In automotive engineering , a mid-engine layout describes the placement of an automobile engine in front of the rear-wheel axles , but behind the front axle.
63-408: (Huayra) The Pagani Huayra ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈwaira] ) is a mid-engine sports car produced by Italian sports car manufacturer Pagani , superseding the company's previous offering, the Zonda . It is named after Wayra Tata , the Quechua (indigenous South American) wind god. The Huayra was named "The Hypercar of the Year 2012" by Top Gear magazine . On 11 February 2015 it
126-465: A 0-97 km/h (60 mph) acceleration time of 2.8 seconds. Using Pirelli tyres, the Pagani Huayra is capable of 1.66 g of lateral acceleration. The Pagani Huayra uses a seven-speed sequential gearbox and a single disc clutch. The choice not to use a dual-clutch was due to the increase in weight of over 70 kg (154 lb), thus negating any advantage of the faster gear changes in
189-659: A customer in Wisconsin, USA (but delivered through Pagani of Dallas). In March 2021, Pagani introduced the Huayra R, a track-only version of the Huayra and the successor of the Pagani Zonda R . The Huayra R uses the "Pagani V12-R", a version of the 6.0 L naturally aspirated Mercedes-Benz V12 engine built from the ground up by HWA AG to produce 850 PS (625 kW; 838 hp) at 8,250 rpm as well as 750 N⋅m (553 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 5,500 rpm to 8300 rpm, and
252-471: A double-clutch transmission. As a result, the transmission weighs 96 kg (212 lb). The car is equipped with Brembo brake calipers, rotors and pads. The calipers have six pistons at the front and four at the rear. The rotors are drilled carbon ceramic, 380 mm (15.0 in) in diameter and 34 mm (1.3 in) thick. The Huayra uses a 6.0 L (5,980 cc) twin-turbocharged M158 60° V12 engine developed by Mercedes-AMG specially for
315-511: A free flow exhaust. Titanium reduces the weight of the exhaust system while the Inconel silencers improve reliability in the most exposed parts of the exhaust at high temperatures. The entire system weighs less than 10 kg (22 lb). The Pagani Huayra is different from its predecessor in that it incorporates active aerodynamics. It is capable of changing the height of the front from the ground and independently operating four flaps placed at
378-492: A front-engine or rear-engine car. When the engine is in front of the driver, but fully behind the front axle line, the layout is sometimes called a front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive, or FMR layout instead of the less-specific term front-engine; and can be considered a subset of the latter. In-vehicle layout, FMR is substantially the same as FR, but handling differs as a result of the difference in weight distribution. Some vehicles could be classified as FR or FMR depending on
441-495: A new carbon fibre blend and lightweight paint application have reduced the Imola's dry weight to 1,246 kg (2,747 lb). Exterior changes from the standard Huayra include a large seven-section diffuser, a large roof scoop, a shark fin, more pronounced side skirts and a wide fixed rear wing with an integrated stoplight. Six Imola were built: 5 for customers and 1 prototype for Horacio Pagani. On 16 December 2020, Pagani introduced
504-458: A problem in some cars, but this issue seems to have been largely solved in newer designs. For example, the Saleen S7 employs large engine-compartment vents on the sides and rear of the bodywork to help dissipate heat from its very high-output engine. Mid-engined cars are more dangerous than front-engined cars if the driver loses control - although this may be initially harder to provoke due to
567-405: A progressive and controllable manner as the tires lose traction. Super, sport, and race cars frequently have a mid-engined layout, as these vehicles' handling characteristics are more important than other requirements, such as usable space. In dedicated sports cars, a weight distribution of about 50% front and rear is frequently pursued, to optimise the vehicle's driving dynamics – a target that
630-604: A redline at 9,000 rpm. The Huayra R has a 6-speed sequential transmission newly developed for the car, and various weight saving measures have resulted in a lower dry weight of 1,050 kg (2,315 lb). Pagani plans a limited 30-car production run for the Huayra R, similar to the limited 15-car production run of the track-only version of the Pagani Zonda, the Zonda R . It will cost €2.6 million (around $ 3.1 million), plus applicable taxes. On 16 June 2022, Pagani introduced
693-408: A revised format to reduce costs for exhibitors. The 2024 edition highlighted serious organizational shortcomings, which resulted in lower participation or the total absence of the manufacturers. As of January 26, 2024, automakers that are confirmed to present at the show in 2024 are: The following vehicles were first presented at the show: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic along with "uncertainties in
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#1732783858881756-485: A seven-speed manual transmission. Mid-engine design The mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive format can be considered the original layout of automobiles. A 1901 Autocar was the first gasoline-powered automobile to use a drive shaft and placed the engine under the seat. This pioneering vehicle is now in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution . Mounting the engine in the middle instead of
819-401: A single unit. Together with independent suspension on the driven wheels, this removes the need for the chassis to transfer engine torque reaction. The largest drawback of mid-engine cars is restricted rear or front (in the case of front-mid layouts) passenger space; consequently, most mid-engine vehicles are two-seat vehicles. The engine in effect pushes the rear passenger seats forward towards
882-557: A single-clutch gearbox because it weighs 40% less than double-clutch gearboxes. Pagani planned to make 20 units of the Huayra BC, which were all sold out. In reality, Pagani drastically overproduced the Huayra BC, producing 30 units instead of the promised 20, to the irritation of some owners. After 2 years of development, the Huayra Roadster was officially unveiled at the 2017 Geneva Motor Show . The overall appearance of
945-417: A stable temperature for refrigerants and lubricants. To minimise the use of pipes and fittings (and the overall weight of the vehicle), the coolant expansion tank is mounted directly on the engine. Intercooler fins act as an expansion tank circuit at low temperatures. The titanium exhaust system was designed and built by MHG-Fahrzeugtechnik. Hydroformed joints were developed to reduce back pressure and ensure
1008-403: A variable drag coefficient of between .31 and .37. The system also prevents excess body roll in the corners by raising the "inside" flaps (i.e. the left ones in a left-handed corner and vice versa), increasing the downforce on that side of the car. The rear flaps also act as an airbrake. Under hard braking, both the front suspension and the two rear flaps are raised to counter-act weight transfer to
1071-522: Is a unique feature of the Tricolore. The production is limited to three customer units as its predecessor and priced at €5,500,000+taxes ($ 6.7 Million+taxes) each. In reality, there will be four Huayra Tricolore: 3 customer cars and 1 prototype owned by the company. The first two customer cars have been delivered, as of early 2022. One car went to a customer in Stuttgart, Germany, while another went to
1134-413: Is delivered to the rear wheels via a 7-speed automated manual transmission by Xtrac . The car now uses a hydraulic and electronic activation system with carbon synchronizers. Bosch has also contributed in the construction of the car and the car uses their ECU system. The weight is now 70 kg (154 lb) lighter, for a total of 1,280 kg (2,820 lb), making it the first roadster lighter than
1197-503: Is reduced by 132 kg (291 lb) to just 1,218 kg (2,685 lb), thanks to the use of a new material called 'carbon triax' which Pagani claims is 50% lighter and 20% stronger than regular carbon fibre, giving the car a power-to-weight ratio of 1.62 kg (3.57 lb) per horsepower. The Huayra BC comes with a lighter titanium exhaust system, new aluminum alloy wheels, and a stripped out interior. The tires are Pirelli P-Zero Corsas that feature 12 different rubber compounds, and
1260-476: Is to date the only successful example of a true mid-engined convertible with seating for 4 and sports car/supercar performance. A version of the Lotus Evora with a removable roof panel is anticipated but no definite date is known. Like any layout where the engine is not front-mounted and facing the wind, the traditional "engine-behind-the-passengers" layout makes engine cooling more difficult. This has been
1323-408: Is typically only achievable by placing the engine somewhere between the front and rear axles. Usually, the term "mid-engine" has been primarily applied to cars having the engine located between the driver and the rear drive axles. This layout is referred to as rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive , (or RMR) layout. The mechanical layout and packaging of an RMR car are substantially different from that of
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#17327838588811386-786: Is unproven, but if true, Pagani will have set a new record. Introduced in July 2019, the Huayra Roadster BC, often mistakenly called the Huayra BC Roadster, is the track-oriented version of the Roadster. It shares few aerodynamic parts as present on the BC and has a modified version of the 6.0-litre twin-turbocharged V12 engine rated at 802 PS (590 kW; 791 hp) and 1,050 N⋅m (774.5 lb⋅ft) of torque. The 7-speed Xtrac sequential gearbox with single clutch used on
1449-415: The 2016 Geneva Motor Show . The Huayra BC is named after the late Benny Caiola , a friend of Horacio Pagani , and the first Pagani customer. The Huayra BC has an improved version of the standard Huayra's 6.0 L twin-turbocharged V12 engine having a power output of 764 PS (562 kW; 754 hp) at 5900 rpm as well as 1,000 N⋅m (738 lbf⋅ft) at 2500-5600 rpm of torque. The dry weight
1512-404: The 1999 Geneva show: The following concepts and major launches featured at the 1998 Geneva show: The following introductions were made at the 1997 Geneva show: The following introductions were made at the 1996 Geneva show: The following introductions were made at the 1995 Geneva show: The following introductions were made at the 1994 Geneva show: The following introductions were made at
1575-480: The 2005 Geneva show: The following introductions were made from 4 to 14 March 2004 at the Geneva show: The following introductions were made at the 2003 Geneva show: The following introductions were made at the 2002 Geneva show: The following major introductions were made at the 2001 Geneva show: The following introductions were made at the 2000 Geneva show: The following concepts and major launches featured at
1638-475: The 2022 cancellation of Swiss location. The 90th Geneva Motor Show was planned for 5 to 15 March 2020, but it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Switzerland's decision to impose a limit on gatherings of over 1,000 people was cited as the reason for the cancellation. It was one of the first of many major automotive events to be cancelled due to COVID-19. The following vehicles were to be presented at
1701-589: The Huayra Codalunga, a 5 units limited version of the Huayra, to pay homage to the lines of racecars from the 1960s, like the Porsche 917 (Horacio's favorite car). Prices started at €7mln+tax (around $ 7.36mln+tax) with all 5 units being sold before its unveiling. This car was the result of a special project by Pagani Grandi Complicazioni. On 23 November 2023, Pagani introduced the Imola Roadster,
1764-579: The Huayra Roadster BC will be limited to 40 units only. Introduced in February 2020, the Imola is named after the Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari ( Imola Circuit ), where it underwent 16,000km of high-speed testing. It is the most powerful street-legal variant of the Huayra, using the same Mercedes-AMG V12 tuned to 838 PS (827 hp; 616 kW) and 1,100 N⋅m (811 lb⋅ft). Weight saving measures such as
1827-500: The Huayra Tricolore, was built to celebrate the 60th Anniversary of Frecce Tricolori , Italy's aerobatic team. The Tricolore uses a twin-turbo 6.0-liter V12 engine sourced from Mercedes-AMG which has been tuned to produce 829 horsepower and 811 pound-feet of torque, which is 38bhp and 37lb ft more than the power and torque produced by a standard Huayra BC engine. The car is only available in roadster form and shares much of
1890-506: The Huayra, which has a power output of 740 PS (544 kW; 730 hp) at 5,800 rpm and 1,000 N⋅m (738 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 2,250-4,500 rpm. The engine has been designed at the request of Pagani to reduce turbo lag and improve response, achieved with smaller turbochargers, a different intercooler configuration and re-programmed ECU settings. Like many high-performance cars, the Huayra uses dry sump lubrication. This has several key benefits including guaranteeing oil flow even when
1953-427: The added weight and expense of all-wheel-drive components. The mid-engine layout makes ABS brakes and traction control systems work better, by providing them more traction to control. The mid-engine layout may make a vehicle safer since an accident can occur if a vehicle cannot stay in its own lane around a curve or is unable to stop quickly enough. Mid-engine design is also a way to provide additional empty crush space in
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2016-567: The biennal exhibitions in Qatar during the fourth quarter along with the annual exhibitions in the Switzerland during the first quarter. The 2021 and 2022 exhibitions were cancelled due to the continued COVID-19 pandemic measures. The Qatari location was to be held in November 2022, but it was postponed to 2023 for the same reason. The global chip shortage was also cited as a factor in
2079-563: The bodywork of the Roadster BC. It is unpainted except for a clear blue lacquer, and red, white, and green stripes from the nose along the top of the car's surface. Inside, the Tricolore is equipped with white and blue leather seats with Italian flag stripes, and the Tricolori logo is embroidered into the headrests. The Pitot tube mounted on the nose of the car, a metal measuring device that's typically uses on planes to measure air speed,
2142-456: The car has changed, with the most obvious being the removable top (hence the Roadster name). This part of the vehicle is also its key element. The design of the rear is also different, with new eyelid-like fixed flaps that continue with the design and eventually end on the rear lights. The rear engine cover also has a new shape to adapt to the roadster form and now has vents for efficient cooling. The wheels are unique and specifically constructed for
2205-580: The car is subjected to extreme lateral acceleration, preventing "oil surge" which allows the engine to operate more efficiently while the lack of an oil pan allows mounting the engine lower, lowering the car's center of gravity and improving handling. The fuel consumption of the Huayra is 10 mpg ‑US (23.5 L/100 km; 12.0 mpg ‑imp ) in city and 14 mpg ‑US (16.8 L/100 km; 16.8 mpg ‑imp ) in highway ( EPA testing). A water/oil heat exchanger reduces engine warm-up times on cold days and helps maintain
2268-474: The car. The car has conventional doors instead of the Gull-wing doors of the coupé as they are impossible to fit on an open top car while maintaining the low weight. The vehicle utilises the same twin-turbocharged M158 V12 engine as the coupé, but it now has a total power output of 764 PS (562 kW; 754 hp) at 6,200 rpm and 1,000 N⋅m (738 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 2,400 rpm. All of this power
2331-521: The case of the Ferrari FF taking power from both ends of the crankshaft with two separate gearboxes. These cars use a traditional engine layout between driver and rear drive axle. Typically, they're simply called MR; for mid-rear (engined), or mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout cars. These cars use mid-ship, four-wheel-drive , with an engine between the axles. These cars are "mid-ship engined" vehicles, but they use front-wheel drive , with
2394-413: The construction rigid. The Roadster BC is claimed to generate 500 kg (1,102 lb) of downforce at 280 km/h (174 mph) due to its large fixed rear wing and aerodynamic elements. In addition to movable active Aero elements, the titanium exhaust incorporates flaps in the catalytic converters to divert exhaust gases over the underfloor elements like a Formula 1 car's blown diffuser. Production of
2457-670: The convertible version of the Pagani Imola but inspired by the Huayra R . The Imola Roadster uses the same Mercedes-AMG V12, 6.0-liter twin-turbo engine to produce 850 PS (625 kW; 838 hp) at 5,600 rpm as well as 1,100 N⋅m (553 lbf⋅ft) of torque from 3,600 to 5,600 rpm. Production of the Imola Roadster will be limited to 8 units only. In December 2017, Pagani introduced the Huayra Lampo (Italian for "lightning") in partnership with Lapo Elkann of Garage Italia Customs. This one-off
2520-463: The coupe version. Only 100 will be made, all of which have already been sold. The tyre supplier is Pirelli , with P-Zero tyres. The tyre have a white narrow outline, resembling those of an F1 race car . Pagani has also used a new material for the Roadster called carbon triax, which is a tri-axis fiberglass meshed with carbon-fibre power bands. Pagani states that the car produces 816 kg (1,800 lb) of downforce or 1.8 lateral G-force. This figure
2583-470: The engine in front of the driver. It is still treated as an FF layout, though, due to the engine's placement still being in the front of the car, contrary to the popular belief that the engine is placed in front of the rear axle with power transferred to the front wheels (an RMF layout). In most examples, the engine is longitudinally mounted rather than transversely as is common with FF cars. Geneva Motor Show#2016 The Geneva International Motor Show
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2646-413: The engine placed between the driver and the front axle. This layout, similar to the above FMR layout, with the engine between driver and the front axle, adds front-wheel drive to become a four-wheel drive. An engineering challenge with this layout is getting the power to the front wheels past the engine - this would normally involve raising the engine to allow a propshaft to pass under the engine, or in
2709-562: The factory-installed engine (I4 vs I6). Historically most classical FR cars such as the Ford Models T and A would qualify as an FMR engine car. Additionally, the distinction between FR and FMR is a fluid one, depending on the degree of engine protrusion in front of the front axle line, as manufacturers mount engines as far back in the chassis as possible. Not all manufacturers use the Front-Mid designation. These cars are RWD cars with
2772-498: The front axle (if the engine is behind the driver). Exceptions typically involve larger vehicles of unusual length or height in which the passengers can share space between the axles with the engine, which can be between them or below them, as in some vans, large trucks, and buses. The mid-engine layout (with a horizontal engine) was common in single-decker buses in the 1950s and 1960s, e.g. the AEC Reliance . The Ferrari Mondial
2835-404: The front of the automobile between the bumper and the windshield, which can then be designed to absorb more of the impact force in a frontal collision in order to minimize penetration into the passenger compartment of the vehicle. In most automobiles, and in sports cars especially, ideal car handling requires balanced traction between the front and rear wheels when cornering, in order to maximize
2898-426: The front of the vehicle puts more weight over the rear tires, so they have more traction and provide more assistance to the front tires in braking the vehicle, with less chance of rear-wheel lockup and less chance of a skid or spin out. If the mid-engine vehicle is also rear-drive the added weight on the rear tires can also improve acceleration on slippery surfaces, providing much of the benefit of all-wheel-drive without
2961-400: The front wheels and keep the whole car stable, for instance when entering a corner. Air from the radiator is extracted through an arch in the bonnet at an angle that is designed not to affect the streamline around the body. The side air intakes behind the front wheels create a low pressure zone, resulting in downforce. The Huayra BC is a track focused version of the Huayra which was unveiled at
3024-733: The global economy and geopolitics" in 2022 led the organisers to cancel the Swiss location for 2023 (fourth year in row) and to postpone the Qatari location until October 2023. Another contributing factor was less commitments from the manufacturers for the Swiss location. The dates for the Qatar Motor Show were confirmed to be from 5 to 14 October 2023. In 2021, the Geneva International Motor Show organisers entered into an agreement with Qatari government to hold
3087-437: The heavy mass of the engine is located close to the back of the seats. It makes it easier for the suspension to absorb the force of bumps so the riders feel a smoother ride. But in sports cars, the engine position is once again used to increase performance and the potentially smoother ride is usually more than offset by stiffer shock absorbers . This layout also allows the motor, gearbox, and differential to be bolted together as
3150-399: The history of the automobile, along with benzene- and steam-powered cars from the beginning of the century. Exotic supercars often steal the spotlight during their debuts at the show. Prototypes, new equipment, technical breakthroughs, international partnerships , as well as political and social debates, have been announced at the exhibition. The show was regarded as a level playing field for
3213-406: The possible speed around curves without sliding out. This balance is harder to achieve when the heavy weight of the engine is located far to the front or far to the rear of the vehicle. Some automobile designs strive to balance the fore and aft weight distribution by other means, such as putting the engine in the front and the gearbox and battery in the rear of the vehicle. Another benefit comes when
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#17327838588813276-486: The rear and front of the car. The behavior of the flaps is managed by a dedicated control unit that is fed information from systems such as the ABS and ECU , which pass on information about the car's speed, yaw rate, lateral acceleration, steering angle and throttle position. This is intended to achieve minimal drag coefficient or maximum downforce depending on the situation. The Huayra's designer Horacio Pagani states that it has
3339-426: The roadster is 35% lighter than a contemporary dual-clutch gearbox. The Huayra Roadster BC sits at 1,250 kg (2,756 lb) which is slightly heavier than the coupe, with a dry weight of 1,218 kg (2,685 lb). It is 30 kg (66 lb) lighter than the Huayra Roadster 1,280 kg (2,822 lb). The monocoque of the Roadster BC is constructed of carbon-titanium HP62 material to keep weight low and make
3402-426: The show in 2020: The 89th Geneva Motor Show was held between 7 and 17 March 2019. The 88th Geneva Motor Show was held on 8 to 18 March 2018. The 87th Geneva Motor Show was held from 9 to 19 March 2017. The 86th Geneva Motor Show was held from 3 to 13 March 2016. The 85th Geneva Motor Show was held from 5 to 15 March 2015. The 84th Geneva Motor Show was held from 6 to 16 March 2014. The 83rd Geneva Motor Show
3465-481: The show scheduled for November 2025 in Qatar. Areas of the show: The International Advanced Mobility Forum is the Geneva Motor Show forum on the mobility of the future. The organizers of the car show have announced the closure. While they will continue to organize the Qatar Motor Show , at Doha . In July 2023, plans were announced for the 2024 Geneva Motor Show from 26 February to 3 March, with
3528-412: The superior balance - and the car begins to spin. The moment of inertia about the center of gravity is low due to the concentration of mass between the axles (similar to standing in the middle of a playground roundabout, rather than at the edge) and the spin will occur suddenly, the car will rotate faster and it will be harder to recover from. Conversely, a front-engined car is more likely to break away in
3591-511: The suspension and wishbones are made of aeronautical grade aluminum, known as Avional. The Huayra BC also has a new front bumper with a front splitter and winglets, deeper side skirts, and an air diffuser that stretches the entire width of the rear bumper with a large rear wing. The car could be ordered with an optional roof scoop. All of the exterior components in the car are used to optimize downforce and drag. The Huayra BC uses an Xtrac 7-speed sequential manual transmission . Pagani has stuck with
3654-596: The world's automakers, aided by the fact Switzerland lacked an auto industry of its own. The Geneva International Motor Show was not held in 2020-2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic impact on the global automobile industry. The event returned in 2024. In May 2024 the Geneva Show organizing committee decided to cancel the event for 2025 and beyond, citing a general lack of interest by manufacturers and competition from other shows. It shifted its focus to
3717-829: Was an annual auto show held in March in the Swiss city of Geneva . The show was hosted at the Palexpo , a convention centre located next to the Geneva Cointrin International Airport. The Salon was organised by the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles , and was considered an important major international auto show. First held in 1905, the Salon hosted almost all major internal combustion engined models in
3780-442: Was held from 6–16 March 2008. The following vehicles were introduced: The 2007 Geneva Auto Show was held from 8–18 March 2007. The following vehicles were introduced: In addition, Subaru introduced its new boxer diesel engine , and Honda showed its next generation clean diesel engine . The 2006 Geneva Auto Show was held from 3–19 March 2006. The following vehicles were introduced: The following introductions were made at
3843-492: Was held from 7 to 17 March 2013. The 82nd edition was held from 8 to 18 March 2012. The 2011 edition was held from 3 to 13 March 2011. The 80th edition of the Geneva Motor Show was held from 4–14 March 2010. Over 80 introductions were expected for the show. Press days for the show started on 2 March 2010, when most of the major introductions occurred. The 2009 Geneva Motor Show was held from 5–15 March 2009. The following vehicles were introduced: The 2008 Geneva Motor Show
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#17327838588813906-641: Was inspired by the Fiat Turbina concept revealed in 1954. This particular Huayra also received the "Tempesta" pack: larger front openings, plus new aero elements on the front splitter and sills. In July 2024, Pagani introduced a one-off version of the Huayra called the Huayra Epitome, which was developed by Pagani Grandi Complicazioni. It is powered by a twin-turbocharged 6.0-liter V-12 engine sourced from Mercedes-AMG that develops 852 horsepower and 811 pound-feet of torque, and revs to 6,700 rpm mated to
3969-490: Was reported that the Pagani Huayra had been sold out. The Huayra was limited to just 100 units as part of Pagani's agreement with engine supplier Mercedes-AMG . The Pagani Huayra was officially debuted online with several pictures in a press release on 25 January 2011. The official world debut was at the headquarters of Pirelli in Milan in February 2011. The Huayra has a top speed of about 383 km/h (238 mph) and it has
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