The Pacific Route was a delivery route used during World War II to move goods, particularly Lend-Lease goods from the United States to the Soviet Union .
87-682: This commenced in October 1941, though some goods had been moved prior to this under the "cash and carry" agreement. The route was affected by the start of hostilities between Japan and the US in December 1941, but was not interrupted as Japan and the Soviet Union maintained a strict neutrality towards each other for the duration of the conflict, changing only in August 1945 . Due to this neutrality
174-621: A bomb exploded in the courtyard of the General Staff. Vasilevsky was slightly wounded but continued working. The kitchen was damaged by the explosion, and the General Staff was relocated underground without hot food. Nevertheless, the Staff continued to function. In December 1941, Vasilevsky coordinated the Moscow counteroffensive, and by early 1942, the general counteroffensive in the Moscow and Rostov directions, further motivated in his work by
261-525: A company fighting against peasant uprisings and assisting in the emergency Soviet policy of prodrazvyorstka , which required peasants to surrender agricultural surplus for a fixed price. Later that year, Vasilevsky took command of a new reserve battalion, and, in October 1919, of a regiment. However, his regiment never took part in the battles of the Russian Civil War , as Anton Denikin 's troops never got close to Tula. In December 1919, Vasilevsky
348-403: A military career. I still wanted to be an agronomist and work in some remote corner of Russia after the war. I could not suppose that my country would change, and I would." After four months of courses that he later considered to be completely outdated, theoretical, and inappropriate for modern warfare, he was sent to the front with the rank of praporshchik , the highest non-commissioned rank in
435-756: A passive commander completely under the control of Stalin, and blamed him for the Kharkov failure in Spring 1942. Among Vasilevsky's strongest critics was Rokossovsky , who criticized Vasilevsky's decisions during the Stalingrad counteroffensive, especially his refusal to commit the 2nd Army to the annihilation of the encircled German divisions, and for general interference with his own work. Rokossovsky even wrote in his memoirs: "I do not even understand what role could Zhukov and Vasilevsky play on Stalingrad front." In fairness to Vasilevsky it needs noting that he diverted
522-456: A result, Vasilevsky enjoyed almost unlimited trust from Stalin. Several years before the war, Zhukov described Vasilevsky as "a man who knew his job as he spent a long time commanding a regiment and who earned great respect from everybody." During the war, Zhukov described Vasilevsky as an able commander, enjoying exceptional trust from Stalin, and able to persuade him even during heated discussions. Vasilevsky never mentioned his awards (including
609-672: A semblance of neutrality for the United States. Coming out of the Great Depression , the U.S. economy was rebounding. Further growth in manufacturing would propel the economy forward. The cash and carry program stimulated U.S. manufacturing while allowing the Allied nations, particularly the United Kingdom , to purchase much needed military equipment. The "cash and carry" legislation enacted in 1939 effectively ended
696-540: A significant number of senior military commanders, vacating a number of positions on the General Staff. To his amazement, Vasilevsky was appointed to the General Staff in October 1937 and held "responsible for operational training of senior officers." In 1938, he was made a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (a sine qua non condition for a successful career in the Soviet Union); in 1939, he
783-553: A situation would potentially allow some reserves to be gathered in the northern part of the front. In October 1941, the situation at the front was becoming critical, with German forces advancing towards Moscow during Operation Typhoon . As a representative of the Soviet General Staff ( Stavka ), Vasilevsky was sent to the Western Front to coordinate the defense and guarantee a flow of supplies and men towards
870-539: A son named Yuri (1925–2013), who went on to become a lieutenant general in the Soviet Air Force . Yuri was married to Era Zhukova, daughter of Georgy Zhukov. Vasilevsky later re-married to Ekaterina Vasilievna Saburova, with whom he had a son named Igor (born 1935). Igor went on to become a well-known architect, and was recipient of the title of Honored Architect of the Russian Federation and
957-614: A victim of the bloodless purge that also saw the end of Zhukov. In 1959, he was appointed a General Inspector of the Ministry of Defense, an honorary position. In 1973, he published his memoirs, The Cause of My Whole Life. Aleksandr Vasilevsky died on December 5, 1977, at the age of 82. His body was cremated and his ashes immured in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis . In 1923, Vasilevsky married Serafima Nikolaevna Voronova (1904–1980), before divorcing in 1934. The couple had
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#17327653750351044-606: Is an impossibility." On November 2, the House passed the Pittman Act repealing provisions of the 1935 act by a vote of 243 to 181. The President gave his signature on November 4. The Act continued the prohibition of making loans to belligerents and the use of American ships, but lifted the ban on arms sales. The purpose of this policy was to allow the Allied nations at war with Germany to purchase war materials while maintaining
1131-686: The Brusilov offensive , becoming a battalion commander after heavy casualties among officers, and gaining the rank of captain by age 22. In November 1917, just after the Russian Revolution , Vasilevsky decided to end his military career. As he wrote in his memoirs, "There was a time when I led soldiers to battle, thinking I was doing my duty as a Russian patriot. However, I understood that we have been cheated, that people needed peace.... Therefore, my military career had to end. With no remorse, I could go back to my favorite occupation, working in
1218-879: The Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces (1942–1945) and Deputy Minister of Defense during World War II , and as Minister of Defense from 1949 to 1953. As the Chief of the General Staff from 1942 to 1945, Vasilevsky became involved in planning and coordinating almost all the decisive Soviet offensives in World War II, from the Operation Uranus of November 1942 to the assaults on East Prussia (January–April 1945), Königsberg (January–April 1945) and Manchuria (August 1945). Vasilevsky began his military career during World War I , earning
1305-856: The Medal "For the Victory over Japan" . He also received several commemorative medals, such as Twenty, Thirty, Forty, and Fifty Years Since the Creation of the Soviet Armed Forces medals, Twenty and Thirty Years Since the Victory in the Great Patriotic War medals, the Eight Hundredth Anniversary of Moscow medal (awarded in 1947 for his participation in the battle of Moscow) and the Hundredth Birthday of Lenin medal. In addition to Soviet orders and medals, Vasilevsky
1392-871: The Ministry of the Maritime Fleet (MorFlot). Goods were moved from US west coast ports (principally Los Angeles , San Francisco , Seattle , and Columbia River ports) and moved via the Great circle route across the Pacific, skirting the Aleutians and the Kuriles. From there they passed via the Perouse strait to Vladivostok. When the Perouse strait was frozen, Soviet ships traveled south of Kyushu and entered
1479-605: The Neutrality Act of 1939 , allowed the sale of military arms to belligerents on the same cash-and-carry basis. Because of the conclusion of the Nye Committee , which asserted that United States involvement in World War I was driven by private interests from arms manufacturers, many Americans believed that investment in a belligerent would eventually lead to American participation in war. The first Neutrality Act
1566-833: The Sea of Japan through the Tsushima Strait to reach Vladivostok. Cargoes including military goods avoided Japanese inspection during the summer months by partially unloading in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to reduce their draught to cross the shallow Amur River estuary and enter the Sea of Japan via the Strait of Tartary . A branch of the Pacific Route began carrying goods through the Bering Strait to
1653-494: The Second Battle of Kharkov , a failed counteroffensive that led to a stinging Red Army defeat, and ultimately to a successful German offensive ( Operation Blue ) in the south. After repelling the enemy from Moscow, Soviet morale was high and Stalin was determined to launch another general counteroffensive during the summer. However, Vasilevsky recognized that "the reality was more harsh than that." Following Stalin's orders,
1740-654: The Smolensk Oblast until August 1921. By 1930, he had served as the regimental commander of the 142nd, 143rd, and 144th rifle regiments, where he showed great skill in organizing and training his troops. In 1928, he graduated from the Vystrel regimental commander's course. During these years, Vasilevsky established friendships with higher commanders and Party members, including Kliment Voroshilov , Vladimir Triandafillov and Boris Shaposhnikov . Shaposhnikov, in particular, would become Vasilevsky's protector until
1827-561: The Soviet Far East State Shipping Company (FESCO) as Lend-Lease provisions. Older Soviet ships had been excluded from the arctic JW convoys of faster Liberty ships to minimize travel time through the dangerous Barents Sea but were suitable for the Pacific route, and were later augmented by Liberty ships supplied to the Soviet Union. The operations of the Pacific Route were organized by Leonid Belakhov , Deputy Commissar and Chief Political Officer of
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#17327653750351914-445: The 2nd Shock Army led by General Andrei Vlasov . On June 26, 1942, Vasilevsky was appointed Chief of the General Staff , and, in October 1942, Deputy Minister of Defense. He was now one of the few people responsible for the global planning of Soviet offensives. Starting from July 23, 1942, Vasilevsky was a Stavka representative on the Stalingrad front, which he correctly anticipated as the main axis of attack. The battle of Stalingrad
2001-415: The 2nd army from the assault on the Stalingrad pocket only in order to commit it against a dangerous German counter-attack from Kotelnikovo, designed to deblockade the pocket, which was enjoying great numerical superiority. Vasilevsky, it seems, was dismayed by Rokossovsky's opposition to the transfer. On the other hand, the writer Victor Suvorov held up Vasilevsky over Zhukov. According to him, Vasilevsky
2088-598: The Alaska Gulf on 22 April 1944; and the United States Navy sank six. USS Grenadier sank SS Angarstroy in the East China Sea on 1 May 1942. USS Sawfish sank Ilmen and Kola off Kyushu on 17 February 1943. Kola was the former United States flagged Pacific Northwest Orient Line Satartia transferred as Lend-Lease on 14 December 1942. Both ships were lighted, but Sawfish
2175-477: The Far East once the war against Germany ended. Vasilevsky began drafting the war plan for Japan by late 1944 and began full-time preparation by April 27, 1945. In June 1945, Stalin approved his plan. Vasilevsky then received the appointment of Commander-in-Chief of USSR Forces in the Far East and travelled by armoured train to Chita to execute the plan. During the preparation phase, Vasilevsky further rehearsed
2262-569: The House on more than one occasion as Isolationists feared that passing the bill would draw the US into the conflict in Europe. However, after Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, the position of many in Congress changed. Senator George W. Norris said, "If we repeal it, we are helping England and France. If we fail to repeal it, we will be helping Hitler and his allies. Absolute neutrality
2349-534: The Kharkov offensive was launched on May 12, 1942. When the threat of encirclement became obvious, Vasilevsky and Zhukov asked for permission to withdraw the advancing Soviet forces. Stalin refused, leading to the encirclement of the Red Army forces and a total defeat. In his memoirs, Khrushchev accused Vasilevsky of being too passive and indecisive, as well as being unable to defend his point of view in front of Stalin during that particular operation. As he wrote, "It
2436-771: The October Revolution when it was created in 1967, two Orders of the Red Banner , a first class Order of Suvorov for his operations in Ukraine and Crimea, and his first decoration, an Order of the Red Star , earned in 1940 for his brilliant staff work during the Winter War . Finally, he was awarded a third class Order for Service to the Homeland as recognition for his entire military career when this order
2523-782: The Red Army. Zhukov would later characterize Vasilevsky as "a man who knew his job as he spent a long time commanding a regiment and who earned great respect from everybody." In 1934, Vasilevsky was appointed to be the Senior Military Training Supervisor of the Volga Military District ( Privolzhsky voyenny okrug ). In 1937, he entered the Academy of the General Staff , where he studied important aspects of military strategy and other topics under experienced generals, including Mikhail Tukhachevsky. By mid-1937, Stalin's Great Purge eliminated
2610-540: The Russian infantry, in May 1915. From June to September, Vasilevsky was assigned to a series of reserve regiments, and finally arrived at the front in September as a half-company commander ( polurotny ) in the 409th Novokhopersky regiment, 109th division, 9th Army. In the spring of 1916, Vasilevsky took command of a company, which eventually became one of the most recognized in the regiment. In May 1916, he led his men during
2697-855: The Soviet Arctic coast in June, 1942. From July through September convoys of shallow draught ships and icebreakers assembled in Providence Bay, Siberia to sail north through the Bering Strait and west along the Northern Sea Route . Total westbound tonnage through the Bering Strait was 452,393 in comparison to 8,243,397 tons through Vladivostok. Part of this northern tonnage was fuel for the Alaska-Siberia Air Route airfields described below. Provisions for
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2784-592: The Soviet Union joining the war against Japan, Russia required 60 divisions to counter the expected 45 Japanese divisions in Manchuria, and Alanbrooke (who was impressed by Stalin’s knowledge of technical detail) asked whether they could maintain 60 divisions and their strategic air force over the TSR. General Antonov (standing in for Marshal Aleksandr Vasilevsky , the CGS) replied in the affirmative, but Stalin himself said it
2871-543: The Soviet Union decoration on September 8. Between 1946 and 1949, Vasilevsky remained Chief of Staff, then became Defense Minister from 1949 to 1953. Following Stalin's death in 1953, Vasilevsky fell from grace and was replaced by Nikolai Bulganin , although he remained deputy Defense minister. In 1956, he was appointed Deputy Defense Minister for Military Science, a secondary position with no real military power. Vasilevsky would occupy this position for only one year before being pensioned off by Nikita Khrushchev , thus becoming
2958-627: The Soviet offensive towards Wilno , advancing to the Neman River despite heavy Polish resistance and German fortifications erected in the region during World War I. Vasilevsky's regiment arrived near Wilno by mid-July and stayed there on a garrison duty until the Treaty of Riga . After the Treaty of Riga , Vasilevsky fought against remaining White forces and peasant uprisings in Belarus and in
3045-566: The State Prize of Czechoslovakia. Igor is married to the daughter of Soviet statesman Ivan Tevosian . In his memoirs, Vasilevsky recalls Stalin's astonishment when, at a ceremony taking place in the Kremlin on December 4, 1941, the Soviet leader saw just a single Order of the Red Star and the medal "XX years of the RKKA" on Vasilevsky's uniform. However, Vasilevsky eventually became one of
3132-627: The USA and Soviet Union's Pacific ports unmolested. This contrasts with Germany and Britain's behavior, whose navies would often destroy or capture neutrals' ships sailing to their respective adversaries. As a result, during most of the war the Pacific Route became the safest path between the USA and the USSR. Nonetheless, several Soviet ships were torpedoed by submarines in the western Pacific. Japanese submarine I-180 probably sank Pavlin Vinogradov in
3219-494: The airfields were transferred to river vessels and barges on the estuaries of large Siberian rivers. The total distance to the Trans-Siberian Railway transfer wharves was 6,000 miles (9,700 km) and took 18–20 days From Vladivostok nearly 400,000 railway car loads of goods were transhipped via the Trans-Siberian Railway to the industrial heart of the Soviet Union, a further 5,000 miles (8,000 km) An Anglo-American delegation visited Moscow in October 1944 to discuss
3306-410: The arms embargo that had been in place since the Neutrality Act of 1936 , and paved the way for Roosevelt's Lend-Lease program. Aleksandr Vasilevsky Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Vasilevsky ( Russian : Александр Михайлович Василевский ) (30 September 1895 – 5 December 1977) was a Soviet career- officer in the Red Army who attained the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1943. He served as
3393-429: The capture of Königsberg in April 1945. In July 1945 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of Soviet forces in the Far East . He executed the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation (August 1945). After the war he became the Soviet Defense Minister from 1949 to 1953, a position he held until after Stalin's death in 1953. With Nikita Khrushchev 's rise to pre-eminence in the mid-1950s, Vasilevsky began losing power and
3480-673: The city as liaison between the Moscow Staff and the evacuated members of the General Staff. In his memoirs, Nikita Khrushchev described Vasilevsky as an "able specialist" even so early in the war. On October 28, 1941, Vasilevsky was promoted to Lieutenant General . The Battle of Moscow was a very difficult period in Vasilevsky's life, with the Wehrmacht approaching close enough to the city for German officers to make out some of Moscow's buildings through their field glasses. As he recalls, his workday often ended at 4 a.m. Moreover, with Marshal Shaposhnikov having fallen ill, Vasilevsky had to make important decisions by himself. On October 29, 1941,
3567-495: The conflict the Pacific Route saw a steady stream of goods moved from the west coast of the United States and overall accounted for some 50% of all Lend-lease goods to the Soviet Union. The route closed in September 1945 with the end of the conflict and the cessation of the Lend-Lease scheme. Pacific Route cargo to Vladivostok was transported exclusively aboard independently routed Soviet ships. In 1942, twenty-seven United States cargo ships , built around 1919, were transferred to
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3654-446: The end of hostilities. Lend-Lease shipments were supported by holding and reconsignment points in Auburn, Washington and Lathrop, California where cargo that could not be promptly moved overseas was held until called to the ports. These facilities constructed with Lend-Lease funds contained single-story warehouses, 960 feet (290 m) long and 180 feet (55 m) wide, with platforms for loading and unloading railway tracks running
3741-421: The field." He travelled from Romania, where his unit was deployed in 1917, back to his own village. In December 1917, while back at home, Vasilevsky learned that the men of the 409th regiment, which had been relocated to Ukraine, had elected him as their commander (at the start of the Russian Revolution, commanders were elected by their own men). However, the local military authorities recommended that he decline
3828-429: The former's death in 1945. Vasilevsky's connections and good performance earned him an appointment to the Directorate of Military Training in 1931. While at the Directorate of Military Training, Vasilevsky supervised the Red Army's training and worked on military manuals and field books. He also met several senior military commanders, such as Mikhail Tukhachevsky and Georgy Zhukov , then the Deputy Cavalry Inspector of
3915-543: The full length of each side and a platform for handling truck freight at one end. Nearby open storage areas were available for freight unloaded from railway cars with cranes. These 600-acre sites employed thousands of civilians and hundreds of Italian prisoners of war and included shops, roundhouses, a mess hall, fire station, dispensary, cafeteria, bachelor officers’ quarters and administration buildings. Fuels, explosives and refrigerated cargoes were handled elsewhere. Cash and carry (World War II) Cash and Carry
4002-404: The goods could be moved only in Soviet-flagged ships, and, as they were inspected by the Japanese, could not include war materials. The route was therefore used to transport foods, raw materials and non-military goods such as lorries and other road vehicles, railway locomotives and rolling stock. It was also the most practical route for goods and materials produced in the US western states. During
4089-418: The goods were not transported on American ships. (Raw materials such as oil were not considered "implements of war".) Roosevelt arranged the inclusion of the "cash and carry" clause "...as a deliberate way to assist Great Britain and France in any war against the Axis Powers, since he realized that they were the only countries that had both the hard currency and ships to make use of "cash-and-carry." The clause
4176-426: The guarantees made during the city's capitulation. Indeed, Vasilevsky promised that German soldiers would not be executed, that prisoners, civilians and wounded would be treated decently, and that all prisoners would return to Germany after the end of the war. Instead, Lasch remained in prison for 10 years and returned to Germany only in 1955, as did many of the Wehrmacht soldiers and officers, while all German population
4263-410: The most decorated commanders in Soviet history. Vasilevsky was awarded the Gold Star of Hero of the Soviet Union twice for operations on the German and Japanese fronts. He was awarded two Orders of Victory (an achievement matched only by Zhukov and Stalin) for his successes in Crimea and Prussia. During his career, he was awarded eight Orders of Lenin (several of them after the war), the Order of
4350-400: The offensive with his army commanders and directed the start of Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation , also known as the Battle of Manchuria . In twenty-four days, from August 9 to September 2, 1945, Japanese armies in Manchukuo were defeated, with just 37,000 casualties out of 1,600,000 troops on the USSR side. For his success in this operation, Vasilevsky was awarded his second Hero of
4437-401: The part of his parents. The same year, a ministerial directive preventing former seminarists from starting university studies initiated a nationwide seminarist movement, with classes stopping in most Russian seminaries. Vasilevsky, among others, was expelled from Kostroma, and only returned several months later, after the seminarists' demands had been satisfied. After completing his studies in
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#17327653750354524-409: The proposal because of the heavy fighting taking place in Ukraine between pro-Soviet forces and the pro-independence Ukrainian government (the Central Rada ). He followed this advice and became a drill instructor in his own Kineshma uezd. He retired in September 1918 and became a school teacher in the Tula Oblast . In April 1919, Vasilevsky was again conscripted into the Red Army and sent to command
4611-422: The rank of captain by 1917. After the October Revolution of 1917 and the start of the Civil War of 1917–1922 he was conscripted into the Red Army , taking part in the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–1921. In peacetime he quickly rose through the ranks, becoming a regimental commander by 1930. In this position he showed great skill in organizing and training his troops. Vasilevsky's talent was noticed, and in 1931 he
4698-425: The region of Mozhaisk , where Soviet forces were attempting to contain the German advance. During heavy fighting near the outskirts of Moscow, Vasilevsky spent all of his available time both in the Stavka and on the front line trying to coordinate the three fronts committed to Moscow's defense. When most of the General Staff (including its chief Marshal Shaposhnikov ) was evacuated from Moscow, Vasilevsky remained in
4785-429: The return of his evacuated family to Moscow. In April 1942, he coordinated the unsuccessful elimination of the Demyansk pocket , the encirclement of the German 2nd Army Corps near Leningrad. On April 24, with Shaposhnikov seriously ill again, Vasilevsky was appointed as acting Chief of Staff and promoted to Colonel General on April 26. In May 1942 one of the most controversial episodes in Vasilevsky's career occurred:
4872-422: The right bank of the Dnieper, leading to a decisive victory in eastern Ukraine. On April 10, 1944, the day Odessa was retaken, Vasilevsky was presented with the Order of Victory , only the second ever awarded (the first having been awarded to Zhukov). Vasilevsky's car rolled over a mine during an inspection of Sevastopol after the fighting ended on May 10, 1944. He received a head wound, cut by flying glass, and
4959-505: The role of the General Staff (and thus Vasilevsky's importance) and to increase the role of the Party and Zhukov. A post-1991 view on Vasilevsky was elaborated by Mezhiritzky in his book, Reading Marshal Zhukov . Mezhiritzky points out Vasilevsky's timidity and his inability to defend his opinions before Stalin. Reportedly, Vasilevsky was appointed to such high military positions because he was easy to manage. However, Mezhiritzky recognizes Vasilevsky's intelligence and assumes that Vasilevsky
5046-463: The seminary and spending a few years working as a teacher, Vasilevsky intended to become an agronomist or a surveyor , but the outbreak of the First World War changed his plans. According to his own words, he was "overwhelmed with patriotic feelings" and decided to become a soldier instead. Vasilevsky took his exams in January 1915 and entered the Alexander Military Law Academy in February. As he recalls, "I did not decide to become an officer to start
5133-452: The two orders of Victory) in his memoirs, attesting to his modesty. American military historians David M. Glantz and Jonathan M. House wrote that Vasilevsky "exercised a calm, rational influence" on Stalin and was "far less temperamental than Zhukov." Vasilevsky's actions and personality were sometimes the object of dispute, while less controversial than those of Zhukov. In particular, Nikita Khrushchev defined Vasilevsky in his memoirs as
5220-453: The war. The army in question was Rodion Malinovsky 's 2nd Guards' which Vasilevsky committed against a dangerous German counter-attack launched from Kotelnikovo by the 57th Panzer corps that was designed to deblockade the Stalingrad pocket. In January 1943, Vasilevsky coordinated the offensives on the upper Don River near Voronezh and Ostrogozhsk, leading to decisive encirclements of several Axis divisions. In mid-January, Vasilevsky
5307-505: Was expelled from Eastern Prussia . For the brilliant successes at Königsberg and in Eastern Prussia, Vasilevsky was awarded his second Order of Victory. John Erickson wrote that: Vasilevskii is a much underestimated soldier, a figure who flits about Soviet historiography but a commander inured to the battlefield yet deft in his handling of the whole Soviet war machine . During the 1944 summer offensive, Stalin announced that he would appoint Vasilevsky Commander-in-Chief of USSR Forces in
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#17327653750355394-448: Was a policy by US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt announced at a joint session of the United States Congress on September 21, 1939, subsequent to the outbreak of war in Europe . It replaced the Neutrality Act of 1937 , by which belligerents could purchase only nonmilitary goods from the United States as long as the recipients paid immediately in cash and assumed all risk in transportation using their own ships. A later revision,
5481-515: Was a priest and thus a potential " enemy of the people ", Vasilevsky said that he had ended his relationship with them in 1926. Stalin, surprised, suggested that he reestablish his family ties at once, and help his parents with whatever needs they might have. By June 1941, Vasilevsky was working around the clock in his General Staff office. On June 22, 1941, he learned of the German bombing of several important military and civilian objectives, starting Operation Barbarossa . In August 1941, Vasilevsky
5568-486: Was a priest to the nearby St. Nicholas Church. His mother, Nadezhda Ivanovna Sokolova, was the daughter of a priest in the nearby village of Ugletz. Vasilevsky reportedly broke off all contact with his parents after 1926 because of his Communist Party membership and his military duties in the Red Army ; three of his brothers did so also. However, the family resumed relations in 1940, following Joseph Stalin 's suggestion that they do so. According to Vasilevsky, his family
5655-437: Was again appointed commander of 3rd Belorussian Front to lead the East Prussian Operation , leaving the post of General Chief of Staff to Aleksei Antonov . As a front commander, Vasilevsky led the East Prussian operation and organized the assaults on Königsberg and Pillau . He also negotiated the surrender of the Königsberg garrison with its commander, Otto Lasch . After the war, Lasch claimed that Vasilevsky did not respect
5742-451: Was another difficult period in Vasilevsky's life. Sent with Zhukov to the Stalingrad Front, he tried to coordinate the defenses of Stalingrad with radio links working intermittently, at best. On September 12, 1942, during a meeting with Stalin, Vasilevsky and Zhukov presented their plan for the Stalingrad counteroffensive after an all-night planning session. Two months later, on November 19, with Stalingrad still unconquered, Operation Uranus
5829-430: Was appointed Chief of the Operations Directorate of the General Staff and Deputy Chief of the General Staff, making him one of the key figures in the Soviet military leadership. At the end of September 1941, Vasilevsky gave a speech before the General Staff, describing the situation as extremely difficult, but pointing out that the northern part of the front was holding, that Leningrad still offered resistance, and that such
5916-483: Was appointed Deputy Commander of the Operations Directorate of the General Staff, while holding the rank of divisional commander. While in this position he and Shaposhnikov were responsible for the planning of the Winter War , and after the Moscow peace treaty , for setting the demarcation line with Finland. As a senior officer, Vasilevsky met frequently with Joseph Stalin . During one of these meetings, Stalin asked Vasilevsky about his family. Since Vasilevsky's father
6003-405: Was appointed a member of the Directorate of Military Training. In 1937, following Stalin 's Great Purge , he was promoted to become a General Staff officer. At the start of the 1943 Soviet counteroffensive of World War II , Vasilevsky coordinated and executed the Red Army's offensives on the upper Don , in the Donbas , Crimea , Belarus and the Baltic states , ending his war in Europe with
6090-704: Was awarded several foreign decorations such as the Polish Virtuti Militari Order from the Polish communist government. A reconstruction of Vasilevsky's ribbon bar, without foreign and Imperial era decorations Vasilevsky was regarded by his peers as a kind and soft military commander. General Sergei Shtemenko , a member of the General Staff during the war, described Vasilevsky as a brilliant, yet modest officer with outstanding experience in staff work. Shtemenko pointed out Vasilevsky's prodigious talent for strategic and operational planning. Vasilevsky also showed his respect for subordinates and demonstrated an acute sense of diplomacy and politeness, which Stalin appreciated. As
6177-409: Was created in 1974, just three years before Vasilevsky's death. Vasilevsky was also awarded fourteen medals. For his participation in various campaigns, he was awarded the Defense of Leningrad, Defense of Moscow, Defense of Stalingrad and Capture of Königsberg medals. As with all Soviet soldiers who took part in the war with Germany and Japan, he was awarded the Medal For the Victory Over Germany and
6264-463: Was doubtful, and considered that assistance from America across the Pacific would be required. The capacity of the TSR was 36 pairs of trains per day, but only 26 could be counted on for military traffic. The capacity of each train was from 600 to 700 tons. Even though Japan had been at war with the USA since December 1941, it was anxious to preserve good relations with the USSR, and, despite German complaints, usually allowed Soviet ships to sail between
6351-571: Was evacuated to Moscow for recovery. During Operation Bagration , the general counteroffensive in Belarus , Vasilevsky coordinated the offensives of the 1st Baltic and 3rd Belorussian Fronts . When Soviet forces entered the Baltic states , Vasilevsky assumed complete responsibility for all the Baltic fronts, discarding the 3rd Belorussian. On July 29, 1944, he was made Hero of the Soviet Union for his military successes. In February 1945, Vasilevsky
6438-624: Was eventually pensioned off. After his death he was buried in the Kremlin Wall necropolis in recognition of his past service and contributions to his country. Vasilevsky was born on September 30, 1895, in Novaya Golchikha in the Kineshma Uyezd (now part of the city of Vichuga , Ivanovo Oblast ) in a family of Russian ethnicity. Vasilevsky was the fourth of eight children. His father, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Vasilevsky,
6525-399: Was extremely poor. His father spent most of his time working to earn money, while the children assisted by working in the fields. In 1897, the family moved to Novopokrovskoe, where his father became a priest to the newly built Ascension Church, and where Aleksandr began his education in the church school. In 1909, he entered Kostroma seminary, which required considerable financial sacrifice on
6612-654: Was launched. Since Zhukov had been sent to near Rzhev to execute Operation Mars (the Rzhev counteroffensive), Vasilevsky remained near Stalingrad to coordinate the double-pincer attack that ultimately led to the German defeat and annihilation of the armies entrapped in the cauldron, all a result of the plan he had presented to Stalin on December 9. This plan sparked some debate between Vasilevsky and Rokossovsky , who wanted an additional army for clearing Stalingrad, which Rokossovsky continued to mention to Vasilevsky even years after
6699-413: Was my view that the catastrophe... could have been avoided if Vasilevsky had taken the position he should have. He could have taken a different position... but he didn't do that, and as a result, in my view, he had a hand in the destruction of thousands of Red Army fighters in the Kharkov campaign." In June 1942, Vasilevsky was briefly sent to Leningrad to coordinate an attempt to break the encirclement of
6786-540: Was necessary to halt the offensive for now, and wait for the initiative from the Wehrmacht. When it became clear that the supposed German offensive was postponed and would no longer take place in May 1943 as expected, Vasilevsky successfully defended continuing to wait for the Wehrmacht to attack, rather than making a preemptive strike as Khrushchev wanted. When the Battle of Kursk finally began on July 4, 1943, Vasilevsky
6873-548: Was passed in August 1935. It was renewed in 1936 and later extended to May 1937. The Act forbade selling implements of war or lending money to belligerent countries under any terms. US passengers traveling on foreign ships were advised that they did so at their own risk. The Neutrality Act of 1937 continued this policy, and in addition, forbade U.S. citizens from traveling on belligerent ships. However, belligerent countries could purchase non-military items provided they paid cash and
6960-642: Was promoted to General of the Army and only 29 days later, on February 16, 1943, to Marshal of the Soviet Union . In March 1943, after the creation of the Kursk salient and the failure of the Third Battle of Kharkov , Stalin and the Stavka had to decide if the offensive should be resumed despite this setback, or if it was better to adopt a defensive stance. Vasilevsky and Zhukov managed to persuade Stalin that it
7047-582: Was responsible for coordinating the Voronezh and Steppe Fronts . After the German failure at Kursk and the start of the general counteroffensive on the left bank of the Dnieper , Vasilevsky planned and executed offensive operations in the Donbas region. Later that year, he developed and executed the clearing of Nazi forces from Crimea. At the start of 1944, Vasilevsky coordinated the Soviet offensive on
7134-698: Was sent to the Western front as a deputy regimental commander, participating in the Polish-Soviet War . As deputy regimental commander of the 427th regiment, 32nd brigade, 11th division, Vasilevsky participated at the battle of Berezina , pulling back as the Polish forces had been slowly but steadily advancing eastward, and in the subsequent counterattack that began on May 14, 1920, breaking through Polish lines before being stopped by cavalry counterattacks. Later, starting from July 4, 1920, he took part at
7221-516: Was set to expire after two years. By the spring of 1939, Roosevelt wanted more flexibility in dealing with the militaristic policies of Germany, Japan, and Italy. Originally presented to Congress by Senator Key Pittman (D-NV) earlier in 1939, the bill was designed to replace the Neutrality Act of 1937, which had lapsed in May 1939. The bill had been defeated repeatedly by the Senate and
7308-402: Was sunk in the area three days later, and is thought to have launched the torpedo. On 3 March 1944 USS Sand Lance torpedoed a ship off Kamchatka "positively identified" as Florida Maru . The torpedoes sank Belorussia . USS Sunfish sank Ob in the Sea of Okhotsk on 6 July 1944. USS Spadefish sank Transbalt near the Perouse strait on 13 June 1945 because the ship
7395-402: Was the only officer responsible for the successful planning and execution of the Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad, and Zhukov played no role whatsoever in it. He claimed that Vasilevsky was the best Soviet military commander and that Soviet victory was mainly due to his actions as the Chief of Staff. According to Suvorov, Zhukov and the Soviet propaganda machine tried, after the war, to reduce
7482-416: Was unaware of the Soviet winter routing change. Sawfish was later able to identify five other ships as Soviet, and let them pass. In July USS Pompon launched torpedoes at a ship known to be "Russian" but alleged to have been improperly marked. The torpedoes missed. Soviet Lend-Lease Liberty ship Odessa was torpedoed near Akhomten Bay on 4 October 1943. Odessa was repaired, but USS S-44
7569-447: Was unlighted and allegedly "not following a designated Russian route." The Pacific Route was augmented by the Alaska-Siberia Air Route ( ALSIB ), which was used to fly combat aircraft and goods from North America to Siberia and beyond. This route was safe from Japanese interference, as it was undertaken by Soviet pilots based in western Alaska. ALSIB was used to deliver nearly 8,000 aircraft, air cargo, and passengers from 7 October 1942 to
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