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85-492: Pak Shing Kok is an area in eastern Tseung Kwan O , Hong Kong. The Fire and Ambulance Services Academy is located in Pak Shing Kok. 22°18′22″N 114°16′26″E  /  22.306°N 114.274°E  / 22.306; 114.274 This Hong Kong location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tseung Kwan O Tseung Kwan O New Town , commonly known as Tseung Kwan O ,

170-529: A few decades, a culture of public political gatherings and outdoor cafes emerged. Non-sustainable gardening , including mowing , use of chemical fertilisers , herbicides and pesticides harm green spaces. Contrariwise, one of the conditions for good urban open space is sustainable gardening . At the beginning of the 21st century, studies began to show that living in areas near water (known as " blue spaces ") considerably improved physical and mental health, increasing life longevity. Green space access

255-486: A few small shipbuilding establishments dotting its coastline. The present-day neighbourhood of Tiu Keng Leng (then known as Rennie's Mill) was, from the 1950s to 1990s, a refugee village housing Kuomintang loyalists who fled to Hong Kong after their party's defeat in the Chinese Civil War . The Hong Kong Government had long been interested in developing a new town at Hang Hau because of its proximity to

340-755: A four-fold pattern called chahar bagh or chahār bāgh . often appearing as fountains, flowing channels, or reflective pools. Modern interpretations of Islamic gardens can be found in various locations, such as the Islamic Gardens at King's Cross in London, which showcase contemporary landscaped spaces representing the diversity of Muslim culture. The concept of Islamic gardens spread widely from Persia to Spain, North Africa, and India, influencing garden design across various Islamic empires. While maintaining core principles, these gardens often incorporated local elements and adapted to regional climate. London has

425-507: A good social network feel socially included, promoting more confidence and well-being in their everyday lives. Overall, the bonding experiences that result from urban green spaces tie in with a child's cognitive and social development. A 2021 study found that higher exposure to woodland urban green spaces or urban forest but not grassland is associated with improved cognitive development and reduced risks of mental problems for urban adolescents . The term "rus in urbe" meaning "country in

510-590: A high concentration of data centres due to the fact that three out of the eight submarine communications cables connecting to Hong Kong make their landfall at the marine frontage of the estate. Bus routes 797M ( NWFB ) and 298E ( KMB ) connect the industrial estate to southern Tseung Kwan O. A spur line of the MTR's Tseung Kwan O line to the LOHAS Park station was completed in July 2009 and provides easy access to

595-441: A high risk of prevalence rhinitis, allergic sensitization, wheezing, and asthma among children 7 years-old. More studies are needed to explain the effect of urban green spaces on children relating to air quality. These studies should take into consideration the interconnectedness of tree species, geographic areas, temperature, and other pollutant-like traffic. The adolescent years are extremely important for children due to it being

680-488: A long history of urban open space, which has significantly influenced development of modern parks, and is still among the greenest capital cities in the world. The basis for many urban open spaces seen today across Europe and the West began its process of development in London in the 17th and 18th centuries. What would eventually become urban open green space began as paved public plazas . Though they were intended to be open to

765-461: A lower income, explained by the pattern that wealthier individuals reside in areas more concentrated with green space. Urban open spaces in higher socioeconomic neighborhoods were also more likely to have trees that provided shade, a water feature (e.g. pond, lake and creek), walking and cycling paths, lighting, signage regarding dog access and signage restricting other activities as well. This difference in access has been proven, however, further study

850-530: A neighborhood. Even when physical activity rates are not shown to increase with greater access to green space, greater access to green space has been shown to decrease stress and improve social cohesion. Adequate urban green space access can be associated with better respiratory health outcomes, as long as green space areas meet certain requirements.  A new study showed that mortality due to pneumonia and chronic lower respiratory diseases could be reduced by minimizing fragmentation of green spaces and increasing

935-489: A number of residential developments as well as community facilities such as the District Hospital and Sai Kung District Council facilities. Tseung Kwan O Town Centre refers to the area to the south of Po Lam, southwest of Hang Hau and east of Tiu Keng Leng. Centered on MTR Tseung Kwan O station , this is the major growth area in the new town where new residential developments are being built. The development of

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1020-465: A performing arts centre, however. Located between Tseung Kwan O Town Centre and Hang Hau, Tseung Kwan O Sports Ground was built for the 2009 East Asian Games . It was completed in early 2009 and started to host top-division football matches afterwards. The adjacent Hong Kong Velodrome has also hosted world-class cycling events like the 2017 UCI Track Cycling World Championships , since its completion in 2013. Tseung Kwan O Football Training Centre

1105-529: A protective factor against respiratory disease. Exposure to nature improves the immune system . Contact of the human body with soil , turf , or forest floor , exposes it to many microorganisms which boost the immune system. Improved access to green space is associated with reductions in cardiovascular disease symptoms, improved rates of physical activity , lower incidence of obesity , and improved respiratory health. Lower rates of cardiovascular biomarkers are associated with access to green space, showing

1190-539: A reduction in cardiovascular disease risk in populations living within 1 km of green space. Not only does access to urban green space reduce risk of cardiovascular disease, but increased access has been shown to improve recovery from major adverse cardiovascular events and lower all-cause mortality. Relationships have been found between increased access to green space, improved rates of physical activity, and reduced BMI. The percentage of sedentary and moderately active persons making use of an urban park increased when access to

1275-418: A reprieve from the urban environment and a break from over-stimulation . Studies done on physically active adults middle-aged and older show that there are amplified benefits when physical activities are coupled with green space environments. Such coupling leads to decreased levels of stress , lowers the risk for depression , and increases the frequency of participation in exercise. Green spaces may improve

1360-528: A time of growth, development, and instillation of habits. When children are given the opportunity to be active, they typically take advantage of it. Children with a greater access to parks and recreational facilities through urban green space have been found to be more active than children who lack access. The access to green spaces has shown an association with recreational walking, increased physical activity, and reduced sedentary time in all ages. In coordination, it has been seen that higher residential green space

1445-516: Is East Point City . Tseung Kwan O Town Centre ( Tseung Kwan O MTR station ) is home to Park Central , PopCorn, and Tseung Kwan O Plaza . An iconic 480,000-square-foot MTR shopping mall The LOHAS has been built atop LOHAS Park station . It has the largest indoor ice rink in Hong Kong as well as the largest cinema in Tseung Kwan O. Tseung Kwan O is linked to urban Hong Kong Island by

1530-406: Is Haven of Hope Hospital , where subacute medical care, comprehensive rehabilitation and long-term care is provided. The two hospitals are supplemented by public healthcare facilities like the Tseung Kwan O Jockey Club General Out-patient Clinic and Po Ning Road Health Centre, as well as the numerous private physician practices scattered among the various residential areas in the new town. East of

1615-414: Is about 17.18 square kilometres (6.63 sq mi), with a planned population of 445,000. Major residential neighbourhoods within the new town include Tsui Lam , Po Lam , Hang Hau , Tseung Kwan O Town Centre, Tiu Keng Leng (also known by its English name Rennie's Mill) and Siu Chik Sha, etc. Administratively, the new town belongs to Sai Kung District in southeastern New Territories , although it

1700-1013: Is associated with lower BMI scores. If children are given the opportunity to be active and maintain a healthy BMI in their adolescent years, they are less likely to be obese as adults. Children exposed to urban green spaces have the opportunity to expend energy by interacting with their environment and other people through exercise. One study has shown that without access to urban green spaces, some children have problems with hyperactivity, peer interactions, and good conduct. The important interactions with nature, animals, and peers have been positively influential in child development and reduction in behavioral issues such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Urban green spaces allow children to expel their extra energy and improve their ability to focus when needed both at school and home. In addition to behavioral problems, and likely connected, access to urban green space has been proven to be helpful for cognitive development. With urban green space giving children

1785-502: Is being developed to deliver six state of the art pitches; three artificial and three natural. It is being funded by the Hong Kong Jockey Club, spearheaded by Hong Kong Football Association , and constructed by Projexasia. There are two public libraries in Tseung Kwan O. The amphitheatre-shaped Tseung Kwan O Public Library, which opened in 2001, is part of the new town's largest recreational complex mentioned above. It

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1870-528: Is higher in populations with a higher percentage of green space in their environments. Urban open space access has also been directly related to reductions in the prevalence and severity of chronic diseases resulting from sedentary lifestyles, to improvements in mental well-being, and to reductions in population-wide health impacts from climate change . Access to urban open space encourages physical activity and reduces ambient air pollution, heat, traffic noise and emissions . All are factors which contribute to

1955-634: Is home to the Hong Kong Design Institute and Lee Wai Lee Campus of the Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (IVE), two vocational education establishments operated by the Vocational Training Council . Caritas Institute of Higher Education is also located in the same neighbourhood. Although not located within the new town's boundaries, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

2040-470: Is needed to evaluate the exact health impacts. A study conducted in Australia provided insight into how there is a correlation between community development/community safety and natural open space within the community. Open areas allow community members to engage in highly social activities and facilitate the expansion of social networks and friendship development. As people become more social they decrease

2125-492: Is not sufficient; the quality of the urban green space is important as well. Urban open space is often appreciated for the recreational opportunities it provides. Examples of recreation in urban open spaces include active recreation (such as organized sports and individual exercise) and passive recreation. Research shows that when open spaces are attractive and accessible, people are more likely to engage in physical activity. Time spent in an urban open space for recreation offers

2210-417: Is often incorrectly regarded as part of Kowloon / New Kowloon due to its close proximity to the city — the new town is bordered by Kwun Tong District , a high rise built-up area, to Tseung Kwan O's west. The land where Tseung Kwan O New Town now stands was, until the 1980s, a long narrow inlet named Junk Bay , with small fishing villages (such as Tseung Kwan O Village and Hang Hau Village, etc.) and

2295-472: Is one of the nine new towns in Hong Kong , built mainly on reclaimed land in the northern half of Junk Bay in southeastern New Territories , after which it is named. Development of the new town was approved in 1982, with the initial population intake occurring in 1988. As of 2016, the town is home to around 396,000 residents. The total development area of Tseung Kwan O, including its industrial estate,

2380-695: Is only a 10-minute ride from Hang Hau in the new town. The Fire and Ambulance Services Academy , where all new recruits of the Hong Kong Fire Services Department are trained, is located in Pak Shing Kok of Tseung Kwan O South. The town is located within Sai Kung District and covered by a number of constituencies of the District Council . However, except several functions that are provided by

2465-414: Is related to health inequality for minority populations.  Neighborhoods with higher percentages of minority residents often have lower access to open space and parks as the result of past red-lining policies and current inequities in funding priorities. Urban open space is under strong pressure. Due to increasing urbanization , combined with a spatial planning policy of densification , more people face

2550-582: The Chinese Civil War . The refugee village was cleared before the handover . It has since been redeveloped into a mid-size high-rise residential neighbourhood. The 2016 Population By-census records the population of Tseung Kwan O New Town at 398,479, a 7.12% increase from 2011. This is equivalent to 86% of Sai Kung District 's total population. Among the residents of Tseung Kwan O, 42% live in private housing, 34% in some form of subsidized home ownership housing (e.g. HOS courts) and 23% in public rental housing . Each of 4 more well-developed neighbourhoods in

2635-570: The Eastern Harbour Crossing . Other main roads leading to Tseung Kwan O include: The Tseung Kwan O Cross Bay Bridge spans Junk Bay and is Hong Kong's first marine viaduct that boasts carriageways, a cycle track and a footway. Tseung Kwan O Hospital in Hang Hau North is the only secondary care hospital within the new town boasting a 24-hour emergency department . Situated on the western slopes of Tseung Kwan O

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2720-766: The Home Affairs Department , the executive branch of the Hong Kong Government and its departments are not subdivided along the same borders as the districts and often have their own subdivisions. For example, the public hospitals of the town belong to the Kowloon East Cluster of the Hospital Authority . 22°18′15″N 114°14′58″E  /  22.3043°N 114.2494°E  / 22.3043; 114.2494 Urban open space Generally considered open to

2805-621: The Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate is the 10-hectare South East New Territories Landfill (SENT), one of the three remaining landfills in Hong Kong. Tseung Kwan O's largest cultural and recreational complex is situated by the road interchange at the end of Tseung Kwan O Tunnel Road. It comprises a swimming Pool, an indoor games hall and a public library. Additional sports centres are available in Po Lam Estate, Hang Hau and Tiu Keng Leng, albeit smaller in size. Tseung Kwan O still lacks

2890-606: The urban heat island effect. Historically, access to urban green space has favored wealthier and more privileged communities; thus, recent urban greening has increasingly focused on environmental justice concerns, and community engagement in the greening process. In particular, in cities with economic decline, such as the Rust Belt in the United States, urban greening has broad community revitalization impacts. Urban areas have greatly expanded, resulting in over half of

2975-535: The Earth's atmosphere and trees play an essential role in removing human-made pollutants from the air, aka particulate matter (PM). Trees produce oxygen and absorb CO 2 . In urban green spaces, trees filter out man-made pollutants. Air quality data collected on cities with and without urban green space has shown that areas with an abundance of trees have considerably less air pollutants, i.e. O 3 , PM 10 , NO 2 , SO 2 , and CO. As air pollutants accumulate in

3060-517: The Kowloon East Police Region. It is under such a situation that the new town is often incorrectly, or intentionally, referred to as part of Kowloon. This is illustrated by the fact that the two hotels in Tseung Kwan O are named Crowne Plaza Hong Kong Kowloon East and Holiday Inn Express Hong Kong Kowloon East. The development of Tseung Kwan O New Town commenced from the head of the original inlet, on reclaimed land in front of

3145-607: The Kuomintang refugee village at Rennie's Mill (later renamed Tiu Keng Leng ), with a view to increase the planned population from 175,000 to 325,000. The first families moved in to the new town in 1988 when public housing at the Head of the Bay ( Po Lam Estate ) was completed. The New Town was developed in three phases. The first phase encompasses Northern Tseung Kwan O, which includes Po Lam MTR station and Hang Hau station , while

3230-578: The Sea , LOHAS Park and the Industrial Estate in the town's southeastern part. The new town is connected to urban Kowloon through two road tunnels. The Tseung Kwan O Tunnel acts as the major road link between Tseung Kwan O and Kwun Tong. Built to alleviate the heavy pressure on Tseung Kwan O Tunnel, the Tseung Kwan O – Lam Tin Tunnel opened to traffic in 2022 and offers a more direct linkage to

3315-422: The air quality of urban areas and provide habitat for wildlife, improving the overall ecological health of urban environments. They may also reduce the risk of flooding by providing rainwater drainage . The aesthetic value of urban open spaces is self-evident. People enjoy viewing nature, especially when it is otherwise extensively deprived, as is the case in urban environments. Therefore, open space offers

3400-468: The atmosphere, vulnerable populations, such as children, may suffer from increased incidences of respiratory disease. Particulate matter or particle pollution with a diameter of 10 microns (PM10) or 2.5 microns (PM2.5) is associated with heart diseases and respiratory diseases including lung cancer. Globally, particulate matter has increased over 28% in indoor air and 35% in outdoor air. Children spend most of their time at school, around 10 hours daily, and

3485-399: The cities designed to try to solve the problem. The distance an individual lives from a green space or park and the proportion of land designated as open space/parks has been shown to be inversely related to anxiety/ mood disorder treatment counts in the community. Improved mental health may therefore be related to both measures - to distance from open space and proportion of open space within

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3570-651: The city" was used in Rome around the first century C.E. Urban planning in Rome valued the natural landscape and took account for environmental factors. It was thought that by building a city with regard to the local countryside, the people living there would be healthier and happier. English landscapes would later take inspiration from Roman urban planning concepts in their own open spaces. Islamic gardens are distinctive green spaces that blend cultural, religious, and practical elements, serving as earthly representations of paradise. Typically featuring symmetrical designs, often in

3655-422: The counterpart of development, urban open space is a natural and cultural resource, synonymous with neither 'unused land' nor 'park and recreation areas'." Another defines urban open space as "land and/or water area with its surface open to the sky, consciously acquired or publicly regulated to serve conservation and urban shaping function in addition to providing recreational opportunities." In almost all instances,

3740-431: The density of vegetation. Green spaces contribute to the reduction of local heat, decreasing the overall effect of UHIs. The larger the distribution of green spaces, the bigger the area of heat reduction. Green spaces that are clustered together will have an additive heat reduction resulting in a greater decrease in temperature in the local area compared to surrounding areas. Human activity has increased air pollution in

3825-443: The effect of surface urban heat islands. Open spaces that include any type of vegetation help offset the high temperatures through the natural process of evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration releases water into the air therefore dissipating heat. There are many elements of an urban open space that can contribute to the mitigation of urban heat islands including the type of open space (park or nature reserve), type of plant species, and

3910-538: The health of individuals and communities near the green space. Urban greening policies are important for revitalizing communities , reducing financial burdens of healthcare and increasing quality of life. By promoting the development of parks, green roofs, and community gardens, these policies contribute to cleaner air, mitigate urban heat effects, and create spaces for recreation and social interaction. Most policies focus on community benefits, and reducing negative effects of urban development, such as surface runoff and

3995-444: The increased temperatures. The average temperature during the day in cities can be 18-27 degrees Fahrenheit higher than in the surrounding rural regions. This is an example of one type of UHI, surface heat islands. Surface heat islands encompass the area from the ground to the top of the tree-line. It is usually higher during the day when direct sunlight reaches urban structures (often with darker materials than natural areas) including

4080-464: The indoor and outdoor air has a large impact on their health. Schools located in urban areas have higher particulate matter than schools in rural areas. Compared with children in schools located in rural areas, children who attend schools located in industrial areas and urban cities have higher levels of urinary PAHs ( polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ) metabolites, which is linked to air pollution. There are two different ways that green spaces can reduce

4165-462: The industrial estate from Kowloon and Hong Kong Island . Tseung Kwan O has several major shopping complexes, all sitting atop of or in close proximity to MTR stations. The largest shopping centre in the new town now is Metro City Plaza , which boasts three phases surrounding Po Lam MTR station . Hang Hau MTR station is surrounded by an extensive network of mid-sized shopping arcades linked by footbridges. The mainstay of this multifarious complex

4250-669: The largest patch percentage of green space. Vegetation type (trees, shrubs and herbaceous layers) and lack of management (pruning, irrigation and fertilization) has been shown to affect a higher capacity to provide the ecosystem services of air purification and climate regulation within green urban spaces. The types of plants and shrubs are important because areas with large tree canopies can actually contribute to asthma and allergic sensitization. Urban areas tend to have higher temperatures than their surrounding undeveloped areas because of Urban Heat Islands , UHIs. Urban heat islands are areas with man-made infrastructure that contribute to

4335-461: The main contributor, pavement. The other type of UHI, atmospheric heat islands, are from above the tree-line to the level in the atmosphere where the urban area no longer has an effect. This type of heat island has increased heat at night due to the release of heat from infrastructure that built up throughout the day. Green spaces within urban areas can help reduce these increased temperatures through shading and evapotranspiration. Shading comes from

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4420-484: The namesake Tseung Kwan O line of the MTR metro system. The commutes from Po Lam and Tiu Keng Leng to Central District take 31 and 24 minutes, respectively. Currently the line calls at five stations in the new town: Tiu Keng Leng , Tseung Kwan O , Hang Hau , Po Lam , and LOHAS Park . Tiu Keng Leng station is also the terminus of MTR's Kwun Tong line which connects the town with Kowloon East . All MTR stations within

4505-575: The natural environment, too. For example, people who were shown pictures of scenic, natural environments had increased brain activity in the region associated with recalling happy memories, compared to people that were shown pictures of urban landscapes. The World Health Organization considers urban green spaces as important to human health. These areas have a positive impact on mental and physical health. Urban open spaces often include trees or other shrubbery that contribute to moderating temperatures and decreasing air pollution . Perceived general health

4590-411: The new town are either connected to or in the proximity of shopping centres and large private housing developments. The new town is also well-covered by the local public bus and minibus network. As of November 2019, a total of 50 bus routes ply between Tseung Kwan O and other districts of Hong Kong. Another 3 operate entirely within the new town. These are complemented by 37 green minibus routes. On

4675-655: The new town from the rural parts of Sai Kung District . The whole of Tseung Kwan O belongs to Sai Kung District , part of the New Territories. The town is, however, situated far away from other major population centres of the New Territories, and is instead in close proximity with Kwun Tong in Kowloon. While the town is entirely within the New Territories East geographical constituency , a number of governmental bodies and large corporations would, for

4760-502: The new town, namely Po Lam , Hang Hau , Tseung Kwan O Town Centre and Tiu Keng Leng , is a combination of the above 3 types of housing clustering around a metro station. Private housing estates usually come in the form of podium-tower structures, where the podium levels are shopping malls . Most public housing estates in Tseung Kwan O are equipped with their own shopping malls as well, although mostly smaller in size than their private counterparts. The LOHAS Park residential project in

4845-703: The new town. In 2018, the French International School of Hong Kong (香港法國國際學校) and Shrewsbury International School Hong Kong ( 思貝禮國際學校 ) opened their campuses in the new town, in Areas 67 and 85 of Tseung Kwan O respectively. Tseung Kwan O is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 95. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) and one government school: Tseung Kwan O Government Primary School (將軍澳官立小學). Tiu Keng Leng

4930-433: The opportunity to get outside and expend energy, children are more focused in school and have a better working memory and reduced inattentiveness. Another facet of urban green space improving mental health is giving children access to a community. Recreational activities and playing at the park gives children opportunities to interact with other children and develop a social circle and social skills in general. Children with

5015-403: The original indigenous villages of Tseung Kwan O and Yau Yue Wan. The Po Lam neighbourhood is where the earliest developments in the new town could be found. Notably, Po Lam Estate (1988) was the first residential development in the area. Metro City Plaza , with its three phases surrounding the MTR terminus , remains the largest shopping mall in the new town. To the southeast of Po Lam lies

5100-473: The other hand, red minibuses are banned from entering Tseung Kwan O. Hong Kong's three major bus operators all have routes serving Tseung Kwan O. Kowloon Motor Bus , the major bus operator in the New Territories, serves mainly Po Lam and Hang Hau areas. Having successfully tendered for a package of bus routes serving southern Tseung Kwan O, New World First Bus now operates an extensive network serving Tiu Keng Leng , Tseung Kwan O Town Centre and most of

5185-559: The park was improved. Mental illness has been a major taboo and concern in the current fast-paced world in which time to relax is undervalued.  Globally, mental illness is linked to eight million deaths each year. In urban areas , limited access to green space and poor quality of green spaces available may contribute to poor mental health outcomes; according to some studies, people living in cities and towns may have weaker mental health in comparison to people living in less crowded areas. Urban green spaces are pieces of nature in

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5270-413: The pollution of particulate matter including preventing distribution of particulate from pollutants or by reducing the particulate matter from traveling to other places. There is a disagreement about the association of living near green spaces or having high exposure to greenness and illness such as allergies, rhinitis, and eye and nose symptoms. Higher exposure to tree canopy and pollen was associated with

5355-557: The prospect of living in less green residential environments, especially people from low economic strata. This may cause environmental inequality with regard to the distribution of (access) to public green space. The parks that do exist in minority neighborhoods are often small (with lower acreage per person than parks in majority ethnicity neighborhoods), not well maintained, unsafe, or are otherwise ill-suited for community needs. A large epidemiological study. concluded that wealthier individuals were generally healthier than individuals with

5440-407: The public, these spaces began to be re-designated as private parks around the late eighteenth century. It was during this period that the areas became pockets of green in the urban environment, commonly modelled after the natural wild of the countryside. The first parks to reverse the trend of privatization and again be opened to the public were England's royal parks in the nineteenth century. This

5525-495: The public, urban green spaces are sometimes privately owned, such as higher education campuses , neighborhood/community parks/gardens , and institutional or corporate grounds. Areas outside city boundaries, such as state and national parks as well as open space in the countryside, are not considered urban open space. Streets, piazzas , plazas and urban squares are not always defined as urban open space in land use planning. Urban green spaces have wide-reaching positive impacts on

5610-534: The residential complexes surrounds the MTR station, urban open space are usually planned at the periphery of each neighbourhood in Tseung Kwan O. Neighbourhoods are therefore separated by parks. Tseung Kwan O is located near the southeastern tip of the New Territories mainland, 9 to 12 km (5.6 to 7.5 mi) east-southeast from the Central District of Hong Kong. The town is bounded on

5695-490: The residential neighbourhood of Hang Hau . It was once a small market town that served the whole of Clear Water Bay Peninsula , and was also a hub for ship breaking industries. When the new town was developed, residents of Hang Hau Town were resited into the Hang Hau Town Resite Area at the neighbourhood's northern edge, known presently as Hang Hau Village. The reclaimed part of Hang Hau is now home to

5780-605: The risks of chronic disease and mental illness. Individuals and families who lived closer to ‘formal’ parks or open space were more likely to achieve the recommended amounts of physical activity. Better respiratory health is associated with cleaner air quality. Cleaner air quality affects rates of chronic disease in populations exposed. “High concentrations of ambient particles can trigger the onset of acute myocardial infarction and increase hospitalization for cardiovascular disease”. Besides an association with lower BMI/obesity rates, this physical activity can increase lung function and be

5865-495: The sake of administrative convenience, classify Tseung Kwan O as part of Kowloon East, adding to the confusion of the town's residents. For example, the Hospital Authority places Tseung Kwan O under its Kowloon East Cluster . From 1992 to 2017, Tseung Kwan O had been policed under the Tseung Kwan O Division of the Kwun Tong Police District, and the upgraded Tseung Kwan O Police District still belongs to

5950-568: The same district, according to the 2016 Population By-census. Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate is located in the southeastern part of the town. Apart from various manufacturing industries that could not be housed in conventional multi-storey industrial buildings, the estate is also where a number of mass media outlets locate their headquarters at, including TVB City , the headquarters of Hong Kong's largest television broadcaster, and news agencies like Apple Daily ( forcibly closed on 24 June 2021 ) and Sing Tao Daily . The industrial estate hosts

6035-404: The second and third phase comprise Southern Tseung Kwan O, which includes Tseung Kwan O station (Town Centre) and Tiu Keng Leng station . The design of the new town was highly transit-oriented . Developments centred along the MTR -corridor, with more than 80% of the population living within five minutes of an MTR station, with huge residential complexes surrounding the MTR stations. As most of

6120-515: The segmentation of the spaces, displays a situation similar to the privatization of London parks in the eighteenth century, which displayed a desire to make classes more distinct. In the 20th century, places like Scandinavia saw a proliferation of urban open spaces and began adopting a lifestyle supported by the extra urban breathing room. An example of this can be seen in Copenhagen where an area closed to car traffic in 1962 developed, in just

6205-499: The south by the namesake Junk Bay , known as Tseung Kwan O ( 將軍澳 ) in Chinese. Most of the residential developments in the new town stand on land reclaimed from the bay. The mountains of Devil's Peak , Chiu Keng Wan Shan, Black Hill and Tai Sheung Tok form the new town's western boundary, where it borders Kwun Tong District of Kowloon . Lying to the north and southeast of the town are Razor Hill and High Junk Peak , which separate

6290-411: The southern part of the new town will become the largest single residential enclave in Hong Kong, with 50 high-rises skyscrapers from 46 to 76 floors high after its full completion in 2025. A handful of pre-existing indigenous villages are also retained in the new town design. Tseung Kwan O displays the characteristics of a commuter town as only less than 10% of the workforce living there works within

6375-775: The space referred to by the term is green space, focused on natural areas. The spaces that are part of "public space" are broadly construed, including meeting or gathering places that exist outside the home and workplace. These foster resident interaction and opportunities for contact and proximity. This definition implies a higher level of community interaction and places a focus on public involvement rather than public ownership or stewardship. The benefits that urban open space provides to citizens can be broken into four basic forms: recreation , ecology, aesthetic value, and positive health impacts. Psychological research shows that benefits gained by visitors to urban green spaces increased with their biodiversity, indicating that "green" alone

6460-410: The taller plants, such as trees, planted in green spaces that can contribute to lowering the surface heat island effect. The shade provides protection from the sun for vulnerable populations, such as children, during periods of increased temperature, during the summer months or during a heat wave. Tree cover prevents some solar radiation from reaching the ground with its leaves and branches. This reduces

6545-475: The town centre commenced with the construction of Sheung Tak Estate in 1998. It has since been extended southwards to the shoreline of Junk Bay. Early private residential developments in the area include Sun Hung Kai Properties ' Park Central (2002) and The Wings (2012), and Nan Fung Group 's Tseung Kwan O Plaza (2004). Tiu Keng Leng (formerly Rennie's Mill) was once a cottage area housing refugees who settled in Hong Kong after Kuomintang 's defeat in

6630-732: The town's southern part. The new town is linked to the airport at Chek Lap Kok by a handful of Citybus routes. Bus termini could be found at Metro City Plaza in Po Lam; Tsui Lam Estate and Hong Sing Garden in Tsui Lam; Hang Hau station and Hang Hau (North) in Hang Hau; Tseung Kwan O station and Sheung Tak Estate in Tseung Kwan O Town Centre; Tiu Keng Leng station and Kin Ming Estate in Tiu Keng Leng; as well as at Oscar by

6715-484: The urban area. The project was postponed for a long time owing to the extensive scale of reclamation in the bay, which is rather deep. The project finally took off under the name of Tseung Kwan O in 1983, when the development of the new town's Phase I was endorsed by the Governor-in-Council . This was followed by the decision to proceed with Phase II, which entailed further reclamation and the clearance of

6800-462: The use of urban green rings. Segmentation of urban open spaces was particularly prominent in America during the twentieth century. Since the late 1800s romantic park systems, open space designers have been concerned with guiding, containing or separating urban growth, distributing recreation, and/or producing scenic amenity, mostly within the framework of geometric abstractions." Such segmentation

6885-513: The value of "substituting gray infrastructure." One researcher states how attractive neighborhoods contribute to positive attitudes and social norms that encourage walking and community values. Properties near urban open space tend to have a higher value. One study was able to demonstrate that, "a pleasant view can lead to a considerable increase in house price, particularly if the house overlooks water (8–10%) or open space (6–12%)." Certain benefits may be derived from exposure to virtual versions of

6970-434: The world's population being located in urban locations. As the population continues to grow, this number is predicted to be at two-thirds of people living in urban areas by 2050. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined urban green spaces as "all urban land covered by vegetation of any kind". When doing research, some experts use "urban open space" to describe a broader range of open areas. One definition holds that "As

7055-511: Was done in response to the extensive and unexpected population movement from the country into cities. As a result, "the need for open space was socially and politically pressing… The problems, to which the provision of parks was expected to offer some relief, were easy to describe: overcrowding, poverty, squalor, ill-health, lack of morals and morale, and so on". China's Fourteenth Five-Year Plan's plan 's Climate Change Special Plan emphasizes ecologically-oriented urban planning , including through

7140-455: Was especially prominent in the 1990s, when urban open spaces took a path similar to that of parks, following the modernization trend of segmentation and specialization of areas. As modernity stressed "increased efficiency, quantifiability, predictability, and control… In concert with the additional social divisions", open spaces grew more specific in purpose. Perhaps this increase in division of social classes ' use of open space, demonstrated by

7225-642: Was the only library in the new town until 2015, when the Tiu Keng Leng Public Library was established. Both libraries belong to the Hong Kong Public Libraries system managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department . Tseung Kwan O has an array of 24 primary schools and 24 secondary schools teaching the local curriculum, scattering across its major residential areas. There are also more than 40 kindergartens in

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