the intensification and expansion of rice cultivation in the Plovdiv region can only take place during the reign of Mehmed II . This is confirmed by the reports of the construction of the city of Plovdiv by Hadım Şehabeddin until the mid-15th century. A part of the Tatars left Pazardzhik and its surroundings and those who remained in
22344-571: Was made in the 5th millennium BC and is a clay figure of a seated woman. Near the city lived the Bessi tribe in the Iron Age , which their main city was Bessapara near the village Sinitovo and the ancient Roman road Via Militaris passed through it. Until 1920, was preserved a Thracian tombstone near the today's market in Pazardzhik. Northeast of it, an annular well was discovered, believed to be from an Thracian villa complex. The Eneolithic culture
22496-542: Was no 'hiatus' (interruption) between the Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age cultures, indicating that at least part of the lowland population of Pazardzhik seems to have retreated to the mountains. The Drougoubitai tribe settled here in the early Middle Ages . The region is incorporated in the First Bulgarian Empire during Omurtag 's reign and also the battles of Malamir . Archaeological leads from
22648-437: Was planned to be burnt down like other settlements that experienced it during the April Uprising . In Pazardzhik—а strong stronghold of Turkish power—an uprising could not take place. The Turkish garrisons in town instilled fear in the local activists, many of whom were rich people. The plan to burn down the town and cut the railway line was not carried out. Thus, the Turkish authorities had a large superiority of forces already at
22800-493: Was practised in the humid lowlands of the Upper Thracian Plain. The yellowish rice grains of Pazardzhik were well known and better appreciated than the rice grown around Plovdiv or further southeast along the Maritsa. Western visitors were amazed by the intensive rice culture and already in the 18th century spoke of the area as a "European Egypt " (in a travel diary from 1786. Today, rice cultivation no longer plays
22952-404: Was reached that the newly formed Bulgarian People's Army. The first reported Soviet troops entered Pazardzhik on 23 September 1944. From the autumn of 1944 until the summer of 1946, troops from the 9th Artillery Division, commanded by Major-General Andrei Ratov, were stationed in the town, and the division's headquarters were located in Plovdiv. Near Glavinitsa in the winter of 1944 the aviation unit
23104-629: Was taken to Rumelia and settled in Konush, where Minnetoglu Mehmed Bey built an imaret and a caravanserai and enlivened the surrounding area. Some facts in the narrative require special attention. According to the contrast of Balkanski, the resettled Tatars belonged to the Samagar tribe and Minnetoglu Bey is portrayed as the executor of the Sultan's will. The leader of the deported Tatars was Minnet Bey and they most likely appeared as part of Timur's forces in
#407592