Palazzo Altieri is a palace in Rome , which was the home of the Altieri family in the city. The palace faces the square in front of the Church of the Gesù .
56-479: The Altieri were one of the prominent families in Rome claiming descendancy from Roman nobility, and included Pope Clement X (reigned 1670-1676). When Giambattista Altieri was elevated to Cardinal by Pope Urban VIII , he decided his existing house was not impressive enough; not befitting his new title so in 1650 he commissioned Giovan Antonio de' Rossi to begin renovations at the site. When Pope Clement ascended to
112-554: A cardinal . He was then about seventy-nine years of age; and Clement IX, when making him a member of the Sacred College , said to him: "You will be our successor." After the funeral of Pope Clement IX, sixty-two electors entered into conclave on 20 December 1669. Forty-two votes were necessary, and due to the rivalry between the French and Spanish factions, heated discussion prevailed for four months. Cardinal Giannicolò Conti
168-592: A professed member of the Society of Jesus since 1548 but secretly; he retained his rank while attending to his obligations and settling his children. In 1551 the Collegio Romano was a small, rented building at the base of the Capitoline Hill , on today's Piazza d'Aracoeli . Jesuit Fr. Polanco wrote of teaching Latin and Greek and later Hebrew: "Christian doctrine is taught. Above the door of the school
224-580: A prudent and scrupulous conduct. It was especially between Spain and France that the pope desired to witness a renewal of feelings of good understanding. In 1671, the Pope published an edict by which he declared that a noble might be a merchant without loss of his nobility, provided always that he did not sell by retail . In 1676, Gian Lorenzo Bernini sculpted one of his final statues, a bust of Clement X . On 12 April 1671, Clement X canonised five new saints: In 1673, he had Pope Leo III 's name entered in
280-629: A school of philosophy and theology for the Roman clergy. On 17 January 1873 the libraries, astronomical observatory, scientific laboratory, and the Kircher Museum were taken over by the new government. With the extension of the rule of Savoy to the city of Rome, the Jesuits were finally removed. Pius IX protested against this usurpation with the encyclical Etsi fine luctuosa of 21 November 1873. The community of Jesuit professors found hospitality at
336-487: A sign says: a free school of grammar, humanism, and Christian doctrine." Jesuits were the first pupils: Edmond Auger (French), Emmanuel Gomez (Portuguese), John Egnazi (Florence), and Emerio de Bonis (Mantua). Within its first year the building could not accommodate the influx of students and Ignatius sought a larger facility. Without leaving the center of Rome, in September 1551 he rented a building on Via del Gesù behind
392-602: Is credited with the re-establishment of peace after the stormy days of Masaniello . Pope Alexander VII (1655–67) confided to him a mission to Poland. Pope Clement IX (1667–69) named him Superintendent of the Papal Exchequer (in charge of the Church's finances), and in 1667 his maestro di camera , and he was made Secretary of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars . Just before his death, Clement IX made him
448-637: Is now occupied by a bank, though the interiors still possess major works of art and decoration, including paintings by Luca Giordano , Bernardo Strozzi , Pieter Mulier the younger , Domenico Maria Canuti , Lionello Spada , Fabrizio Chiari , Felice Giani , Vincenzo Camuccini , Francesco Zuccarelli , Francesco Manno and Giuseppe Bonito . 41°53′46.8″N 12°28′44.5″E / 41.896333°N 12.479028°E / 41.896333; 12.479028 Pope Clement X Pope Clement X ( Latin : Clemens X ; Italian : Clemente X ; 13 July 1590 – 22 July 1676), born Emilio Bonaventura Altieri ,
504-540: The French occupation of Rome . After the restoration of the Jesuits, Pope Leo XII on 17 May 1824, with the brief Cum Fine , ordered the restitution of the Roman College with the outbuildings and church of St. Ignatius to the Society of Jesus. Leo himself was present for the inauguration of the new academic year on 2 November 1824. Fr. Giovanni Perrone was among the distinguished faculty of theology of that time. With
560-637: The Gregorian University , named after the College's patron. Though taken over by the Italian government, the original buildings on a full square block memorialize the early commitment of the Jesuits to education. Currently, its eastern wing houses the headquarters of the Ministry of Heritage and Culture (with entrance on Via del Collegio Romano) and the wing overlooking the square is home to
616-659: The Netherlands , and put to death in Brielle on 9 July 1572, in hatred of the Catholic faith, of the primacy of the Pope, and of the Roman Church. Of the nineteen Gorcum martyrs, Peter Ascanius and Cornelius Vican were laymen; eleven were Franciscan priests; one a Dominican, two Premonstratensians , one a regular canon of Saint Augustine , and four were secular priests. On 13 January 1672, Clement X regulated
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#1732797696491672-663: The Paoluzzi family, and proposed that one of the Paluzzi should marry Laura Caterina Altieri, the sole heiress of the family. In exchange for adopting the Altieri surname, he would make one of the Paoluzzi a cardinal. Following the wedding, which he officiated, he appointed his niece's uncle-in-law Cardinal Paluzzi Altieri to the office of cardinal nephew to take on the duties which he was prevented from doing by age. The main activity
728-812: The Ponte Sant'Angelo with the ten statues of angels in Carrara marble still to be seen there. Pope Clement X had the two fountains located in St. Peter's Square built near the tribune, where a monument has been erected to his memory. During his papacy, the Palazzo Altieri in central Rome was refurbished. Clement X appointed Francesco Lorenzo Brancati di Lauria head of the Vatican Library . Roman College The Roman College ( Latin : Collegium Romanum , Italian : Collegio Romano )
784-584: The Roman College in 1611. After finishing his studies, he was named auditor of Giovanni Battista Lancellotti in 1623, in the nuncio of Poland . He was ordained on 6 April 1624. On his return to Rome, he was named Bishop of Camerino , then governor of Loreto and of all Umbria . Pope Urban VIII (1623–44) gave him charge of the works designed to protect the territory of Ravenna from the unruly Po River . Pope Innocent X (1644–55) sent him as nuncio to Naples , where he remained for eight years. He
840-531: The Roman Martyrology . He beatified Pope Pius V (1566–72), Francis Solano , and John of the Cross , all subsequently canonized by Clement XI and Pope Benedict XIII (1724–30). Clement X also declared Venerable one of the famous Spanish mystics , Sister María de Jesús de Ágreda . Clement X, on 24 November 1673, beatified nineteen Martyrs of Gorkum , who had been taken prisoner at Gorcum ,
896-406: The carnival . In 1686 she issued a declaration that Roman Jews stood under her protection, signed la Regina – the queen. In 1675 Clement X celebrated the fourteenth jubilee of the holy year. Notwithstanding his age, he visited the churches, regretting that the gout prevented him from making that holy visit more than five times. He went twelve times to Trinity hospital to wash the feet of
952-493: The Catholic faith in such a manner as to give any assurance of his intentions, and the King of Poland had looked upon the embassy with displeasure. Meanwhile Rome had reason to fear trouble. Cardinal Paluzzi Altieri, who was at the head of the government, determined to increase the revenues, and he established a new tax of three percent upon all merchandise entering the city, including even goods for cardinals and ambassadors. Although
1008-583: The Church an independent organisation, and erected a see at Quebec , the bishop to depend directly on the Holy See ; this provision would later secure its permanence after Quebec passed into the hands of Great Britain . The first bishop was Francois de Montmorency-Laval . In 1673, there arrived at Rome ambassadors from the Tsar of Russia , Alexei . He solicited from the Pope the title of Tsar , which, however, had already been adopted by his predecessors. At
1064-419: The Church six years, two months, and twenty-four days. His tomb is in St. Peter's Basilica . He laboured to preserve the peace of Europe even though he was menaced by the ambition of Louis XIV of France (1643–1715), an imperious monarch over ecclesiastical matters (the struggle concerned the régale , or revenues of vacant dioceses and abbeys , which resulted in continued tension with France). He decorated
1120-416: The Jesuits. It was built in 1562 and decorated in 1571 with a fresco by Federico Zuccari in the apse. Saints Stanislaus Kostka , Robert Bellarmine , Aloysius Gonzaga , and John Berchmans worshipped here. But by 1620 this proved too small for a student population that exceeded 2000. After the canonization of St. Ignatius of Loyola in 1622, Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi , nephew of Pope Gregory XV , financed
1176-750: The Palazzo Borromeo-Gabrielli as guests of the German College (moved elsewhere in 1886), now home to students of the Jesuit Bellarmine College. In this new site the school of philosophy and theology, with the official title of the Pontifical Gregorian University of the Roman College, resumed, fostered and protected by Pope Leo XIII. The Roman College would live on only through its philosophy and theology faculties, which had departed
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#17327976964911232-479: The Papal Exchequer. At the age of almost 80, he was elected Pope Clement X in 1670 after a four-month-long conclave. As Pope, he canonized and beatified various saints, promoted good relations between Christian countries, and made efforts to preserve the Altieri family name by adopting the Paoluzzi family. He also established a new tax in Rome, which led to conflicts with ambassadors and cardinals. Clement X celebrated
1288-506: The Roman seminary was returned and classes resumed. Twenty years later on 20 September 1870, with the occupation troops of Savoy in Rome, the college was used as a barracks for sharpshooters; classrooms were used for a technical school and high school. On 6 November 1870 the college was closed and the symbol of the Society of Jesus was chiseled from the doors; until then both the Jacobins and Mazzini had spared it. It remained open only as
1344-532: The Society of Jesus in memory of her late husband the Marchese della Guardia Camillo. This remained the site of the Roman College until the takeover of its buildings by the Italian government in 1870. Ignatius of Loyola had died on 31 July 1556 and was succeeded by Fr. James P. Laynez , an original companion of Ignatius and a papal theologian during the three periods of the Council of Trent . The Jesuits used
1400-539: The ambassadors of the empire , of France , Spain , and Venice , sent their secretaries to demand an audience of the Pope. The chief chamberlain replied that the Pope was busy that day. And for four days in succession, the chamberlain gave the same answer to the same applicants. Clement X, learning at length what had occurred, declared that he had given no such order. The ambassadors then sent their secretaries to ask an audience of Cardinal Paluzzi Altieri. Not only did he refuse to admit them, but closed his doors and increased
1456-482: The ancient church of Santo Stefano del Cacco . This second home of the Roman College was called the House of Frangipani after the famous family which owned it. The building was later demolished. This then was the second home of the Roman College. Despite the cost, Ignatius wanted to begin teaching philosophy and theology in the school year 1553–1554. This increased the student body, both of Jesuits and externs. In 1555,
1512-411: The center of Rome's most historic Pigna district, on what today is called Piazza del Collegio Romano, adding the church of St. Ignatius in 1626, and a renowned observatory in 1787. The college remained at this location for 286 years until the revolutionary Capture of Rome in 1870. In 1873, the remaining philosophical and theological faculties of the Roman College moved to new quarters and formed
1568-456: The center of academia in its time. It hosted many learned debates including those between Galileo Galilei and Orazio Grassi , professor of mathematics there. The German Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher , "Master of a Hundred Arts", was a professor at the college and left on the premises a museum filled with his works. The Jesuits were particularly drawn to astronomy and had a large observatory tower and scientific laboratories constructed on
1624-588: The churches, and they were not to be given to private persons, but only to princes and high prelates; and even to them but rarely, lest the too great profusion should deprive relics of the respect which they ought to inspire. The Pope decreed severe penalties against all who gave a relic any name but that given by the cardinal-vicar. The pain of excommunication was pronounced against all who should demand any sum whatever for sealed and authentic relics. These decrees, and others made by preceding Popes were confirmed by Pope Clement XI (1700–21) in 1704. Clement X confirmed
1680-525: The construction of much larger church named for the new saint. The old church and a part of a classroom wing of the Roman College were removed to make room for the church of St. Ignatius . It was designed by the Jesuit Orazio Grassi and solemnly consecrated in 1722. The flat ceiling and missing dome were frescoed by painter Jesuit Brother Andrea Pozzo , in a style that creates the illusion of depth (photo on right). The Roman College became
1736-463: The election; only two being against him. He, however, objected because of his age, for he was almost eighty, and exclaimed, "I am too old to bear such a burden." Pointing to Cardinal Francesco Maria Brancaccio , Altieri said he was the cardinal whom they ought to elect. He persisted in refusing, protesting that he no longer had strength or memory; eventually, with tears he accepted, and out of gratitude to his benefactor, by ten years his junior, he assumed
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1792-541: The exemptions granted by Pope Gregory XIII (1572–85) to the German College at Rome in 1671; and then, on 16 October 1672, he ordered the pupils to swear that at the close of their studies they would set out for Germany without a day's delay. Clement X, seeing the results of the apostolic labours of the early French missionaries in Canada , the number of the faithful, and the wide field of labour, resolved to give
1848-420: The existing block of buildings, awaiting a benefactor to build a college building for their burgeoning student population on their more than ample land. That benefactor came in the person of Pope Gregory XIII who took a liking to the nascent institution and in 1574 assigned larger annuities. Then in 1581 with funding from the Pope and his relatives, on 11 January 1582 his nephew Cardinal Filippo Boncompagni laid
1904-461: The financial conditions became such that the students had to be distributed among the various colleges of the Society in Italy. On 17 January 1556 Pope Paul IV, seeing the great good that the Collegio Romano was for the young, gave it the privilege of conferring degrees in philosophy and theology with all the privileges of other universities. At this time also Ignatius founded the print shop which over
1960-440: The formalities to be observed in removing the relics of saints from sacred cemeteries. No one was to remove such relics without the permission of the cardinal-vicar . They were not to be exposed for the veneration of the faithful unless previously examined by the same cardinal. The principal relics of the martyr – that is to say, the head, the legs, the arms, and the part in which they suffered – were to be exposed only in
2016-526: The foundation stone for the new college building, designed by Florentine architect Bartolomeo Ammannati . Classes began on 28 October 1584. A picture on display at the Roman College shows Pope Gregory XIII present at the inauguration. Later on, in memory of its benefactor, the Roman College took the name of Gregorian University. For a chapel, the Annunziata begun by the Poor Clares was completed by
2072-561: The fourteenth jubilee of the holy year in 1675 despite his old age. During his pontificate, he created 20 cardinals, including Pietro Francesco Orsini, who later became Pope Benedict XIII . Emilio Boneventura Altieri was born in Rome in 1590, the son of Lorenzo Altieri and Vittoria Delfin , a noble Venetian lady, sister of Flaminio Delfin , commander general of the Papal Army, and of Gentile Delfin , Bishop of Camerino . His brother
2128-519: The government complained that ambassadors had abused their privilege, the diplomatic corps showed discontent that they were not expressly exempted in the new tax law. Another edict confirmed the first and ordered the confiscation without distinction of all goods that did not pay the new tax. The cardinals at first complained, though with moderation. But the ambassadors didn't speak Clement X's language. The Cardinal nephew maintained that Clement X, within his own State, might make what rules he pleased. Then
2184-513: The guard at the pontifical palace, so that the offence could go no further. Subsequently, the Cardinal nephew wrote to the nuncios who resided in the courts of Europe, stating that the excesses committed by the ambassadors had induced the pope to publish the edict. The ambassadors, on the contrary, assured their sovereigns that the accusation was a pretext. The conflict lasted for more than a year; and Clement X, who loved peace, at length referred
2240-556: The high school Ennio Quirino Visconti . The first university founded by the Jesuits was the College of Messina in 1548. Then in 1551, to make up for the shortage of public schools in Rome and to provide for better training of both religious and secular clergy during the Counter-Reformation period, the Roman College was founded, open only to men. The funding came from Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía . He had been
2296-470: The matter to a congregation. Sometime after, Cardinal Paluzzi Altieri declared that he had not intended to comprise the ambassadors among those for whom the edict was intended, and that the pope had never contemplated subjecting them to it. Queen Christina of Sweden , who had become a Catholic and moved to Rome in December 1655, made Clement X prohibit the custom of chasing Jews through the streets during
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2352-589: The name of Clement X. He was crowned on 11 May. On 8 June Clement X took possession of the Basilica of Saint John Lateran . On 11 June, he confirmed the Minor Observantines in the Holy Land in the privileges and indulgences granted to those who visit the holy places, according to the decrees of Alexander VII and Clement IX . In the same month, he granted to the prelate-clerks of the chamber
2408-416: The papal throne in 1670, further renovations were overseen by the pope's Cardinal-Nephew , Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni . By 1673, the grand salon was complete. Cardinal Camillo Massimo recommended Carlo Maratta as the artist, and Giovanni Bellori helped with the iconography. Clemency (punning with pope's name) is surrounded by Public Happiness and other cardinal virtues. The building
2464-495: The pilgrims, and after the ceremony gave them liberal alms. A commemorated silver piastra was issued on the occasion of the Holy Year. Clement X created 20 cardinals in six consistories including Pietro Francesco Orsini , who would become Pope Benedict XIII several decades later. On 22 July 1676, the agonies of the gout became so violent that Clement X died under them that afternoon. He was eighty-six years old and had governed
2520-502: The reopening of the Roman College the famous astronomical observatory was restored and enlarged. The Jesuits experienced a setback during the Roman Republic , when on 29 March 1848 they were expelled and their building became a Roman seminary. The following year the building was occupied and heavily damaged by the revolutionaries who burned a wing of the college. On 7 August 1849 the French arrived to liberate Rome. On 3 March 1850
2576-525: The roof of the annexed church, in 1787. The building of the college consists of two large, colonnaded courtyards and large classrooms. The Library of the Roman College, the most notable of Rome, was removed in 1873 and merged into the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele II . In 1773, with the suppression of the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits entrusted the college to the secular clergy. It was seriously damaged during
2632-462: The same time it could not be forgotten that he gave strong financial aid to King John III Sobieski of Poland in their fight against the Turkish invaders. But Paul Menesius , a Scotsman, who was the ambassador, could not obtain the grant or sanction of that title, though he was received with great magnificence and had many precious gifts to carry back to his master. The Russian Tsar did not profess
2688-463: The service of the Catholic Church , and whom Clement IX, on the eve of his death, had raised to the dignity of the purple. The reason a prelate of such transcendent merits received the cardinalate so late in life seems to have been that he had waived his claims to the elevation in favour of an older brother. On 29 April 1670, the papacy was offered to him by fifty-nine cardinals present at
2744-427: The use of the violet-coloured band around their hats. Occasionally forgetful, he sometimes promised the same favors to different people and came to rely on his cardinal-nephew , Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni . All but one of the male scions of the Altieri family had chosen the ecclesiastical career. On his accession to the papacy, Clement X, in order to save the Altieri name from extinction, adopted
2800-475: The years introduced new typefaces, becoming the model in the business. Due to flood damage in that part of the House of Frangipani, and because of the growing number of students, the Roman College in 1558 moved to the house of Giovan Battista Salviati, that connected to the back of the church of Santa Maria in Via Lata , on the east side of today's Piazza del Collegio Romano. Jesuit theologian Francisco de Toledo
2856-562: Was Giambattista Altieri . The Altieri family belonged to the Papal nobility and had enjoyed the highest consideration at Rome for several centuries; they had occasionally contracted alliances with the Colonnas and the Orsinis . During earlier pontificates, the Altieri held many important offices and had been entrusted with several delicate missions. Altieri received a doctorate in law from
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#17327976964912912-435: Was a professor at the college at this time. Four years later, the Roman College became too small for the growing number of students and larger premises were sought. The building was demolished when Salviati built the new Roman College, since he wanted to enlarge the square for the Roman College. In 1560, Vittoria della Tolfa, Marchesa della Valle, a relative of Paul IV, donated an entire city block and its existing buildings to
2968-457: Was a school established by St. Ignatius of Loyola in 1551, just 11 years after he founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). It quickly grew to include classes from elementary school through university level and moved to several successive locations to accommodate its burgeoning student population. With the patronage of Pope Gregory XIII , the final seat of the Roman College was built in 1584 near
3024-561: Was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 April 1670 to his death on 22 July 1676. Elected pope at age 79, he has since been ranked as the oldest pope at the time of his election. Emilio Bonaventura Altieri, born in Rome in 1590, belonged to the Papal nobility . He received a doctorate in law and held various positions within the Catholic Church, including Bishop of Camerino and Superintendent of
3080-467: Was supported by twenty-two votes; Cardinal Giacomo Rospigliosi , nephew of the late pope, had thirty, or, as some say, thirty-three, with two at the accesso , so that he needed only seven more votes to gain the tiara . Cardinal Carlo Cerri obtained twenty-three votes. At length the cardinals agreed to resort to the old expedient of electing a cardinal of advanced years, and proposed Cardinal Altieri, almost an octogenarian, whose long life had been spent in
3136-545: Was to invest the Church's money, and with advancing years gradually entrusted to him the management of affairs, to such an extent that the Romans said he had reserved to himself only the episcopal functions of benedicere et sanctificare , resigning in favour of the cardinal the administrative duties of regere et gubernare . Clement X advised the Christian princes to love each other and to prove it by generous measures, and by
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