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40-626: Pazhou is a subdistrict of Haizhu in southeastern Guangzhou , Guangdong Province , in China . Pazhou Island , formerly Whampoa Island , has a total area of 15 km (5.8 sq mi) and is the site of Pazhou Pagoda . Its eastern bay was formerly the chief anchorage for ships participating in Guangzhou's foreign trade . Traders from the "Southern Sea", including Indians, Arabians, and most Europeans, were required to keep their ships at Pazhou while smaller craft ferried goods to and from

80-437: A seacock below the light-load line and calibrated to reflect the draft of the ship. Larger ships need to keep the propeller immersed when they are light (without cargo ), and may ballast further to reduce windage or for better directional stability or seakeeping, or to distribute load along the hull to reduce hogging and sagging stresses. To achieve this they use sailing ballast distributed among ballast tanks to stabilize

120-401: A draft increase to heel effect where the ship's beam angles on one side during an alteration of course (sometimes known as turning effect). Draft is a significant factor limiting navigable waterways, especially for large vessels. This includes many shallow coastal waters and reefs, but also some major shipping lanes, therefore restriction on the maximum draft (the draft limit , a distance from

160-416: A few of their own seamen to these ships as guards. In 1686, Westerners were allowed to rent accommodations in the factory quarter to avoid the necessity of shuttling back to Pazhou each night. For the most part, the supercargos, their assistants, and the bookkeepers stayed at the factories, the crew—except for a few guards or those on shore leave—stayed with the ships, and the captains continued to ferry between

200-435: A high or low stability, depending on the height of the center of gravity , which is affected by the distribution of cargo. The draft of a ship can be increased by longitudinal motion in shallow water, a hydrodynamic effect known as squat , which causes a local pressure reduction under the vessel. This in effect causes a ship to 'vertically sink 'down' leading to a reduction in under keel clearance . Large ships experience

240-498: A local pilot, although English merchants occasionally showed off by making the trip unaided. The swift current and lack of wind meant most ships needed towing; this was usually done using the ship's boats but some needed help from other ships' boats or the Chinese sampans . Chinese regulations prescribed that the ships entered the anchorage with their gunwales decked out in a "paunk suite", a brightly colored cloth with yellow ribbons;

280-540: A major port on the South China Sea , connecting its traders with Hunan and northern China via a network of canals. The port was protected by its city wall and by fortifications and naval bases around the Humen Strait (formerly the "Boca Tigris" or "Bogue"). Ships of war were not permitted to pass closer to the city. European trade began with the arrival of Rafael Perestrello on a native junk in 1516 and

320-427: A ship or boat can safely navigate in relation to the under keel clearance available. The more heavily a vessel is loaded, the deeper it sinks into the water, and the greater its draft (also referred to as its displacement). After construction, the shipyard creates a table showing how much water the vessel displaces based on its draft and the density of the water (salt or fresh). The draft can also be used to determine

360-401: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Draft (hull) The draft or draught of a ship is a determined depth of the vessel below the waterline , measured vertically to its hull 's lowest—its propellers , or keel , or other reference point. Draft varies according to the loaded condition of the ship. A deeper draft means the ship will have greater vertical depth below

400-502: Is one of the smaller administrative divisions of China . It is a form of township -level division which is typically part of a larger urban area, as opposed to a discrete town (zhèn, 镇) surrounded by rural areas, or a rural township (xiāng, 乡). In general, urban areas are divided into subdistricts and a subdistrict is sub-divided into several residential communities or neighbourhoods as well as into villagers' groups (居民区/居住区, 小区/社区, 村民小组). The subdistrict's administrative agency

440-492: Is the current site of the annual Canton Fair . The English , French , and Danish Whampoa and Swedish Wampoa are irregular romanizations of the Chinese 黃埔, "Yellow Bank". The name was used to refer indifferently to the island, its settlement, and its anchorage. Modern Pazhou is an island in the Pearl River with an area of about 15 km (5.8 sq mi). It lies 25 miles (40 km) upriver of

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480-441: Is the subdistrict office ( Chinese : 街道办事处 ; pinyin : jīedào bànshìchù ) or simply the jiedao ban (街道办, jiēdào bàn). Because of the influence of the literal meaning of the Chinese word for 'subdistrict' (street [街道, jiedao]), the term is prone to alternative translations like 'street community'. This government -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Chinese location article

520-578: The Battle of Whampoa was fought between British and Chinese forces on 2 March 1841. Even following the Opium Wars and into the 20th century, sailing vessels continued to stop at Pazhou though steamers began to call at Guangzhou directly. The Canton Fair has been located in Pazhou since its 104th session. Pazhou station , Xingangdong station and Modiesha station of Guangzhou Metro are located on

560-508: The East Indiamen turned it into Guangzhou's deep-water port. Early traders were obliged to follow the monsoon winds, arriving between June and September, conducting their business, and then departing between November and February. Typically, cargo was ferried from the ships by its own crew and to the ships at the expense of the Chinese merchants on their "chop boats" (lighters). To avoid theft or piracy, foreign traders began assigning

600-544: The Humen Strait and historically about 12 miles (19 km) east of the walled city of Guangzhou proper, although Guangzhou has since expanded so greatly that Puzhou forms part of its city center. Since the Thirteen Factories —the ghetto assigned to foreign traders in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries—was located in Guangzhou's western suburbs , the trip between the anchorage and the wharves at Jack-ass Point

640-550: The Suez Canal , the limiting factor for Suezmax ships is draft. Some supertankers are able to transit the Suez Canal when unladen or partially laden, but not when fully laden. Canals are not the only draft-limited shipping lanes. A Malaccamax ship, is the deepest draft able to transit the very busy but relatively shallow Strait of Malacca . The Strait only allows ships to have 0.4 m (1.31 ft) more draft than

680-403: The Thirteen Factories area of Guangzhou's western suburbs . Traders rented storage for ships supplies and repair shops on Whampoa Island. Images of the anchorage were a common theme in 18th-century art. With the expansion of Guangzhou, the subdistrict is now part of its downtown area, with many commercial and recreational facilities. The Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center

720-605: The Thirteen Factories at Guangzhou. Foreign crews were usually left on their ships, but captains usually rotated shore leaves and work on land to keep up morale. Common trips were to the Fanee Gardens and Hoi Tong Monastery on Henan and to the shopping streets of the Thirteen Factories , particularly Hog Lane. Despite the generally healthy climate, fevers still occasionally decimated crews and drunkenness and brawls were common. Officers chaperoned shore leaves but sometimes required help from local authorities, as in 1761 when

760-808: The monsoon winds. By then, fixed berths for different nations were established at the anchorage. Innermost and westernmost were the Americans and after them came the Dutch and the Swedes. Next came the Danes and the French , close to Changzhou ("Dane's Island") and Xiaoguwei ("French Island"), which they used for their bases. The British were last and outermost. Getting the ship from the Human Strait to Pazhou usually required traveling only by day and assistance from

800-411: The waterline measured vertically to the lowest part of the hull , propellers , or other reference point". That is, the draft or draught is the maximum depth of any part of the vessel, including appendages such as rudders, propellers and drop keels if deployed. The related term air draft is the maximum height of any part of the vessel above the water. Draft determines the minimum depth of water

840-539: The Humen Strait. These 9-story towers used signal fires to relay messages, and it was said they could be sent from Guangzhou to Beijing —a distance of about 1,200 miles (1,900 km)—in less than 24 hours. During his 1832 visit, Edmund Roberts noted that Pazhou was unsafe for foreigners, with locals beating anyone who entered certain areas. Xiaoguwei was more accommodating. During the First Opium War ,

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880-477: The Imperial system is as stated above (markings 6 inches high, spaced at 12 inch intervals, where the bottom of each marking is the draft in feet); in metric marking, the bottom of each draft mark is the draft in decimeters and each mark is one decimeter high, spaced at intervals of 2 decimeters. An internal draft gauge or draft indicator is used on larger ships. It consists of a pressure gauge attached to

920-527: The Pazhou mandarins closed down a Dutch punsch tent set up on Xiaoguwei at the request of Puankhequa , then the fiador of the Swedish East India Company . He was passing along a request from their supercargo, who in turn was acting on a note from a Swedish captain who had become powerless to keep his men away from it. For the men on the ships, however, sampan ladies would crowd around them to get laundry work or odd jobs. At that time,

960-514: The Suez Canal. Capesize , Ultra Large Crude Carriers and a few Chinamax carriers, are some of the ships that have too deep a draft when laden, for either the Strait of Malacca or the Suez Canal. A small draft allows pleasure boats to navigate through shallower water. This makes it possible for these boats to access smaller ports, to travel along rivers and even to 'beach' the boat. A large draft may increase ultimate stability in, depending on

1000-404: The aft draft, will be known on the bridge and will be shared with the pilot . The draft of a ship can be affected by multiple factors, besides the variations caused by changes in displacement: When measured to the lowest projecting portion of the vessel, it is called the "draft, extreme"; when measured at the bow, it is called "draft, forward"; and when measured at the stern, the "draft, aft";

1040-430: The average of the draft, forward, and the draft, aft is the "draft, mean", and the mean draft when in full load condition is the "draft load". These are markings and numbers located on both sides of a vessel, as close as possible to the bow and stern bow and stern , and then also, often amidships . The number and its associated marking indicate the distance from the marking to the bottom lowest fixed reference point of

1080-419: The crew were also done up in special clothes: black velvet caps, tassels, cotton stockings, buckled knee-garters and shoes, and special buttons. The firing of salutes and replies at Pazhou, where twenty ships might be anchored at a time, made the area a noisy one. While at anchor, the ships were overhauled: cleaned, repaired, painted, with the rigging and sails mended. To facilitate loading and unloading cargo,

1120-448: The hull form, as the center of gravity can be lower. A broad beamed boat like a catamaran can provide high initial stability with a small draft, but the width of the boat increases. A term called keel depth is used for submarines , which can submerge to different depths at sea, specifying the current distance from the water surface to the bottom of the submarine's keel. It is used in navigation to avoid underwater obstacles and hitting

1160-1129: The island. Subdistrict (China) Provinces Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present A subdistrict ( Chinese : 街道 / 街 ; pinyin : jiēdào / jiē ; lit. 'streets and avenues / streets')

1200-491: The land from Pazhou down to the Humen Strait was made up of undulating green hills cut into rice paddies and crowned by groves. Locals also grew sugarcane and vegetables. Since the area was barely above sea level and subject to typhoons , levies were raised around the villages to protect them from the sea. From Pazhou, one could make out five signal towers, the largest being the Lion's Tower on an island halfway between Pazhou and

1240-468: The seabed or riverbed to the water level) is sometimes established (in particular, all ports set up draft limits). Panamax class ships—the largest ships able to transit the Panama Canal —do have a draft limit (and an "air draft" limit for passing under bridges) but are usually limited by beam , or sometimes length overall , for fitting into locks . However, ships can be longer, wider and higher in

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1280-399: The ship, following the unloading of cargo. The draft of a large ship has little direct link with its stability because stability depends mainly on the relative positions of the metacenter of the hull and the center of gravity. However, a "light" ship may have an excessively high stability which can cause uncomfortable rolling of the ship. A fully laden ship (with a large draft) can have either

1320-502: The ships' yards and sprits were removed and stored in sheds on Pazhou or Xiaoguwei. The sheds, made of bamboo poles and woven mats and known as "bankshalls", were usually rented from local officials, though the French and Swedes received permission to build their own on Xiaoguwei. They also served as a workshop for careful repairs or living quarters for the ships' supercargos, but most of them preferred to be left at Macao or ferried to

1360-505: The two. A comprador ( 買班 ) dealt with the ship's provisions at Pazhou, where sampan ladies crowded around the ships to do laundry and odd jobs for the sailors. As an added layer of defense and revenue, city officials continued to enforce anchorage at Pazhou even when smaller private craft began to trade in increasing numbers following the mid-18th discovery of the Philippine route allowed them to come and go without waiting months for

1400-403: The vessel (e.g., its keel ). The numbers and markings were large and clear; for instance, on U.S. naval vessels, the numbers were, historically, as a standard, 6 inches tall, with spacing of 12 inches bottom to bottom, vertically. These hull markings constitute a "banded" scale, and may be accompanied by international load line markings. The scale may use Imperial units or metric units ;

1440-408: The waterline. Draft is used in under keel clearance calculations, where the draft is calculated with the available depth of water (from Electronic navigational charts ) to ensure the ship can navigate safely, without grounding. Navigators can determine their draught by calculation or by visual observation (of the ship's painted load lines ). A ship's draft/draught is the "depth of the vessel below

1480-413: The weight of cargo on board by calculating the total displacement of water, accounting for the content of the ship's bunkers , and using Archimedes' principle . The difference between the forward and aft drafts of a ship is termed its trim . In commercial ship operations, the ship will usually quote the mean draft as the vessel's draft. However, in navigational situations, the maximum draft, usually

1520-469: Was about 16 miles (26 km). Before modern dredging, the silt carried by the Pearl River made it shallow and unpredictable as far south as Macao , with large sand banks and swift currents impeding navigation from the Humen Strait on. Foreign ships usually depended on local pilots; the relative lack of wind also meant that most sailing ships required towing north from the strait. The main anchorage

1560-563: Was off southeastern Pazhou. Southeast of this was Changzhou ("Dane's Island"). South of Pazhou was Xiaoguwei ("French Island") and southwest Henan ("Honam Island"). The Baiyue peoples had settlements around Guangzhou since the Neolithic era, although the Chinese date the city to the foundation of Panyu by soldiers under Zhao Tuo during the Qin conquest . From then on, it formed

1600-401: Was originally conducted directly on Guangzhou's waterfront. Portuguese misconduct—and rumors that they were eating the children they were enslaving —quickly cut off access, but this was regained after the 1554 Luso-Chinese Accord . Their trade was based out of Macao , but after the general sea bans were lifted in 1684 Pazhou (as "Whampoa") became an important anchorage as the great draft of

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