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61-611: The Paddy Buckley Round , also known as the Welsh Classical Round , is a long distance fell running challenge in Snowdonia , Wales. The route is a circuit of just over 100 km long, taking in some 47 summits. The Round has the reputation of being somewhat tougher to complete than its English Lake District equivalent, the Bob Graham Round . Although no official time limit is set, an arbitrary 24 hours

122-566: A few minutes to, generally, a few hours. The longest common fell running challenges tend to be rounds to be completed within 24 hours, such as the Bob Graham Round . Some of the mountain marathons do call for pairs of runners to carry equipment and food for camping overnight. Longer possible routes do exist, such as an attempt at a continuous round of Munros . Mountaineers who traverse light and fast over high Alpine, Himalayan or through other such continental, high altitudes are considered alpine-style mountaineers by fell runners. Races run under

183-526: A good relationship with the Bamburgh family. Malcolm may have had specific political motives. For instance, it has been suggested that he may have been trying to advance the position of Gospatric , his possible cousin, at the expense of the ruling Eadwulfing family. It has also been suggested that the raid may have been part of a dispute about the status of Strathclyde . A tradition in the thirteenth-century Orkneyinga saga related that Malcolm married

244-648: A large Danegeld , Malcolm took his army home. Against the backdrop of William's scorched earth policy against the northern English rebels , William sent Gospatric to raid Scotland through Cumbria as a further act of reprisal. In return, the Scots fleet raided the Northumbrian coast where Gospatric's possessions were concentrated. Late in the year, perhaps shipwrecked on their way to a European exile, Edgar and his family again arrived in Scotland, this time to remain. By

305-552: A late attempt to deepen the Scottish royal family's links to the earldom of Northampton (of which Siward was regarded as founder). Later tradition, attested by the fifteenth century, makes Malcolm's mother the daughter of the miller of Forteviot and presents Malcolm as a bastard. Duncan's reign ended violently, he was killed in battle in Moray on 15 August 1040, by a force under the command of Macbeth . Duncan may have been young at

366-510: A neighbour soon after taking power, and the Lindisfarne raid may have been used to boost the stability of the new regime. Since the invasion affected directly only the territory of the rulers of Bamburgh , it is unlikely to have particularly bothered either King Edward or the ealdorman of Northumbria in York, Tostig Godwinson , who at that time on pilgrimage to Rome and who did not enjoy

427-401: A result, Malcolm's remains were also disinterred and buried next to Margaret beside the altar. The remains of Margaret and her husband were removed from Dunfermline by Abbot George Durie to safeguard them from the attacks of protestant reformers; initially they went to the rural estate at Craigluscar then abroad, and by 1580 they were enshrined at the instigation of king Philip II of Spain in

488-579: A similar service. Northern Ireland events are organised by Northern Ireland Mountain Running Association . Again, races are run on the premise that a contender possesses mountain navigational skills and carries adequate survival equipment. In Ireland, events are organised by the Irish Mountain Running Association. The World Mountain Running Association is the governing body for mountain running and as such

549-549: A smaller calendar of races (usually 15 championship races, and other smaller events, such as galas or shows)>– mostly derived from the professional guide races – in England and Scotland and organises a championship series. In Scotland, all known hill races (both professional and amateur) are listed in the annual calendar of Scottish Hill Runners . In Wales, the Welsh Fell Runners Association provides

610-684: A son of Owain Foel , British king of Strathclyde perhaps by a daughter of Malcolm II , King of Scotland. In 1057, various chroniclers report the death of Macbeth at Malcolm's hand, on 15 August 1057 at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire . Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach , who was crowned at Scone , probably on 8 September 1057. Lulach was killed by Malcolm, "by treachery", near Huntly on 23 April 1058. After this, Malcolm became king, perhaps being inaugurated on 25 April 1058, although only John of Fordun reports this. If Orderic Vitalis

671-645: A swift messenger. This event appears to have been a precursor to the Braemar Gathering . There is no documented connection between this event and the fell races of the 19th century. From the 19th century records survive of fell races taking place as a part of community fairs and games. The sport was a simple affair and was based upon each community's values for physical ability. Fell races took place alongside other sports such as wrestling, sprint races and (especially in Scotland) heavy events such as throwing

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732-920: A time of 17 hours and 22 minutes, set in 2023. A double Paddy Buckley Round was first completed by Nicky Spinks in May 2019 in a time of 57 hours 57 minutes, completing her trilogy of double rounds of the UK's big 3 rounds. The double record now stands at 52 hours 52 minutes set by Ajay Hanspal in June 2024, being the second person to successfully complete the double. Both double rounds were supported but differed in both direction and start point: Nicky Spinks opted to start in Capel Curig going anti-clockwise, then clockwise; whereas Ajay Hanspal opted to start in Llanberis, going clockwise, then anti-clockwise. The double Paddy Buckley Round

793-515: Is applied, although the first completer exceeded the original aim of 24 hours. Runners may start at any point on the circular route (finishing at the same place) and may run the course in either a clockwise or anticlockwise direction. The route takes in the well-known high mountain ranges of Snowdon , the Glyderau and the Carneddau , as well as the slightly less visited ranges of Moel Siabod ,

854-400: Is considered to be 2-4 hours slower than the double Bob Graham Round. The book "The Welsh Three Thousand Foot Challenges: A Guide for Walkers and Hill Runners" describes a version of the route which avoids the slate quarries, which the fastest line utilises, and also suggests attempting it as a four-day backpacking (lightweight camping) excursion rather than a one-day run. Below is a list of

915-1198: Is sanctioned by and affiliated with the IAAF, the International Association of Athletics Federations . It organises the World Mountain Running Championships . There are also continental championships, such as the African Mountain Running Championships , the European Mountain Running Championships , the South American Mountain Running Championships and the North American Central American and Caribbean Mountain Running Championships . The first British Fell Running Championships , then known as Fell Runner of

976-542: Is to be relied upon, in the time of Edward the Confessor Malcolm was betrothed to the English king's kinswoman Margaret , and it is possible this happened when he visited England in 1059. If a marriage agreement was made in 1059, it did not stop the Scots plundering Lindisfarne in 1061. It was common practice in medieval Gaelic-speaking societies for kings to launch an invasion, the so-called crech ríg , of

1037-501: Is unlikely that Malcolm controlled Cumbria, and the dispute instead concerned the estates granted to Malcolm by William Rufus's father in 1072 for his maintenance when visiting England. Malcolm sent messengers to discuss the question and William Rufus agreed to a meeting. Malcolm travelled south to Gloucester , stopping at Wilton Abbey to visit his daughter Edith and sister-in-law Cristina. Malcolm arrived there on 24 August 1093 to find that William Rufus refused to negotiate, insisting that

1098-579: The Battle of Alnwick . Edward was mortally wounded in the same fight. Margaret, it is said, died soon after receiving the news of their deaths from Edgar. The Annals of Ulster say: Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French [i.e. Normans] in Inber Alda in England. His queen, Margaret, moreover, died of sorrow for him within nine days. Malcolm's body

1159-812: The Cotswold Way Relay and the Long Mynd Hike , also qualify as fell races under Fell Runners Association rules. Some fell running could also be classed as trail running . Trail running normally takes place on good paths or tracks which are relatively easy to follow and does not necessarily involve the significant amounts of ascent that are required in fell running. Fell running does not involve rock climbing and routes are subject to change if ground nearby becomes unstable. A small number of fell runners who are also rock climbers, nevertheless do attempt records traversing ridges that allow running and involve scrambling and rock climbing – particularly where

1220-673: The Lake District , with its Guide's Race , still takes place every year in August. The Fell Runners Association started in April 1970 to organise the duplication of event calendars for the amateur sport. As of 2013 it administers amateur fell running in England, in affiliation with British athletics. Separate governing bodies exist for each country of the United Kingdom and each country has its own tradition of fell running, though

1281-520: The Moelwynion , Moel Hebog and the Nantlle Ridge . The route was devised by the eponymous Paddy Buckley and first completed in 1982 by Wendy Dodds. The selection of summits that must be visited is somewhat arbitrary and no rules appear to have been applied in selecting them . Generally, it takes in the major peaks of the ranges that are being crossed, then any minor tops that are passed along

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1342-592: The New Castle had been built by Robert Curthose in 1080. This appears to have been an attempt to advance the frontier south from the River Tweed to the River Tees . The threat was enough to bring the English king back from Normandy , where he had been fighting Robert Curthose. In September, learning of William Rufus's approaching army, Malcolm withdrew north and the English followed. Unlike in 1072, Malcolm

1403-492: The route choice which may be available in fell races. Fell race courses are often longer than cross-country running courses, steeper and unmarked when out on the hills (with a few exceptions). Fell running also overlaps with orienteering . Courses are again typically longer but with less emphasis on navigation. Fell running does sometimes require navigational skills in a mountainous environment, particularly in determining and choosing between routes, and poor weather may increase

1464-532: The 12th century. Malcolm's kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotland : many of the islands and the land north of the River Oykel were Scandinavian , and south of the Firth of Forth there were numerous independent or semi-independent realms, including the kingdom of Strathclyde and Bamburgh , and it is not certain what if any power the Scots exerted there on Malcolm's accession. Over

1525-541: The Confessor's nephew Edward the Exile , and her children: Edgar Ætheling and his sisters Margaret and Cristina . They were accompanied by Gospatric, by this time earl of Bamburgh . The exiles were disappointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistance from the Scots. In 1069, the exiles returned to England, to join a spreading revolt in the north. Even though Gospatric and Siward's son Waltheof submitted by

1586-585: The FRA Rules For Competition of the Fell Runners Association are categorised by the amount of ascent and distance. Modern fell-running trainers use light, non-waterproof material to eject water and dislodge peat after traversing boggy ground. While the trainer needs to be supple, to grip an uneven, slippery surface, a degree of side protection against rock and scree (loose stones) may be provided. Rubber studs have been

1647-527: The Isles; and Malcolm was sent to England; based on Fordun's account, it came to be assumed that Malcolm passed most of Macbeth's seventeen-year reign in the Kingdom of England at the court of Edward the Confessor . It is also possible that Malcolm went into exile at the court of Thorfinn Sigurdsson , Earl of Orkney , an enemy of Macbeth's family. Ireland and Strathclyde may be other candidates, but neither

1708-458: The Year, were held in 1972 and the scoring was based on results in all fell races. In 1976 this was changed to the runner's best ten category A races and further changes took place to the format in later years. Starting with the 1986 season, an English Fell Running Championships series has also taken place, based on results in various races of different lengths over the year. Race records vary from

1769-741: The basic 'Round' later runners such as Eric Beard (56 tops in 1963) and Joss Naylor (72 tops in 1975) have raised the 24-hour Lakeland record considerably. The present record is 78 peaks, set by Kim Collison, on 11–12 July 2020; the previous record of 77 peaks, set by Mark Hartell, had stood since 1997. The women's record of 68 peaks was set in 2022 by Fiona Pascall. Most fell-running regions have their own challenges or "rounds": [REDACTED] Media related to Fell running at Wikimedia Commons Welsh Fell Runners Association Malcolm III of Scotland Malcolm III ( Middle Irish : Máel Coluim mac Donnchada ; Scottish Gaelic : Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh ; c.  1031 –13 November 1093)

1830-521: The course of his reign Malcolm III led at least five invasions into English territory . One of Malcolm's primary achievements was to secure the position of the lineage that ruled Scotland until the late thirteenth century, although his role as founder of a dynasty has more to do with the propaganda of his descendants than with history. He appears as a major character in William Shakespeare 's Macbeth , while his second wife, Margaret ,

1891-413: The difficulty. The name arises from the origins of the English sport on the fells of northern Britain, especially those in the Lake District . It has elements of trail running, cross country and mountain running, but is also distinct from those disciplines. Fell races are organised on the premise that contenders possess mountain navigation skills and carry adequate survival equipment as prescribed by

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1952-550: The dispute be judged by the English barons. This Malcolm refused to accept and returned immediately to Scotland. It does not appear that William Rufus intended to provoke a war, but, as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports, war came: For this reason therefore they parted with great dissatisfaction, and King Malcolm returned to Scotland. And soon after he came home, he gathered his army, and came harrowing into England with more hostility than behoved him ... Malcolm

2013-555: The earldom and the killing of Bishop Walcher at Gateshead . In 1080, William sent his son Robert Curthose north with an army while his brother Odo punished the Northumbrians. Malcolm again made peace, and this time kept it for over a decade. Malcolm faced little recorded internal opposition, with the exception of Lulach's son Máel Snechtai . In an unusual entry, for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains little on Scotland, it says that in 1078: Malcholom [Máel Coluim] seized

2074-487: The elected king, Edgar Ætheling — was unlikely to be missed in England, where William of Normandy's grasp on power was far from secure. Whether the adoption of the classical Alexander for the future Alexander I of Scotland (either for Pope Alexander II or for Alexander the Great ) and the biblical David for the future David I of Scotland represented a recognition that William of Normandy would not be easily removed, or

2135-541: The end of 1070, Malcolm had married Edgar's sister Margaret (later known as Saint Margaret). The naming of their children represented a break with the traditional Scots regal names such as Malcolm, Cináed and Áed. The point of naming Margaret's sons — Edward after her father Edward the Exile , Edmund for her grandfather Edmund Ironside , Ethelred for her great-grandfather Ethelred the Unready and Edgar for her great-great-grandfather Edgar and her brother, briefly

2196-580: The end of the year, the arrival of a Danish army under Sweyn Estridsson seemed to ensure that William's position remained weak. Malcolm decided on war and took his army south into Cumbria and across the Pennines , wasting Teesdale and Cleveland then marching north, loaded with loot, to Wearmouth , now part of the City of Sunderland . There Malcolm met Edgar and his family, who were invited to return with him but did not. As Sweyn had by now been bought off with

2257-476: The hammer . These fairs or games events were often commercial as well as cultural, with livestock shows and sales taking place alongside music, dancing and sports. In a community of shepherds and agricultural labourers comparisons of speed and strength were interesting to spectators as a source of professional pride for competitors. The most famous of these events in England, the Grasmere Sports meeting in

2318-525: The mode for two decades, preceded by ripple soles, spikes and the flat-soled "pumps" of the fifties. Fell runners have set many of the peak bagging records in the UK. In 1932 the Lakeland runner Bob Graham set a record of 42 Lakeland peaks in 24 hours. His feat, now known as the Bob Graham Round , was not repeated for many years (in 1960); by 2011, however, it had become a fell runner's test-piece, and had been repeated by more than 1,610 people. Building on

2379-595: The mother of Mælslæhtan [Máel Snechtai] ... and all his treasures, and his cattle; and he himself escaped with difficulty. Whatever provoked this strife, Máel Snechtai survived until 1085. When William Rufus became king of England after his father's death, Malcolm did not intervene in the rebellions by supporters of William's elder brother Robert Curthose which followed. In 1091, William Rufus confiscated Edgar Ætheling's lands in England, and Edgar fled north to Scotland. In May, Malcolm marched south, not to raid and take slaves and plunder, but to besiege Newcastle , where

2440-462: The need for navigation. However, in most fell races, the route or sequence of checkpoints is published beforehand and runners may reconnoitre the course to reduce the risk of losing time working out where to run during the race. Category O events and Mountain Marathons ( see also below ), test navigational ability, attracting both orienteers and fell runners. Other multi-terrain events, such as

2501-522: The organiser. Fell running has common characteristics with cross-country running , but is distinguished by steeper gradients and upland country. It is sometimes considered a form of mountain running , but without the smoother trails and predetermined routes often associated with mountain running. The first recorded hill race took place in Scotland. King Malcolm Canmore organised a race in Braemar in 1040 or perhaps as late as 1064, reputedly to find

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2562-597: The place of exile nor in fact exile itself, are certainties. An English invasion in 1054, with Siward, Earl of Northumbria in command, had as its goal the installation of one " Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians ". This Máel Coluim was traditionally identified with the later Malcolm III. The interpretation derives from the Chronicle attributed to John of Fordun, as well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury . The latter reported that Macbeth

2623-571: The purpose of fabricating common descent. The obituary of a certain Domnall, another son of Malcolm, is reported in 1085; since Domnall has no recorded mother, he may also have been born to Ingibiorg or else to some other unrecorded woman. If historical, Malcolm's marriage to Ingibiorg would have helped create a favourable political position in the north and west. The Heimskringla tells that her father Finn had been an adviser to Harald Hardrada , king of Norway , and, after falling out with Harald,

2684-626: The record is 24 hours or less. Foremost of these in the UK is probably the traverse of the Cuillin Main Ridge on Skye , the Greater Traverse, including Blaven and the Lakes Classic Rock Round . The Fell Runners Association (FRA) publishes a calendar of 400 to 500 races per year. Additional races, less publicised, are organised in UK regions. The British Open Fell Runners Association (BOFRA) publishes

2745-758: The sport is largely the same. The most important races of the year include the Ben Nevis Race in Scotland, run regularly since 1937, and the Snowdon Race in Wales. Fell running is often known as hill running, particularly in Scotland. It is sometimes called mountain running, as in the name of the Northern Ireland Mountain Running Association although the term mountain running often has connotations of WMRA races which tend to be on smoother, drier trails and lack

2806-401: The summits to be visited, in a clockwise direction, if starting from Llanberis . Below is a profile of the route, again starting and finishing at Llanberis, running in a clockwise direction. Fell running Fell running , also sometimes known as hill running , is the sport of running and racing, off-road, over upland country where the gradient climbed is a significant component of

2867-401: The time of his death, and Malcolm and his brother Donald were probably children. Malcolm's paternal grandfather was killed in battle in 1045, possibly as part of some continuing conflict with Macbeth. According to later tradition, Duncan's two young sons were sent away for greater safety — exactly where is the subject of debate. According to one version, Malcolm's brother Donald was sent to

2928-536: The way are also included. Some of these tops really are just bumps on the ridge and not really summits in their own right at all. The fastest known completion of the round was, for many years, by Mark Hartell in 18 hours 10 minutes. On 4 May 2008, this time was matched by Chris Near of Eryri Harriers. This old record was broken in July 2009 by Tim Higginbottom, who completed the Round in a time of 17 hours and 42 minutes. This

2989-455: The widow of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Ingibiorg , a daughter of Finn Arnesson . Ingibiorg may have died prior to Malcolm's marriage with Margaret. Malcolm may also have discarded Ingibiorg when the opportunity to marry a higher status lady arose in 1068. The Orkneyinga Saga also claims that Duncan (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim), later king, was a product of this union. Some Medieval commentators, following William of Malmesbury , claimed that Duncan

3050-491: The words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , "became his man" and handed over his eldest son Duncan as a hostage and arranged peace between William and Edgar. Accepting the overlordship of the king of the English was no novelty, as previous kings had done so without result. The same was true of Malcolm; his agreement with the English king was followed by further raids into Northumbria, which led to further trouble in

3111-439: The year of Malcolm's death. Malcolm gave sanctuary to Tostig Godwinson when the Northumbrians drove him out in 1065 and appears to have offered indirect support to the ill-fated invasion of England by Harald Hardrada and Tostig in 1066, which ended in defeat and death at the battle of Stamford Bridge . In 1068, he granted asylum to a group of English exiles fleeing from William of Normandy , among them Agatha , widow of Edward

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3172-570: Was King of Alba from 1058 to 1093. He was later nicknamed " Canmore " (Scottish Gaelic: ceann mòr , lit.   ' big head ' ", understood as "great chief"). Malcolm's long reign of 35 years preceded the beginning of the Scoto-Norman age. Henry I of England and Eustace III, Count of Boulogne were his sons-in-law, making him the maternal grandfather of Empress Matilda , William Adelin and Matilda I, Countess of Boulogne . All three of them were prominent in English politics during

3233-467: Was accompanied by Edward, his eldest son by Margaret and probable heir-designate (or tánaiste), and by Edgar. Even by the standards of the time, the ravaging of Northumbria by the Scots was seen as harsh. While marching north again, Malcolm was ambushed by Robert de Mowbray , Earl of Northumbria , whose lands he had devastated, near Alnwick on 13 November 1093. There he was killed by Arkil Morel, steward of Bamburgh Castle . The conflict became known as

3294-478: Was canonised as a saint in the thirteenth century. Malcolm's father Duncan I became king in late 1034, on the death of Malcolm II , Duncan's maternal grandfather and Malcolm's great-grandfather. One Scottish king-list gives Malcolm's mother the name Suthen (Suthain), a Gaelic name; John of Fordun states that Malcolm's mother was a "blood relative" ( consanguinea ) of the Danish earl Siward , though this may be

3355-533: Was due to the repetition of Anglo-Saxon royal names — another Edmund had preceded Edgar — is not known. Margaret also gave Malcolm two daughters, Edith , who married Henry I of England , and Mary , who married Eustace III of Boulogne . In 1072, with the Harrying of the North completed and his position again secure, William of Normandy came north with an army and a fleet. Malcolm met William at Abernethy and, in

3416-428: Was further reduced in 2019 by Damian Hall with 17 hours 31 minutes, and again on 30 August 2020 by Matthew Roberts, with a time of 16 hours 38 minutes. Kim Collison set a new best time of 16 hours 20 minutes in April 2021. A year later, in April 2022, a new record was set by Finlay Wild , who completed the round solo and unsupported in a time of 15 hours 14 minutes. The women's record is held by Lizzie Richardson, with

3477-540: Was illegitimate, but this claim is propaganda reflecting the need of Malcolm's descendants by Margaret to undermine the claims of Duncan's descendants, the MacWilliams . Similarly, however, the importance of the MacWilliams to the earls of Orkney around 1200 would have provided an incentive to strengthen the historical ties between the two families, and thus Ingibiorg's marriage to Malcolm may have been created for

3538-501: Was killed in the battle by Siward, but it is known that Macbeth outlived Siward by two years. A.A.M. Duncan argued in 2002 that, using the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry as their source, later writers innocently misidentified "Máel Coluim" with the later Scottish king of the same name. Duncan's argument has been supported by several subsequent historians specialising in the era, such as Richard Oram , Dauvit Broun and Alex Woolf. It has also been suggested that Máel Coluim may have been

3599-412: Was prepared to fight, but a peace was arranged by Edgar Ætheling and Robert Curthose whereby Malcolm again acknowledged the overlordship of the English king. In 1092, the peace began to break down. Based on the idea that the Scots controlled much of modern Cumbria , it had been supposed that William Rufus's new castle at Carlisle and his settlement of English peasants in the surrounds was the cause. It

3660-478: Was taken to Tynemouth Priory for burial. The king's body was sent north for reburial, in the reign of his son Alexander , at Dunfermline Abbey , or possibly Iona . On 19 June 1250, following the canonisation of Malcolm's wife Margaret by Pope Innocent IV , Margaret's remains were disinterred and placed in a reliquary . It was claimed that as the reliquary was carried to the high altar of Dunfermline Abbey , past Malcolm's grave, it became too heavy to move. As

3721-496: Was then made an Earl by Sweyn Estridsson , king of Denmark , which may have been another recommendation for the match. Malcolm appears to have enjoyed a peaceful relationship with the Earldom of Orkney , ruled jointly by his possible stepsons, Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson . The Orkneyinga Saga reports strife with Norway but this may be misplaced as it associates this with Magnus Barefoot , who became king of Norway only in 1093,

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