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66-688: Coined in 1903 as a geographical term roughly corresponding to the historically Celtic land of Cisalpine Gaul , the term was popularized beginning in the early 1990s, when Lega Nord , a federalist and, at times, separatist political party in Italy , proposed it as a possible name for an independent state. Since then it has been strongly associated with " Padanian nationalism " and North Italian separatism. Padania as defined in Lega Nord's 1996 Declaration of Independence and Sovereignty of Padania goes beyond Northern Italy and includes much of Central Italy , for

132-776: A geographic synonym of Po Valley and as such was included in the Enciclopedia Universo in 1965 and in the Devoto–Oli dictionary of the Italian language in 1971. The term was also used in Italian dialectology, in relation to Gallo-Italic languages , and sometimes even extended to all regional languages distinguishing Northern from Central Italy along the La Spezia–Rimini Line . The first use of Padania in socio-economic terms dates from 1975, when Guido Fanti ,

198-682: A greater Padania that includes more than half of the Republic of Italy (161,000 of 301,000 km in area, 34 million out of 60 million in population). Some Padanians consider themselves to have Celtic ancestry and/or heritage. The adjective padano is derived from Padus , the Latin name of the Po River . The French client republics in the Po Valley during the Napoleonic era included

264-637: A limited period, approximately a century, after which it blended with the Ligurian aboriginal populations to create the new Golasecca culture . The Culture of Golasecca (9th to 4th centuries BC) spread between the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age in the areas of northwestern Lombardy and Piedmont , and the Canton Ticino . At the end of the prehistoric period , this

330-640: A mud diapir or astrobleme exists near Sant'Angelo in Pontano . As of 2023, according to the report on land consumption of the Higher Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Marche and Liguria hold the Italian record for coastal overbuilding. Marche was known in ancient times as the Picenum territory. The first period of cultural unity of the Marches was in the Iron Age , when

396-583: A new phase called the Golasecca culture , which is nowadays identified with the Celtic Lepontii. According to Livy (v. 34), the Bituriges , Arverni , Senones , Aedui , Ambarri , Carnutes , and Aulerci led by Bellovesus , arrived in northern Italy during the reign of Tarquinius Priscus (7th–6th century BC) and occupied the area between Milan and Cremona . Milan ( Mediolanum ) itself

462-560: A non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. The population density in the region is below the national average. In 2008, it was 161.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (418/sq mi), compared to the national figure of 198.8/km (515/sq mi). It

528-484: A political scientist who would be elected senator for Lega Nord in 1992 and 1994 , wrote a book in which he described a draft constitutional reform. According to Miglio, Padania (consisting of five regions: Veneto , Lombardy , Piedmont , Liguria and Emilia-Romagna with the addition of the provinces of Massa-Carrara and Pesaro and Urbino in the Tuscany and Marche regions, respectively) would become one of

594-481: A political scientist, once explained that, even though a "Padanian nation" does not exist yet, it might well emerge as all nations are ultimately human inventions. Lega Nord , a political party created in 1991 by the union of several northern regional parties (including Lega Lombarda and Liga Veneta ), used the term for a larger geographical range than the Po Valley proper, or the macroregion proposed by Fanti in

660-660: A possible relationship between them and the Ambrones of northern Europe. Little is known of the Ligurian language. Only place names and personal names remain. It appears to be an Indo-European language with both Italic and particularly strong Celtic affinities. Because of the strong Celtic influences on their language and culture, they were known in antiquity as Celto-Ligurians (in Greek Κελτολίγυες , Keltolígues). Modern linguists, like Xavier Delamarre , argue that Ligurian

726-548: A source for defining Padania. According to Galli, these regions share similar patterns of civil society, citizenship, and government with the North. The existence of a "Padanian nation" has been however criticised by a number of organisations and individuals in Italy, from the Italian Geographical Society to historian Paolo Bernardini, who is a supporter of Venetian nationalism instead. Angelo Panebianco,

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792-556: Is also the birthplace of Gentile da Fabriano , Cyriacus of Ancona , Donato Bramante , Giovanni Battista Pergolesi , Giacomo Leopardi , Gioachino Rossini and Maria Montessori . The name of the region derives from the plural of the medieval word marca , a march or mark , that is, a border zone, originally referring to a borderland territory of the Holy Roman Empire , such as the March of Ancona and others pertaining to

858-407: Is composed of 14 "nations" ( Lombardy , Veneto , Piedmont , Tuscany , Emilia , Liguria , Marche , Romagna , Umbria , Friuli , Trentino , South Tyrol , Venezia Giulia , Aosta Valley ), encompassing both Northern and Central Italy and slightly differing from Gianfranco Miglio's project. The current 11 regions of Italy forming Padania, according to the party, are listed below: The " Sun of

924-639: Is entirely surrounded by the Province of Pesaro and Urbino , which constitutes the northern part of the region. Most of the region is mountainous or hilly: the Apennine range runs longitudinally along the region's eastern border and descends through a hilly landscape towards the Adriatic sea. With the sole exception of Monte Vettore , 2,476 metres (8,123 ft) high, the mountains do not exceed 2,400 metres (7,900 ft). The hilly area covers two-thirds of

990-400: Is highest in the province of Ancona (244.6/km or 634/sq mi inhabitants per km2), and lowest in the province of Macerata (116.1/km or 301/sq mi). Between 1952 and 1967 the population of the region decreased by 1.7% as a result of a negative migration balance, well above the national average, with a rate varying between 4.9 and 10.0 per 1,000 inhabitants. The Average fund of this region

1056-477: Is worth about a few million or maybe higher. In the same period the natural balance of the population was positive, but lower than the national average and insufficient to counterbalance the net emigration. The population continued to decline until 1971, but in 1968 began growing again. In 2008, the Italian national institute of statistics (ISTAT) estimated that 115,299 foreign-born immigrants live in Marche, 7.4% of

1122-678: The Battle of the Ticinus , leading all the Gauls except for the Cenomani to join the insurgency. Rome then sent the army of Tiberius Sempronius Longus who engaged Hannibal in the Battle of the Trebia , also resulting in a Roman defeat, forcing Rome to temporarily abandon Gallia Cisalpina altogether, returning only after the defeat of Carthage in 202 BC. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica completed

1188-757: The Cispadane Republic and the Transpadane Republic , according to the custom (emerged with the French Revolution ) of naming territories on the basis of watercourses. The ancient Regio XI (the region of the Roman Empire on the current territory of the Aosta Valley , Piedmont and Lombardy ) has been referred to as Regio XI Transpadana only in modern historiography. The terms Pianura Padana or Val Padana are

1254-679: The Communist President of Emilia-Romagna , proposed a union composed of Emilia-Romagna , Veneto , Lombardy , Piedmont and Liguria . The term was seldom used in these terms until the Giovanni Agnelli Foundation re-launched it in 1992 through the volume La Padania, una regione italiana in Europa ( English : Padania, an Italian region in Europe ), written by various academics. In 1990 Gianfranco Miglio ,

1320-509: The Po River ) and the Alps, while Gallia Cispadana was the part to the south of the river. Probably officially established around 81 BC, the province was governed from Mutina (modern-day Modena ), where, in 73 BC, forces under Spartacus defeated the legion of Gaius Cassius Longinus , the provincial governor. In 49 BC, with the Lex Roscia , Julius Caesar granted to the populations of

1386-509: The Province of Pesaro and Urbino to join the Province of Rimini ( Emilia-Romagna ) on 15 August 2009. The municipalities are Casteldelci , Maiolo , Novafeltria , Pennabilli , San Leo , Sant'Agata Feltria and Talamello . Towns in Marche were devastated by many powerful earthquakes during the centuries, the last time in 2016 (in August and in October ). In September 2022, Marche

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1452-692: The Second Punic War , the Boii and Insubres allied themselves with the Carthaginians, laying siege to Mutina ( Modena ). In response, Rome sent an expedition led by L. Manlius Vulso . Vulso's army was ambushed twice, and the Senate sent Scipio with an additional force to provide support. These were the Roman forces encountered by Hannibal after he crossed the Alps. The Romans were defeated in

1518-679: The Veneti had been so Celticized that Polybius wrote that the Veneti of the 2nd century BC were identical to the Gauls except for their language. The Greek historian Strabo (64 BC–AD 24), on the other hand, conjectured that the Adriatic Veneti were descended from Celts, who in turn were related to a later Celtic tribe of the same name whose members lived on the Armorican coast and fought against Julius Caesar . He further suggested that

1584-900: The Via Flaminia and the Via Salaria . Ascoli was a seat of Italic resistance during the Social War (91–87 BC) . Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the region was invaded by the Goths . After the Gothic War , it was part of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna ( Ancona , Fano , Pesaro , Rimini , and Senigallia forming the so-called Pentapolis ). After the fall of the Exarchate, it

1650-521: The commune of Ancona resisted both the imperial authority of Frederick Barbarossa and the Republic of Venice , and was a maritime republic on its own. An attempt to restore Papal suzerainty by Gil de Albornoz in the fourteenth century was short-lived. During the Renaissance , the region was fought over by rival aristocratic families, such as the Malatesta of Rimini, Pesaro , Fano and

1716-555: The 1970s. Since 1991, Lega Nord has promoted either secession or larger autonomy for Padania, and has created a flag and a national anthem to this effect. In 1996, the "Federal Republic of Padania" was proclaimed. Subsequently, in 1997, Lega Nord created an unofficial Padanian parliament in Mantua and organised elections for it. Lega Nord also chose a national anthem: the Va, pensiero chorus from Giuseppe Verdi 's Nabucco , in which

1782-480: The 1990s researched northern traditions and culture to find evidence of the existence of a common Padanian heritage. Historian and linguist Sergio Salvi (2014) has also defended the concept of Padania. In 1993 Robert D. Putnam , a political scientist at Harvard University , wrote a book titled Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy , in which he spoke of a "civic North", defined according to

1848-668: The 1st century BC was bounded on the north and west by the Alps, in the south as far as Placentia by the river Po , and then by the Apennines and the river Rubicon , and in the east by the Adriatic Sea . In 49 BC, all inhabitants of Cisalpine Gaul received Roman citizenship , and eventually the province was divided among four of the eleven regions of Italy : Regio VIII Gallia Cispadana , Regio IX Liguria , Regio X Venetia et Histria , and Regio XI Gallia Transpadana . The Canegrate culture (13th century BC) may represent

1914-913: The 9th century BC. There is some debate whether the Lepontic language should be considered as a Gaulish dialect or an independent branch within Continental Celtic . Apart from Lepontic, the "Cisalpine Gaulish language" proper would be the Gaulish language as spoken by the Gauls invading northern Italy in the 4th century BC. This is a dialect of the larger Gaulish language, with some known phonetic features distinguishing it from Transalpine dialects, such as -nn- replacing -nd- and s(s) replacing -χs- . Marche Marche ( / ˈ m ɑːr k eɪ / MAR -kay ; Italian: [ˈmarke] ), in English sometimes referred to as

1980-514: The Alps " is the unofficial flag of Padania and the symbol of the Padanian nationalism . The flag has a green stylized sun on a white background. It resembles ancient ornaments which are found in the art and culture of the area, like one example of Etruscan art from the 7th century BC found at Civitella Paganico . The flag was created in the 1990s and was adopted by Lega Nord upon their declaration of Padanian independence. In its previous version,

2046-406: The Marches ( / ˈ m ɑːr tʃ ɪ z / MAR -chiz ), is one of the twenty regions of Italy . The region is located in the central area of the country, and has a population of about 1.5 million people, being the thirteenth largest region in the country by number of inhabitants. The region's capital and largest city is Ancona . The Marche region is bordered by Emilia-Romagna and

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2112-456: The ancient region. Marche extends over an area of 9,694 square kilometres (3,743 sq mi) of the central Adriatic slope between Emilia-Romagna to the north, Tuscany and Umbria to the west, and Lazio and Abruzzo to the south, the entire eastern boundary being formed by the Adriatic . The Umbrian enclave of Monte Ruperto (a subdivision of the Comune of Città di Castello )

2178-500: The arrival of Urnfield migratory wave of populations from the northwest part of the Alps that, crossing the alpine passes, had infiltrated and settled in the western Po area between Lake Maggiore and the Lake of Como (see Scamozzina culture ). They were bearers of a new funerary practice, which supplanted the old culture of inhumation and instead introduced cremation . The population of Canegrate maintained its own homogeneity for

2244-640: The beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (16th–15th century BC), when, regarding the production of bronze artefacts, including ornaments, North Western Italy appears to have been closely linked to the western groups of the Tumulus culture ( Central Europe , 1600 BC – 1200 BC). The bearers of the Canegrate culture maintained its homogeneity for only a century, after which it melded with the Ligurian aboriginal populations and with this union gave rise to

2310-622: The conquest of the Boii in 191 BC, although the Ligurians were only finally subdued when the Apuani were defeated by Marcus Claudius Marcellus in 155 BC. Sometimes referred to as Gallia Citerior ("Hither Gaul"), Provincia Ariminum , or Gallia Togata ("Toga-wearing Gaul", indicating the region's early Romanization). Gallia Transpadana denoted that part of Cisalpine Gaul between the Padus (now

2376-650: The exiled Hebrew slaves lament their lost homeland . The term Padania has been also used in politics by other nationalist/separatist parties and groups, including Lega Padana , Lega Padana Lombardia , the Padanian Union , the Alpine Padanian Union , Veneto Padanian Federal Republic and the Padanian Independentist Movement. According to Lega Nord's Declaration of Independence and Sovereignty of Padania , Padania

2442-415: The extremes of fragmented land ownership or 'latifondo'. Greatly diffused in the past, the sharecropping never produced an extreme land fragmentation. The main products are cereals, vegetables, animal products and grapes. Truffle hunting is popular; although it has often led to 'truffle wars' between hunters due to the imposition of quotas. Olives are also produced and managed by various harvesters. In spite of

2508-465: The first migratory wave of the proto-Celtic population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the Alpine passes , penetrated and settled in the western Po valley between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como ( Scamozzina culture ). They brought a new funerary practice— cremation —which supplanted inhumation . It has also been proposed that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to

2574-794: The flag included a red St George's Cross and a smaller Sun of the Alps in the upper part. While support for a federal system , as opposed to a centrally administered state, receives widespread consensus within Padania, support for independence is less favoured. One poll in 1996 estimated that 52.4% of interviewees from Northern Italy considered secession advantageous ( vantaggiosa ) and 23.2% both advantageous and desirable ( auspicabile ). Another poll in 2000 estimated that about 20% of "Padanians" (18.3% in North-West Italy and 27.4% in North-East Italy) supported secession in case Italy

2640-527: The house of Montefeltro of Urbino . The last independent entity, the Duchy of Urbino , was dissolved in 1631, and from then on, Marche was firmly part of the Papal States except during the Napoleonic period. This saw the short-lived Republic of Ancona , in 1797–98; the merging of the region with the Roman Republic in 1798–99, and with the Kingdom of Italy from 1808 to 1813; and the short occupation by Joachim Murat in 1815. After Napoleon's defeat, Marche returned to Papal rule until 4 November 1860, when it

2706-431: The identification of the Adriatic Veneti with the Paphlagonian Enetoi led by Antenor — which he attributes to Sophocles (496–406 BC) — had been a mistake caused by the similarity of the names. In 391 BC, Celts "who had their homes beyond the Alps, streamed through the passes in great strength and seized the territory that lay between the Apennine mountains and the Alps" according to Diodorus Siculus . The Roman army

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2772-480: The inhabitants' civic traditions and attitudes, and explained its social peculiarities to the historical emergence of the free medieval communes since the 10th century. Lega Nord's definition of Padania's boundaries is similar to Putnam's "civic North", which also includes the central Italian regions of Tuscany , Marche and Umbria . Stefano Galli, a political scientist close to the party and columnist for Il Giornale and La Padania , has called Putnam's theory

2838-434: The law appoints two viri and four viri juri dicundo and also mentions a Prefect of Mutina. Virgil , Catullus and Livy , three famous sons of the province , were born in Gallia Cisalpina . The Canegrate culture reflects a late Bronze Age to early Iron Age culture in the Pianura Padana . These areas are now known as western Lombardy , eastern Piedmont and Canton Ticino . The Canegrate culture testifies to

2904-483: The marine impoverishment, the sea has always furnished a plentiful supply of fish, the main fishing centres being Ancona , San Benedetto del Tronto , Fano and Civitanova Marche . Since the 1980s, the economy of the region has been radically transformed without, however, repudiating its rural past. Many of the small craft workshops scattered throughout the rural settlements have modernised and become small businesses, some of which have become major brands known all over

2970-446: The north, and the eastern slopes of Monte Conero near Ancona . Climate is temperate. Inland, in the mountainous areas, is more continental with cold and often snowy winters; by the sea is more mediterranean. Precipitation varies from 1,000 to 1,500 millimetres (40 to 60 inches) per year inland and 600 to 800 mm (25 to 30 in) per year on the Adriatic coast. A region with an annular drainage pattern possibly corresponding to

3036-418: The passes. From the Middle ages to the Renaissance period, many cities of the Marche were important cultural, artistic and commercial centres, the most prominent being Ancona , Pesaro , Urbino , Camerino and Ascoli Piceno . Urbino, which was a major centre of Renaissance history, was also the birthplace of Raphael , one of the most important painters and architects of that period. The Marche region

3102-407: The point of no return". The province was merged into Italia about 42 BC, as part of Octavian's "Italicization" program during the Second Triumvirate . The dissolution of the provincia required a new governing law or lex , although its contemporary title is unknown. The parts of it inscribed on a bronze tablet preserved in the museum at Parma are entirely concerned with arranging the judiciary:

3168-420: The province full Roman citizenship. The Rubicon River marked its southern boundary with Italia proper. By crossing this river in 49 BC with his loyal XIII Legion , returning from the conquest of Gaul , Julius Caesar precipitated the civil war within the Roman Republic which led, eventually, to the establishment of the Roman Empire . To this day the term "crossing the Rubicon" means, figuratively, "reaching

3234-406: The region and is intersected by wide gullies with numerous short rivers and by alluvial plains perpendicular to the Appennini range. The main mountain range has a few deep river gorges: the best known are those of the Furlo , the Rossa and the Frasassi . The coastline is 173 kilometres (107 mi) long and is relatively flat and straight except for the hilly area between Gabicce and Pesaro in

3300-410: The region was almost entirely inhabited by the Picentes . Many artefacts from their time are exhibited in National Archaeological Museum of the Marche Region in Ancona. In the fourth century BC, the northern area was occupied by the Senones , a tribe of Gauls . The Battle of Sentinum was fought in Marche in 295 BC; afterwards, the Romans founded numerous colonies in the area, connected to Rome by

3366-499: The republic of San Marino to the north, Tuscany and Umbria to the west, Lazio to the southwest, Abruzzo to the south, and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Except for river valleys and the often very narrow coastal strip, the land is hilly. A railway from Bologna to Brindisi , built in the 19th century, runs along the coast of the entire territory. Inland, the mountainous nature of the region, even today, allows relatively little travel north and south, except by twisting roads over

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3432-585: The sample being composed of Northerners, 19% of Central Italians and 36% of Southerners). As for federal reform, according to the poll, 58% of Italians support it. A more recent poll by SWG puts the support for fiscal federalism and secession respectively at 68% and 37% in Piedmont and Liguria, 77% and 46% in Lombardy, 81% and 55% in Triveneto (comprising Veneto), 63% and 31% in Emilia-Romagna , 51% and 19% in Central Italy (not including Lazio ). Cisalpine Gaul Cisalpine Gaul ( Latin : Gallia Cisalpina , also called Gallia Citerior or Gallia Togata )

3498-401: The standard denominations in geography textbooks and atlases, but the derivation Padania was coined back in 1903 and popularized by a Hoepli geographical encyclopedia in 1910. Journalist Gianni Brera from the 1960s used the term Padania to indicate the area that at the time of Cato the Elder corresponded to Cisalpine Gaul . In the same years and later, the term Padania was considered

3564-422: The three hypothetical macroregions of a future Italy, along with Etruria ( Central Italy , without the two aforementioned provinces) and Mediterranea ( Southern Italy ), while the autonomous regions ( Aosta Valley , Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , Friuli-Venezia Giulia , Sicily and Sardinia ) would be left with their current autonomy. Gilberto Oneto, a student of Miglio without any academic credentials, in

3630-406: The world ( Indesit , Tod's , Guzzini, Teuco). This evolution led to the emergence of 'specialized' industrial areas, which are still profitable: The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 43.3 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 2.5% of Italy's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 28,200 euros or 94% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee

3696-417: Was de jure merged into Roman Italy as already planned by Julius Caesar . Cisalpine means "on this side of the Alps " (from the perspective of the Romans), as opposed to Transalpine Gaul ("on the far side of the Alps"). Gallia Cisalpina was further subdivided into Gallia Cispadana and Gallia Transpadana , i.e., its portions south and north of the Po River , respectively. The Roman province of

3762-584: Was 96% of the EU average. The unemployment rate stood at 7.4% in 2020. Marche is well known for its shoemaking tradition, with fine and luxurious Italian footwear manufacturing facilities in the region. The region continues to draw tourists, whose increasing numbers have been attracted by the rich and broadly distributed heritage of history and monuments, as well as by the traditional seaside resorts. Marche has many small and picturesque villages, 31 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy ),

3828-404: Was a Celtic language with some similarity to Gaulish. The Ligurian-Celtic question is also discussed by Barruol (1999). Ancient Ligurian is listed either as Celtic (epigraphic) or Para-Celtic (onomastic). The Veneti were Indo-European people who inhabited north-eastern Italy , in an area corresponding to the modern-day region of the Veneto , Friuli , and Trentino . By the 4th century BC

3894-442: Was an area where travellers frequently stopped and had contact with the Hallstatt culture to the west, the Urnfield culture to the north and with the Villanova culture to the south. The Golasecca culture was initially concentrated in the foothills area south of the Alps. It later spread throughout the lakes area, and established many settlements representing this original culture. The oldest remains found thus far can be dated from

3960-428: Was annexed to the unified Kingdom of Italy by a plebiscite . The Bombardment of Ancona occurred during the Adriatic campaign of World War I. The 1916 Rimini earthquakes damaged or destroyed several buildings in Pesaro, Fano, and its hinterlands . The Battle of Ancona occurred during the Italian campaign of World War II. After the referendum of 2006, 7 municipalities of Montefeltro were detached from

4026-414: Was briefly in the possession of the Lombards , but was conquered by Charlemagne in the late eighth century. In the ninth to eleventh centuries, the marches of Camerino , Fermo and Ancona were created, hence the modern name. Marche was nominally part of the Papal States , but most of the territory was under local lords, while the major cities ruled themselves as free communes. In the twelfth century,

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4092-445: Was hit by heavy flooding . Prior to the 1980s, Marche was considered a rather poor region, although economically stable in some sectors, thanks particularly to its agricultural output and to the contribution of traditional crafts. Today the contribution of agriculture to the economy of the region is less significant and the gross value generated by this sector remains slightly above the national average. Marche has never suffered from

4158-416: Was not reformed into a federal state. According to a poll conducted in February 2010 by GPG, 45% of Northerners support the independence of Padania. A poll conducted by SWG in June 2010 puts that figure at 61% of Northerners (with 80% of them supporting at least federal reform), while noting that 55% of Italians consider Padania as only a political invention, against 42% believing in its real existence (45% of

4224-627: Was presumably founded by Gauls in the early 6th century BC; its name has a Celtic etymology: "[city] in the middle of the [Padanic] plain". Polybius , in the 2nd century BC, wrote that the Celts in northern Italy co-existed with Etruscan nations during a period before the Sack of Rome in 390 BC. Ligures lived on the Northern Mediterranean Coast straddling southeast French and North-west Italian coasts, including parts of Tuscany , Elba island and Corsica . Ligurian tribes were also present in Latium (see Rutuli ) and in Samnium. According to Plutarch they called themselves Ambrones , which suggests

4290-404: Was routed in the battle of Allia , and Rome was sacked in 390 BC by the Senones . The defeat of the combined Samnite , Celtic and Etruscan alliance by the Romans in the Third Samnite War ending in 290 BC sounded the beginning of the end of the Celtic domination in mainland Europe. At the Battle of Telamon in 225 BC, a large Celtic army was trapped between two Roman forces and crushed. In

4356-403: Was the name given, especially during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, to a region of land inhabited by Celts ( Gauls ), corresponding to what is now most of northern Italy. After its conquest by the Roman Republic in the 200s BC, it was considered geographically part of Roman Italy but remained administratively separated until 42 BC. It was a Roman province from c. 81 BC until 42 BC, when it

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