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56-572: Pagaruyung ( Minangkabau : Karajaan Pagaruyuang , other name: Pagaruyung Dārul Qarār ), also known as Pagarruyung , Pagar Ruyung and Malayapura or Malayupura , was a kingdom that once stood in the island of Sumatra and the seat of the Minangkabau kings of Western Sumatra . Modern Pagaruyung is a village in Tanjung Emas subdistrict, Tanah Datar regency, located near the town of Batusangkar , Indonesia. Prior to its establishment,

112-668: A ceremony to transfer power from Adityawarman to his crown prince, which can be related to the Chinese chronicle of 1377 about the emissary of San-fo-ts'i to the Emperor of China asking for recognition as the ruler of the San-fo-ts'i region. Several areas in the interior of central Sumatra are still found to be influenced by Buddhism, including the Padangroco temple area, Padanglawas temple area and Muara Takus temple area. It

168-585: A fight and netted the British 500,000 florins in goods and money. At that time a delegation from Pagaruyung came to congratulate the British on their success in expelling the Dutch from Padang. In 1784, The fortress at Padang was destroyed before the town was returned to VOC control. According to Marsden, Minangkabau had long been considered the richest in gold, and at that time the power of the Minangkabau king

224-569: A higher position than the Regent of Tanah Datar that he held after replacing Sultan Tunggul Alam Bagagar, but this request was rejected by the Dutch, this resulted in one of the drivers of the 1841 rebellion in Batipuh, besides issues relating to cultuurstelsel . According to Tomé Pires in the Suma Oriental , The land of Minangkabau, in addition to the inland highlands of Sumatra where

280-609: A result of this agreement, the Dutch made it a sign of the submission of the kingdom of Pagaruyung to the Dutch government. Dutch forces made their first attack on a Padri village in April 1821. Later after the Dutch succeeded in capturing Pagaruyung from the Padri, in 1824 at the request of Lieutenant Colonel Antoine Theodore Raaff, Yang Dipertuan Pagaruyung Raja Alam Muningsyah returned to Pagaruyung, but in 1825, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah,

336-494: A river). The dialects are Rao Mapat Tunggul, Muaro Sungai Lolo, Payakumbuh, Pangkalan-Lubuk Alai, Agam-Tanah Datar, Pancungsoal, Kotobaru, Sungai Bendung Air, and Karanganyar. In everyday communication between Minangkabau people of different regions, the Agam-Tanah Datar dialect ( Baso Padang or Baso Urang Awak 'our [people's] language') is often used and has become a kind of standard. The Tapan language , spoken in

392-559: A trading office in the city of Padang , had set interest among local rulers. A letter from the Minangkabau ruler calling himself the Raja of Pagaruyung made a request to the VOC, and the VOC took the opportunity at that time to stop Aceh's monopoly on gold and pepper. Subsequently, the VOC, through its regent in Padang, Jacob Pits , whose jurisdiction extended from Kotawan in the south to Barus in

448-796: A tribute-giving relationship. There are as many as 62 to 75 small kingdoms in the archipelago which are the main ones in Pagaruyung, which are spread in the Philippines , Brunei , Thailand and Malaysia , as well as in Sumatra, East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia. The relationship is distinguished based on gradasi (gradations) of the relationship, namely sapiah balahan (female bloodline), kaduang karatan (male bloodline), Kapak radai , and timbang pacahan who are royal descendants. Minangkabau language Minangkabau

504-419: A vassal king ( uparaja ) of Majapahit . However, none of the inscriptions left by this king mentioned anything related to Bhumi Jawa and then from Berita Tiongkok it was known that Adityawarman had sent envoys to China 6 times during the period 1371 to 1377. After Adityawarman's death, Majapahit possibly sent another expedition to conquer the kingdom in 1409. Minangkabau legends record a fierce battle with

560-530: Is a striking consistency in the style of writing, not only of books in prose and verse, but also of epistolary correspondence, and my own experience has proved to me that no greater difficulty attends the translation of letters from the princes of the Molucca islands , than from those of Kedah or Trangganu in the peninsula , or of Menangkabau in Sumatra ." — Excerpt from William Marsden . In

616-807: Is also spoken in Malaysia, by some descendants of migrants from the Minang-speaking region in Sumatra ( Ranah Minang , Tanah Minang , or Land of the Minang). Significant numbers of the early migrants settled in what is now the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan ; this Negeri Sembilan Malay , known as Bahaso Nogori / Baso Nogoghi , is now a distinct language, more closely related to Malay than to Minangkabau. More recent immigrants are known as Minang . The Minangkabau language has several dialects, sometimes differing between nearby villages (e.g. separated by

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672-817: Is an area of Bengkulu. Durian Ditakuak Rajo is an area in Bungo Regency , Jambi. Finally, Aia Babaliak Mudiak is an area in the lower reaches of the Kampar River , Pelalawan Regency , Riau today. In full, the tambo states that the Alam Minangkabau (area of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung) is as follows: The influence of the kingdom of Pagaruyung covered almost the entire island of Sumatra as written by William Marsden in his book The history of Sumatra (1784). Several other kingdoms outside Sumatra also recognized Pagaruyung's sovereignty, although not in

728-410: Is likely that these areas included the conquest area of Adityawarman. While recorded devout adherents of this teaching in addition to Adityawarman in the earlier period were Kubilai Khan of Mongol and king Kertanegara of Singhasari . The development of Islam after the end of the 14th century influenced the patriarchal system to some extent, and brought a relatively new phenomenon to the society in

784-479: Is recorded that in 1684, the first European to enter the region, a Portuguese explorer named Thomas Dias, paid a visit to Pagaruyung on the orders of the Dutch governor-general in Malacca . He travelled from the east coast to reach the region in 1684 and reported, probably from hearsay, that there was a palace at Pagaruyung and that visitors had to go through three gates to enter it. The primary local occupations at

840-441: Is similar to Malay . The relationship between the languages is characterized in different ways. Some see Minangkabau as an early variety of Malay, while others think of Minangkabau as a distinct ( Malayic ) language. Minangkabau is one of a few languages that generally lacks verb forms and grammatical subject-object distinctions. Although Minangkabau is still commonly spoken amongst the Minangkabau people, education specific to

896-668: The Malacca Sultanate and the Aceh Sultanate . The political sphere of influence of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung was an area where Minangkabau culture lived, grew and developed. This area can be traced from this statement in the Minang-language Tambo (traditional legend): Sikilang Aia Bangih was the northern boundary, now in West Pasaman , bordering Natal , North Sumatra . Taratak Aia Hitam

952-415: The Minangkabau people of West Sumatra . There are approximately 5.5 million speakers of the language. It is also spoken in the western part of Riau , South Aceh Regency , the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi . Along the western coastal region of North Sumatra , the language is also a lingua franca . The language is used and called Aneuk Jamee in parts of Aceh . Besides Indonesia, Minangkabau

1008-427: The British when Raffles visited Pagaruyung and promised them assistance. On 10 February 1821, Sultan Tunggul Alam Bagagarsyah, a nephew of Sultan Arifin Muningsyah who was in Padang, along with 19 other traditional leaders signed an agreement with the Dutch to cooperate against the Padri. Although Sultan Tunggul Alam Bagagar at the time was not considered entitled to make a treaty on behalf of the kingdom of Pagaruyung. As

1064-652: The Dutch out of his country. After ending the Diponegoro War in Java, the Dutch then tried to subdue the Padri with troops from Java, Madura , South Sulawesi and Ambon . Though, Dutch colonial ambitions seemed to make the adat and the Padri factions try to forget their differences and ally in secret to expel the Dutch. On 2 May 1833 Sultan Tunggul Alam Bagagar was arrested by Lieutenant Colonel Cornelis Pieter Jacob Elout in Batusangkar on charges of treason. He

1120-628: The King of Adat ( Raja Adat ), and the King of Religion ( Raja Ibadat ). Collectively they were called the Kings of the Three Seats ( Rajo Tigo Selo ). The Suma Oriental , written between 1513 and 1515, recorded that of the three Minangkabau kings, only one had become a Muslim 15 years earlier. Islamic influence in Pagaruyung developed around the 16th century, through travellers and religious teachers who stopped over or came from Aceh and Malacca. One of

1176-617: The Kingdom of Pagaruyung. In the early 19th century, conflict broke out between the Padri and the Adat. In several negotiations there was no agreement between them. There was turmoil in several areas of the Pagaruyung Kingdom, culminating in the Padri fundamentalist Islamic group, under the leadership of Tuanku Pasaman , in conflict with the traditional syncretic groups, elite families and Pagarruyung royals. Sultan Arifin Muningsyah

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1232-592: The Majapahit army in the Padang Sibusuk area. It is said that the area was so named because of the many corpses that lay there. According to the legend, the Javanese army was defeated. Before the kingdom was established, the people in the Minangkabau region already had a political system such as a confederation, which was a deliberative body of various Nagari and Luhak . In terms of historical continuity,

1288-546: The Pagaruyung Kingdom after adapting to the community environment, especially in the Luhak Nan Tigo region at the beginning of its reign. On the other side of the irrigation canal, there is also an inscription in Nagari or Tamil script , which could indicate the presence of a significant number of people from southern India in the area. Adityawarman was initially sent to subdue important areas in Sumatra, and reigned as

1344-478: The Pagaruyung kingdom was a kind of administrative system change for the local people (ethnic Minang). Hindu-Buddhist influence in central Sumatra had emerged around the 13th century, beginning with the dispatch of the Pamalayu Expedition by Kertanagara , and later during the reign of Adityawarman and his son Ananggawarman . The rule of Adityawarman is thought to have been strong enough to dominate

1400-550: The Sultanate of Aceh from the coast of West Sumatra in 1666, Aceh's influence on Pagaruyung weakened. The relationship between the overseas and coastal regions and the centre of Pagaruyung Kingdom became close again. At that time Pagaruyung was one of the centres of trade on the island of Sumatra, due to the production of gold there. This attracted the attention of the Dutch and the British to establish relations with Pagaruyung. It

1456-591: The area. As a result of the conflict between Britain and France in the Napoleonic Wars , in which the Dutch were on the French side, the British fought the Dutch and regained control of the west coast of West Sumatra between 1795 and 1819. In 1818, Thomas Stamford Raffles visited Pagaruyung by reaching it from the west coast, which was already riven by warfare between the Padri and the Adat. Raffles found that

1512-611: The central Sumatra region and its surroundings. This can be proven by the title Maharajadiraja carried by Adityawarman as carved on the back of the Amoghapasa Statue , which was found in the upper reaches of the Batang Hari river (now included in the Dharmasraya Regency area). The Batusangkar inscription mentions that Ananggawarman as yuvaraja performed a Tantric Buddhist ritual called hevajra ,

1568-399: The construction of a ditch to irrigate the 'forever rice-rich garden of Nandana Sri Surawasa ', which was previously built by his uncle Akarendrawarman , the previous king, so it is certain that in accordance with Minangkabau customs, inheritance from mamak (uncle) to kamanakan (nephew) had already occurred at that time, although it is likely that Minangkabau customs were only applied by

1624-533: The culture in urbanizing locations is slowly being erased as it is deemed less and less important in West Sumatra. The Minangkabau language is deemed as "informal" in the urban regions of Padang , with the Indonesian language being preferred instead in formal institutions. Youth in the city will frequently use a mixture of conversational Minang and Indonesian slang . Minangkabau is the native language of

1680-647: The early 17th century, the kingdom was forced to recognise the sovereignty of the Sultanate of Aceh , and acknowledge the Aceh governors appointed for the west coast of Sumatra. But around 1665, the Minang people on the west coast rose up and rebelled against the Aceh governors. During this time, the first arrival of the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) in 1663, which then established

1736-532: The following word-final sound changes. The sound inventory of Minangkabau is listed below: Akarendrawarman Akarendrawarman was a ruler of Malayapura kingdom in the Minangkabau plateau . His name was found in the Pagaruyung VII inscription , which is written in Old Malay , his full title is Paduka Sri Maharajadhiraja Srimat Sri Akarendrawarman . In carrying out his administration, he

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1792-472: The founder of this kingdom, the Tambo itself also does not clearly mention it. However, some of the inscriptions left behind by Adityawarman show that he was indeed the king of the country, specifically Tuan Surawasa , as interpreted from the Batusangkar inscription . Thus, is believed that Adityawarman founded the kingdom and presided over the central Sumatra region between 1347 and 1375, most likely to control

1848-514: The inscription of the mohor stamp of Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagar of Pagaruyung, which is in Jawi script in the inner circle which reads (Jawi: سلطان توڠݢل عالم باݢݢر ابن سلطان خليفة الله يڠ ممڤوڽاءي تختا کراجأن دالم نݢري ڤݢرويڠ دار القرار جوهن برداولة ظل الله في العالم; Latin : Sulthān Tunggul Alam Bagagar ibnu Sulthān Khalīfatullāh yang mempunyai tahta kerajaan dalam negeri Pagaruyung Dārul Qarār Johan Berdaulat Zhillullāh fīl 'Ālam ). Unfortunately,

1904-467: The interior of Minangkabau. But during this time, there was a major gap in the historical picture in the Minangkabau highlands between the last date of Adityawarman's inscription in 1375 and Tomé Pires Suma Oriental . By the 16th century, the time of the next report after the reign of Adityawarman, royal power had been split into three recognised reigning kings. They were the King of the World ( Raja Alam ),

1960-461: The king lived, also included the eastern coastal region of Arcat (between Aru and Rokan ) to Jambi and the west coast port cities of Panchur Barus , Tiku, and Pariaman . The records also state that the lands of Indragiri, Siak and Arcat were part of Minangkabau, with Teluk Kuantan as the main port of the Minangkabau king. However, later the overseas areas such as Siak (Gasib), Kampar Pekan Tua and Indragiri were then separated and conquered by

2016-517: The kingdom was forced to recognise the sovereignty of the Sultanate of Aceh but rebelled in 1665, also Dutch influence and presence grew in the 17th century. In the early 19th century, turmoil erupted during the Padri War due to factional disputes and the state steadily declined. The name Pagaruyung derives from a Minangkabauan name for the Nibung or Ruyung tree, but it can also be referred to

2072-527: The kingdom was part of Malayapura, a kingdom that the Amoghapasa inscription mentions was ruled by Adityawarman , who established himself as the ruler of Bhumi Malayu ( Suvarnabhumi ). Also included in Malayapura were the kingdom of Dharmasraya and several other kingdoms or conquests of Adityawarman. The region gradually became Muslim throughout the 16th century and after. In the early 17th century,

2128-532: The last king in Minangkabau, died and was later buried in Pagaruyung. Sultan Tunggul Alam Bagagarsyah, on the other hand, wanted to be recognised as the Raja of Pagaruyung , but the Dutch East Indies government had limited his authority from the start and only appointed him as the Regent of Tanah Datar. Perhaps this policy gave Sultan Tunggul Alam Bagagar the impetus to start thinking about how to drive

2184-516: The local gold trade. The few artefacts recovered from Adityawarman's reign include a number of stones containing inscriptions, and statues. Some of these items were found at Bukit Gombak , a hill near modern Pagarruyung, and it is believed a royal palace was located there. From the manuscript carved by Adityawarman on the back of the Amoghapasa Statue , it is mentioned that in 1347 Adityawarman proclaimed himself king in Malayapura , Adityawarman

2240-583: The mohor stamp does not indicate the year of his reign. The kingdom collapsed during the Padri War , after the signing of an agreement between the Indigenous People ( Kaum adat ) and the Dutch that put the Kingdom of Pagaruyung under Dutch control. The emergence of Pagaruyung as a Malay kingdom cannot be known with certainty, from the Tambo received by the Minangkabau people there is no dating of any events told, even if considering Adityawarman as

2296-407: The north of Padang, sent a letter on 9 October 1668 to Sultan Ahmadsyah , Iskandar Zur-Karnain , the gold-rich ruler of Minangkabau, informing him that the VOC had taken control of the west coast so that the gold trade could be re-established on the coast. According to Dutch records, Sultan Ahmadsyah died in 1674 and was succeeded by his son, Sultan Indermasyah . When the VOC succeeded in expelling

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2352-452: The outbreak of the civil war known as the Padri War , which was initially between the Padri (ulama) and the Adat , before the Dutch became involved in this war. Islam also influenced the government system of the Pagaruyung Kingdom with the addition of governmental elements such as Tuan Kadi and several other terms related to Islam. The naming of the village of Sumpur Kudus , which contains

2408-475: The royal capital had been burnt down as a result of the war, and by then it had been burned to the ground three times. It was rebuilt after the first two fires, but abandoned after the third, and Raffles found little more than waringin trees. After a peace between the British and the Dutch in 1814, the Dutch re-entered Padang in May 1819. The Dutch reasserted their influence on the island of Sumatra and Pagaruyung, with

2464-747: The ruler of Kuantan. Likewise, when Raffles was still in charge of the Malay Peninsula, he met with Pagaruyung relatives in Negeri Sembilan , and Raffles intended to appoint the Yang Dipertuan Ali Alamsyah, who he considered a direct descendant of the Minangkabau king, as king under British protection. Meanwhile, after the end of the Padri War, Tuan Gadang in Batipuh asked the Dutch East Indies government to give him

2520-476: The signing of the Treaty of London in 1824 with the British. "From the ruins of this city (Pagaruyung) it is evident that here once stood a great Malay civilisation, rivalling that of Java, the site of many buildings now no longer exists, destroyed by the ongoing war." — Opinion from Thomas Stamford Raffles . The power of the king of Pagaruyung was already very weak by the time of the Padri War, although he

2576-496: The students of the famous Acehnese scholar Syaikh Abdurrauf Singkil (Tengku Syiah Kuala), Syaikh Burhanuddin Ulakan , is considered to be the first scholar to spread Islam in Pagaruyung. In the 17th century, the Kingdom of Pagaruyung was finally transformed into an Islamic sultanate. The first Islamic king is mentioned in the Minangkabau traditional tambo as Sultan Alif . With the advent of Islam, customary rules that contradicted

2632-449: The teachings of Islam began to be eliminated and the essentials of custom were replaced with Islamic rules. The famous Minangkabau traditional saying: " Adaik basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah ", which means that Minangkabau custom is based on Islam, while Islam is based on the Qur'an. However, in some cases, some customary systems and methods were still maintained and this is what led to

2688-536: The time were gold panning and agriculture, he reported. Around 1750, the Pagaruyung kingdom began to dislike the VOC presence in Padang and tried to persuade the British in the Bencoolen (now modern-day Bengkulu ) to join forces to expel the Dutch, although the British did not respond. However, during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War in 1781, the British managed to temporarily control Padang without

2744-473: The town of Tapan in southern West Sumatra province, is a recently discovered Malayan language which has been proposed as related to but not part of Minangkabau. Together, Tapan and Minangkabau would form a Greater Minangkabau subgroup. The two languages Tapan and Muko-Muko form a Lunangic subgroup within the Minangic (Greater Minangkabau) language group. The Minangic subgroup is characterized by

2800-472: The word kudus derived from the word Quddūs (holy) as the seat of Rajo Ibadat , and Limo Kaum , which contains the word qaum, are clearly influenced by Arabic or Islam. In addition, the terms Imam , Katik (Khatib), Bila (Bilal), Malin (Mu'alim) also appear in the Adat (customary law), which are replacements for the Hindu and Buddhist terms used previously, such as the term Pandito (priest). "..., there

2856-484: Was assisted by various other officials, among others was a minister called Tuhan (lord) Parpatih . The kingdom was mentioned to be located in Parhyangan on Mount Mahameru ( Mount Marapi ). De Casparis concluded that Akarendrawarman was the predecessor of King Adityawarman , and that the inscription explained the move of the kingdom's capital from Jambi to West Sumatra . However, that reading conclusion

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2912-478: Was banished to Batavia (present-day Jakarta ) for the rest of his life, and buried in the Mangga Dua cemetery. After its fall, the influence and prestige of the Pagaruyung Kingdom remained high, especially among the overseas Minangkabau community. When the members of the court were scattered following a failed rebellion against the Dutch in 1833, one of the heirs of the Pagaruyung Kingdom was invited to become

2968-423: Was forced to step aside and flee from the royal capital to Lubuk Jambi . The original Pagaruyung Palace on Batu Patah Hill was burned down during a riot in Padri War back in 1804. During the conflict most of the Minangkabau royal family were killed in 1815, on the orders of Tuanku Lintau . Pressured by the Padri, the Pagaruyung royal family turned to the Dutch for help, and had previously conducted diplomacy with

3024-451: Was said to have been divided between the king of Suruaso and the king of Sungai Tarab with equal power. Earlier in 1732, the VOC regent in Padang had recorded that a queen named Yang Dipertuan Puti Jamilan had sent spears and swords made of gold, as a sign of establishing herself as the ruler of the bumi emas (golden earth). Even after the Dutch and British reached the interior of Minangkabau, they never found significant gold reserves in

3080-496: Was still respected. Areas on the west coast fell under the influence of Aceh, while Inderapura on the south coast became practically an independent kingdom although still officially subject to the king of Pagaruyung. The east coast was already under the influence of the Malay Sultanates, and in the future, other areas, such as Kampar Kiri , Singingi and Kuantan , became independent during the Padri's seizure of most of

3136-649: Was the son of Adwayawarman as carved on the Kuburajo Inscription , and the son of Dara Jingga , the daughter of the Dharmasraya Kingdom as mentioned in Pararaton . He had previously fought with Mahapatih Gajah Mada to conquer Bali and Palembang , during his reign it is likely that Adityawarman moved the centre of his government to the interior of Minangkabau. The Malay -accented Suruaso inscription mentions Adityawarman completing

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