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85-680: After the failure of that conference, the Conciliation Commission continued for additional years but did not achieve any significant success. The Conciliation Commission followed the assassination of the UN mediator Count Folke Bernadotte . The Conciliation Commission established its headquarters and offices on January 24, 1949, at the "Government House," in a neutral demilitarized zone of Jerusalem . The first members were Claude de Boisanger (France), Mark F. Ethridge (USA) and Hussein C. Yalcin (Turkey). General matters were discussed in

170-404: A "General Committee." The Commission set up the " Committee on Jerusalem" (the "Special Committee") to prepare proposals for a permanent international regime for the territory of Jerusalem . It started on February 8, 1949, with three members: Philippe Benoist (France); Mr Yenisey (soon replaced by Orhan Eralp) (Turkey); and Mr Haldeman (soon, replaced by James W. Barco) (USA). On August 23, 1949,

255-547: A "condemnation of terror, thanks for the rescue of the Jews and regret that Bernadotte was murdered in a terrorist way", adding that "We hope this ceremony will help in healing the wound." Ralph Bunche , Bernadotte's American deputy, succeeded him as U.N. mediator. Bunche was successful in bringing about the signing of the 1949 Armistice Agreements , for which he received the Nobel Peace Prize . In 1998, Bernadotte

340-625: A German surrender offer from Heinrich Himmler , though the offer was ultimately rejected by the allies. After the war, Bernadotte was unanimously chosen to be the United Nations Security Council mediator in the Arab–Israeli conflict of 1947–1948. He was assassinated in Jerusalem in 1948 by the paramilitary Zionist group Lehi while pursuing his official duties. Upon his death, Ralph Bunche took up his work at

425-636: A ceasefire, signed on the Greek island of Rhodes . See 1949 Armistice Agreements . Bernadotte was assassinated on Friday 17 September 1948 by members of the group Lehi , a Zionist paramilitary militant organization, commonly known in the West as the Stern Gang. Immediately after Bernadotte was pronounced dead, his body was moved to the YMCA , after which it was taken to Haifa and flown back to Sweden. Bernadotte

510-519: A course teaching the concept and then several sessions after this deconstructing it. Some scholars have suggested that even when students are taught using the world religions paradigm, it could be a good means of encouraging them to think critically about category formation. The scholar Steven W. Ramey for instance advocated teaching the paradigm in a manner that makes it clear that it is a "constructed discourse". Similarly, Baldrick-Morrone, Graziano, and Stoddard suggested that teaching undergraduates about

595-448: A daughter with actress Lillie Ericson-Udde  [ sv ] (1892–1981): World religion World religions is a category used in the study of religion to demarcate at least five—and in some cases more—religions that are deemed to have been especially large, internationally widespread, or influential in the development of Western society . Islam , Judaism , Christianity , Hinduism , and Buddhism are always included in

680-472: A desire to spread internationally, because Judaism historically has been a non-proselytizing religion . Many scholars have utilised the "world religions" category alongside other "catch-all" categories such as " new religious movements " and " Indigenous religions ". The scholar of religion Steven J. Sutcliffe compared the relationship between the three categories to the English football league system , with

765-782: A limited number of guards for the protection of the staff and premises of the Commission; Progress reports Instructs the Conciliation Commission to render progress reports periodically to the Secretary-General for transmission to the Security Council and to the Members of the United Nations; Call for cooperation Calls upon all Governments and authorities concerned to cooperate with the Conciliation Commission and to take all possible steps to assist in

850-462: A name they copied from a war-time Bulgarian resistance group. Lehi was forcibly disarmed and many members were arrested, but nobody was charged with the killings. The Israel Police , along with the military police and security services, investigated the assassination, but failed to identify any of the participants in the assassination, and the case was eventually closed without any of the participants having been identified. It has been suggested that

935-409: A role in facilitating Bernadotte's access to Himmler, but whom Bernadotte resisted crediting after the war. The resulting feud between Bernadotte and Kersten came to public attention through British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper . In 1953, Trevor-Roper published an article based on an interview and documents originating with Kersten. The article stated that Bernadotte's role in the rescue operations

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1020-456: A terrorist organization. They were found guilty but immediately released and pardoned. Yellin-Mor had meanwhile been elected to the first Knesset . Betty Knut-Lazarus, a Lehi militant, and the granddaughter of composer Alexander Scriabin , was also imprisoned for being allegedly involved in the killing, before being subsequently released. Years later, Cohen's role was uncovered by David Ben-Gurion 's biographer Michael Bar Zohar , while Cohen

1105-615: A tow truck, a field kitchen, and full supplies for the entire trip, including food and gasoline, none of which was permitted to be obtained in Germany. A count of 21,000 people rescued included 8,000 Danes and Norwegians, 5,911 Poles, 2,629 French, 1,615 Jews, and 1,124 Germans. After Germany's surrender, the White Buses mission continued in May and June and about 10,000 additional liberated prisoners were thus evacuated. Bernadotte recounted

1190-474: A wider impact on the categorisation of religion—for instance in censuses—in both Western countries and elsewhere. Since the late 20th century, the paradigm has faced critique by scholars of religion such as Jonathan Z. Smith , some of whom have argued for its abandonment. Critics have argued that the world religions paradigm is inappropriate because it takes the Protestant branch of Nicene Christianity as

1275-444: Is a socially-constructed category . The scholars of religion Christopher R. Cotter and David G. Robertson described the "World Religions Paradigm" as "a particular way of thinking about religions which organizes them into a set of discrete traditions with a supposedly 'global' import." It typically consists of the "Big Five" religions: Buddhism , Christianity , Hinduism , Islam , and Judaism . As noted by Cotter and Robertson,

1360-399: Is included in the list because of its influence on Christianity and Islam and because of its relevance to traditional Western understandings of Western history. On demographic grounds, it does not fit into the list, for there are far fewer Jews in the world than there are Christians , Muslims , Hindus , and Buddhists . Similarly, it does not fit into the list if the groups are defined by

1445-470: Is neither neutral nor natural, but its social authority derives from appearing as both." A "world religion" is a tradition that has achieved sufficient power and numbers to enter our history to form it, interact with it, or thwart it. We recognise both the unity within and the diversity among the world religions because they correspond to important geopolitical entities with which we must deal. All 'primitives,' by way of contrast, may be lumped together, as may

1530-451: Is not typically regarded as a Christian doctrine, and yet there are Christians who profess a belief in reincarnation. A fourth criticism is that in choosing to focus attention on the "major religions", it makes a value judgement as to what constitutes "major" and what does not. Many scholars of religion have resisted efforts to challenge the paradigm, and as of 2016 was reported as still being widespread in university introductory courses to

1615-405: Is the " lived religion " paradigm, which places emphasis not on distinct religious traditions but on individual experiences and practices. Another alternative is the " material religion " framework which focuses on examining religion through material culture and physical objects. Owen noted that, in her experience, many students display an "initial resistance to alternatives" as they are expecting

1700-407: The Nobel Peace Prize for thwarting a Nazi plan to deport the entire Dutch population, based primarily on Kersten's own claims to this effect. A later investigation by Dutch historian Louis de Jong concluded that no such plan had existed, however, and that Kersten's documents were partly fabricated. Following these revelations and others, Trevor-Roper told journalist Barbara Amiel in 1995 that he

1785-772: The Stern Gang . The resolution provided some directives: Establishment A Conciliation Commission consisting of three States Members of the United Nations which shall have the following functions: Appointing of members Decides that a Committee of the Assembly, consisting of Republic of China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom and the United States , shall present, before

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1870-483: The "Big Five" religions are often listed in an "Abrahamocentric order" which places the largest three Abrahamic religions —Christianity, Judaism, and Islam—before the non-Abrahamic religions Hinduism and Buddhism. The category is sometimes also extended to include other major religious groups, namely the Baháʼí Faith , Sikhism , and/or Zoroastrianism . The inclusion of Judaism in the "Big Five" raises some issues; it

1955-460: The "world" religions forming a Premier League , the "new" religions forming a Championship , and "Indigenous" religions a First Division . That groups that get placed in categories like "Indigenous religions" get treated less seriously than the "world religions" by many scholars was noted by the scholar of religion Graham Harvey , who maintained that "indigenous religions should receive similarly respectful treatment to that considered appropriate to

2040-491: The 'minor religions,' because they do not confront our history in any direct fashion. From the point of view of power, they are invisible. — Scholar of religion J. Z. Smith , 1998 The utility of the World Religions Paradigm has experienced a sustained and rigorous critique from many scholars of religion. The scholar of religion Graham Harvey for instance noted that many scholars "object strongly" to

2125-616: The Commission established a subsidiary body, the "United Nations Economic Survey Mission for the Middle East" with the goal of " examining the economic situation in the countries affected by the recent hostilities in Palestine and making recommendations to the Commission". The initial report of the mission identified Palestinian refugees as "the symbol of the paramount political issue" and considered broad methods to potentially relieve their conditions. The UN's Economic Survey Mission for

2210-487: The Conciliation Commission to seek arrangements among the Governments and authorities concerned which will facilitate the economic development of the area, including arrangements for access to ports and airfields and the use of transportation and communication facilities; Right of return Resolves that the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbours should be permitted to do so at

2295-546: The Government and authorities concerned to achieve a final settlement of all questions outstanding between them; Holy Places Resolves that the Holy Places —including Nazareth —religious buildings and sites in Palestine should be protected and free access to them assured, in accordance with existing rights and historical practice that arrangements to this end should be under effective United Nations supervision; that

2380-440: The Governments and authorities concerned to extend the scope of the negotiations provided for in the Security Council's resolution of November 16, 1948, and to seek agreement by negotiations conducted either with the Conciliation Commission or directly with a view to the final settlement of all questions outstanding between them; Requirement of the Commission to assist Instructs the Conciliation Commission to take steps to assist

2465-601: The Middle East would also become known as the "Clapp Mission," named after its Chairman, Gordon R. Clapp, the then-current Chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority . The mission's final report included more detail than the initial report and was issued on December 28, 1949. The Conciliation Commission was established on December 11, 1948, by UN-resolution 194 . The Commission took over the tasks of UN mediator Count Folke Bernadotte , who had been assassinated on September 17, 1948, by Jewish assassins from

2550-577: The Swedish Red Cross in 1945, Bernadotte attempted to negotiate an armistice between Germany and the Allies . He also led several rescue missions in Germany for the Red Cross. In April 1945, Heinrich Himmler asked Bernadotte to convey a peace proposal to Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Harry S. Truman without the knowledge of Adolf Hitler . The main point of the proposal

2635-464: The Swedish Red Cross staff to significant danger, both due to political difficulties and by taking them through areas under Allied bombing. The mission became known for its buses, painted entirely white except for the Red Cross emblem on the side, so that they would not be mistaken for military targets. In total it included 308 personnel (about 20 medics and the rest volunteer soldiers), 36 hospital buses, 19 trucks, seven passenger cars, seven motorcycles,

United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine - Misplaced Pages Continue

2720-602: The UN, successfully mediating the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and Egypt . Folke Bernadotte was born in Stockholm into the House of Bernadotte , the Swedish royal family. His father, Prince Oscar Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg (formerly Prince Oscar of Sweden, Duke of Gotland ), was the second son of King Oscar II of Sweden ; his mother, Ebba Munck af Fulkila , had been a lady in waiting to Victoria of Baden ,

2805-625: The United Nations Conciliation Commission, in presenting to the fourth regular session of the General Assembly its detailed proposal for a permanent international regime for the territory of Jerusalem, should include recommendations concerning the Holy Places in that territory; that with regard to the Holy Places in the rest of Palestine, the Commission should call upon the political authorities of

2890-454: The White Buses mission in his book The End. My Humanitarian Negotiations in Germany in 1945 and Their Political Consequences , published on June 15, 1945 in Swedish. Following the war, some controversies arose regarding Bernadotte's leadership of the White Buses expedition, some personal and some as to the mission itself. One aspect involved a long-standing feud between Bernadotte and Himmler's personal masseur , Felix Kersten , who had played

2975-403: The areas concerned to give appropriate formal guarantees as to the protection of the Holy Places and access to them; and that these undertakings should be presented to the General Assembly for approval; Recognition of the special status of Jerusalem Resolves that, in view of its association with three world religions , the Jerusalem area, including the present municipality of Jerusalem plus

3060-618: The aspirations of the Jews, the political difficulties and differences of opinion of the Arab leaders, the strategic interests of Great Britain, the financial commitment of the United States and the Soviet Union, the outcome of the war, and finally the authority and prestige of the United Nations." After Bernadotte's assassination, his assistant American mediator Ralph Bunche was appointed to replace him. Bunche eventually negotiated

3145-533: The doctor arrived, I asked if anything could be done, but he replied that it was too late. General Åge Lundström , who was in the UN vehicle A four-man team, consisting of Yehoshua Cohen , Yitzhak Ben-Moshe (Markovitz), Avraham Steinberg, and Meshulam Makover, ambushed Bernadotte's motorcade in Jerusalem's Katamon neighborhood. The team left a Lehi base in a Jeep and set up a makeshift roadblock at Ben Zion Guini Square, off Hapalmach Street, and waited in

3230-407: The earliest practicable date and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage to property which, under principles of international law or in equity , should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible; Repatriation, resettlement and economic and social rehabilitation Instructs the Conciliation Commission to facilitate

3315-409: The effective discharge of its functions and responsibilities under the present resolution; Location and protection of headquarters The Conciliation Commission will have its official headquarters in Jerusalem. The authorities responsible for maintaining order in Jerusalem will be responsible for taking all measures necessary to ensure the security of the Commission. The Secretary-General will provide

3400-662: The emerging State of Israel. Most immediately, a truce was in force, and Lehi feared that the Israeli leadership would agree to Bernadotte's peace proposals, which it considered disastrous. The group was unaware the Israeli government had already decided to reject Bernadotte's plan and to take the military option. The killing was approved by the three-man 'center' of Lehi: Yitzhak Yezernitsky (the future Prime Minister of Israel Yitzhak Shamir ), Nathan Friedmann (also called Natan Yellin-Mor ) and Yisrael Eldad (also known as Scheib). A fourth leader, Emmanuel Strassberg (Hanegbi)

3485-454: The end of key Stage 3 they are also supposed to teach about the other "five principal religions": Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Sikhism. Similarly, the censuses of many countries for instance reflect the influence of the world religion paradigm by only permitting respondents to describe themselves as adhering to one particular religious tradition, whereas in reality many individuals identify themselves with various different traditions at

United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine - Misplaced Pages Continue

3570-508: The end of the first part of the present session of the General Assembly, for the approval of the Assembly, a proposal concerning the names of the three States which will constitute the Conciliation Commission; Mandate to begin Requests the Commission to begin its functions at once, with a view to the establishment of contact between the parties themselves and the Commission at the earliest possible date; Requests to Governments Calls upon

3655-462: The final months of the war, Bernadotte acted as the negotiator for a rescue operation transporting interned Norwegians , Danes and other western European inmates from German concentration camps to hospitals in Sweden. In the spring of 1945, Bernadotte was in Germany when he met Heinrich Himmler, who was briefly appointed commander of an entire German army following the assassination attempt on Hitler

3740-586: The history of the world religions paradigm is "intimately tied up" with the history of the study of religion as an academic discipline. It emerged from within the phenomenology of religion approach which placed an emphasis on description rather than critical analysis. The paradigm was integrated throughout the education system through work of scholars like Ninian Smart , who formed the Shap Working Party on World Religions in Education in 1969. It

3825-527: The implementation of the present resolution; Folke Bernadotte#UN mediator Folke Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg (2 January 1895 – 17 September 1948) was a Swedish nobleman and diplomat . In World War II , he negotiated the release of about 450 Danish Jews and 30,550 non-Jewish prisoners of many nations from the Nazi German Theresienstadt concentration camp . They were released on 14 April 1945. In 1945 he received

3910-670: The inadequacy of the Israeli investigation, and campaigned unsuccessfully to delay Israel's admission to the United Nations. In 1950, Sweden recognized Israel, but relations remained frosty despite Israeli attempts to mollify Sweden, such as through the planting of a Bernadotte Forest by the Jewish National Fund in Israel. At a ceremony in Tel Aviv in May 1995, attended by the Swedish deputy prime minister, Israeli Foreign Minister and Labor Party member Shimon Peres issued

3995-609: The jeep. When Bernadotte's motorcade approached, Cohen, Ben-Moshe, and Steinberg got out and approached it, while Makover, the driver, remained in the jeep. Captain Moshe Hillman, the motorcade's Israeli liaison officer, who was sitting in the leading UN vehicle, called out in Hebrew to let them through, but was ignored. Cohen came up to Bernadotte's sedan and fired through an open window, pumping 6 shots into Bernadotte's chest, throat and arms and 18 into Colonel André Serot who

4080-522: The larger 'World Religions'." While the World Religions paradigm was brought in to allow the inclusion of non-Christian religions in education, it has instead remodelled them according to liberal Western Protestant Christian values (akin to what the Church of England promotes), emphasizing theological categories. — Scholar of religion Suzanne Owen, 2011 Cotter and Robertson noted that

4165-413: The list. These are often juxtaposed against other categories, such as folk religions , Indigenous religions , and new religious movements (NRMs), which are also used by scholars in this field of research. The world religions paradigm was developed in the United Kingdom during the 1960s, where it was pioneered by phenomenological scholars of religion such as Ninian Smart . It was designed to broaden

4250-401: The model for what constitutes "religion"; that it is tied up with discourses of modernity , including the power relations present in modern society; that it encourages an uncritical understanding of religion; and that it makes a value judgment as to what religions should be considered "major". Others have argued that it remains useful in the classroom, so long as students are made aware that it

4335-520: The murders, by means of Security Council Resolution 57 , the United Nations Security Council condemned the killing of Bernadotte as "a cowardly act which appears to have been committed by a criminal group of terrorists in Jerusalem while the United Nations representative was fulfilling his peace-seeking mission in the Holy Land." The Swedish government believed that Bernadotte had been assassinated by Israeli government agents. They publicly attacked

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4420-616: The officer's exam in 1915, was commissioned a lieutenant in 1918, and subsequently was promoted to the rank of major . Bernadotte represented Sweden in 1933 at the Chicago Century of Progress Exposition , and later served as Swedish commissioner general at the New York World's Fair in 1939–40. Bernadotte had long been involved with the Swedish Boy Scouts (Sveriges Scoutförbund) , and took over as director of

4505-496: The organization in 1937. At the outbreak of World War II , Bernadotte worked to integrate the scouts into Sweden's defense plan, training them in anti-aircraft work and as medical assistants . Bernadotte was appointed Vice Chairman of the Swedish Red Cross in 1943. During the autumns of 1943 and 1944, he organized prisoner exchanges which brought home 11,000 prisoners from Germany via Sweden. While Vice-President of

4590-433: The paradigm. In 1978, the scholar of religion Jonathan Z. Smith called it a "dubious category". One of the major criticisms of the framework is that it is based on a model of "religion" that relies on the Protestant branch of Nicene Christianity as its base example. A second criticism is that it is rooted in the discourses of modernity , including the power relations present in modern society. Smith observed that it

4675-616: The priority given to Scandinavian prisoners. Political scientist Sune Persson judged these doubts to be contradicted by the documentary evidence. He concluded, "The accusations against Count Bernadotte ... to the effect that he refused to save Jews from the concentration camps are obvious lies" and listed many prominent eyewitnesses who testified on Bernadotte's behalf, including the World Jewish Congress representative in Stockholm in 1945. On 20 May 1948, Folke Bernadotte

4760-523: The reasons for the failure of the investigation were poor coordination between these bodies, which resulted in information that may have assisted the police not being turned over to them, and the lack of proficiency among police officers and investigators in the early days of the Israel Police. The murder case was identified as 148/48 in Israeli police records. Yellin-Mor and another Lehi member, Mattityahu Shmulevitz, were charged with belonging to

4845-703: The rejection of the world religions paradigm altogether; Cotter and Robertson presented the argument that "the continued uncritical use of the WRP fosters a breeding ground for relativistic navel-gazing which has no place in the contemporary research university". Owen was of the view that "as long as it continues to employ the World Religions paradigm as a default approach (even after deconstructing it), religious studies will fail in its humanistic task" because it will simply be engaging in "knowledge transfer" and not "critically engaging" with "culture and knowledge". One alternative framework that some scholars use to teach about religion

4930-646: The repatriation, resettlement and economic and social rehabilitation of the refugees and the payment of compensation, and to maintain close relations with the Director of the United Nations Relief for Palestine Refugees and, through him, with the appropriate organs and agencies of the United Nations; Subsidiary bodies and technical experts Authorizes the Conciliation Commission to appoint such subsidiary bodies and to employ such technical experts, acting under its authority, as it may find necessary for

5015-523: The same time. This idea of mutually exclusive religious identities is not only a Western phenomenon, but can also be found in other socio-cultural contexts; Hindu nationalists for instance often endorse the idea that Hinduism and Buddhism are mutually exclusive categories despite the fact that many people in South Asia mix Hindu and Buddhist practices. The scholars of religion Tara Baldrick-Morrone, Michael Graziano, and Brad Stoddard stated that "the WRP

5100-468: The scholar of religion Suzanne Owen, "Hinduism as a World Religion does not include Hinduism as a village religion". A third criticism of the world religions paradigm is that it encourages an uncritical and sui generis model of "religion". It presents each of the "world religions" in an abstracted and essentialised form, failing to take account of hybridization. For instance, in teaching about Christianity it does not refer to reincarnation , because this

5185-474: The socio-political concerns of 1960s Britain, the environment in which it was devised. The paradigm has since gone beyond this academic discipline, and "informs the perception" of many members of different religious groups. The paradigm for instance frames the teaching about religion in the British education system; at all three Key Stages , British teachers are instructed to teach about Christianity, while by

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5270-512: The study of religion away from its heavy focus on Christianity by taking into account other large religious traditions around the world. The paradigm is often used by lecturers instructing undergraduate students in the study of religion and is also the framework used by school teachers in the United Kingdom and other countries. The paradigm's emphasis on viewing these religious movements as distinct and mutually exclusive entities has also had

5355-418: The study of religion. Many instructors feel that explaining the critique of the world religions paradigm to undergraduate students would be difficult, as the critique would be too complex for many of them to understand. Its continued use has also been defended by the claim that it is what undergraduate students expect and that it mirrors what they will have been taught at school. Some scholars have argued for

5440-473: The subsequent 1948 Arab–Israeli War and laid the groundwork for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East . The specific proposals showed the influence of the previously responsible British government , and to a lesser extent the U.S. government . Bernadotte wrote that: "in putting forward any proposal for the solution of the Palestine problem, one must bear in mind

5525-482: The surrounding villages and towns, the most Eastern of which shall be Abu Dis ; the most Southern, Bethlehem ; the most Western, Ein Karim (including also the built-up area of Motsa ); and the most Northern, Shu'fat , should be accorded special and separate treatment from the rest of Palestine and should be placed under effective United Nations control; Airfields, ports, transportation, and communication Instructs

5610-547: The wife of Crown Prince Gustaf . Oscar had married Ebba without the consent of the King, and so was forced to renounce his Swedish titles; in 1892, he was granted the titles of Prince Bernadotte and Count of Wisborg by his uncle, Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg . Bernadotte attended school in Stockholm, after which he entered training to become a cavalry officer at the Royal Military Academy . He took

5695-456: The world religions paradigm. She cited the example of her introductory course at Leeds Trinity University College , which was constructed on thematic lines rather than according to the world religions paradigm, and which induced feelings of panic among many undergraduates. Many scholars who are critical of the world religions paradigm find themselves having to teach it as part of introductory courses for undergraduate students. Some spent much of

5780-453: The world religious paradigm helps to explain to students how "classification is a social act". They noted that students could leave such a course not only knowing more about the specific religious traditions included in the world religions category, but that they would also leave "knowing how to better interrogate the world around them". To avoid promoting the paradigm's portrayal of different religious traditions as rigid, homogenous categories,

5865-517: The year before. Bernadotte had originally been assigned to retrieve Norwegian and Danish POWs in Germany. He returned on 1 May 1945, the day after Hitler's death. Following an interview, the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet wrote that Bernadotte succeeded in rescuing 15,000 people from German concentration camps, including about 8,000 Danes and Norwegians and 7,000 women of French, Polish, Czech, British, American, Argentinian, and Chinese nationalities. The missions took around two months, and exposed

5950-696: Was also suspected by the Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion of being part of the group that ordered the assassination. The assassination was planned by Lehi's Jerusalem operations chief, Yehoshua Zettler .   In the Katamon quarter, we were held up by a Jewish Army type jeep placed in a road block and filled with men in Jewish Army uniforms. At the same moment, I saw an armed man coming from this jeep. I took little notice of this because I merely thought it

6035-400: Was another checkpoint. However, he put a Tommy gun through the open window on my side of the car, and fired point blank at Count Bernadotte and Colonel Serot . I also heard shots fired from other points, and there was considerable confusion. [...]   Colonel Serot fell in the seat in back of me, and I saw at once that he was dead. Count Bernadotte bent forward, and I thought at the time he

6120-547: Was appointed "United Nations Mediator in Palestine", in accordance with UN-resolution 186 of 14 May 1948. It was the first official mediation in the UN's history. This was necessitated by the immediate violence that followed the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the subsequent unilateral Israeli Declaration of Independence . In this capacity, he succeeded in achieving an initial truce during

6205-410: Was burned in the face by the gun flashes. Ben-Moshe and Steinberg then rushed back and mounted the jeep, which quickly accelerated down a side road, while Cohen ran away from the scene across a roadside field. Following the shooting, Bernadotte's car sped to Hadassah Mount Scopus Hospital , despite damage to the radiator; the lead vehicle followed as its tires came apart. At the hospital, Bernadotte

6290-667: Was constructed by Western scholars from a Western perspective. He noted that the only religions that get included in it are those which have "achieved sufficient power and numbers to enter our [i.e. Western] history, either to form it, interact with it, or to thwart it" and represent "important geo-political entities with which we must deal." The framework also includes privileging the literate elites active in particular religious movements by presenting their interpretations of particular traditions as being authoritative, eclipsing alternative interpretations presented by non-literate, marginalised, and localized practitioners. For instance, as noted by

6375-598: Was granted a state funeral, Abba Eban attended on behalf of Israel. Bernadotte was survived by a widow and two sons, a 12-year-old and a 17-year-old. He was buried in Prince Oscar Bernadotte 's family tomb at the Northern Cemetery in Stockholm. Journalist Baruch Nadel planned the murder. The Stern Gang saw Bernadotte as a puppet of the British and the Arabs and therefore a serious threat to

6460-514: Was introduced with the intent of moving Western education away from its focus on Christianity. However, it took liberal Western Protestantism as its baseline and interpreted these different religious traditions through the framework of liberal Protestant norms and values. This included an emphasis on theology as being central to a given religion. It also reflects the post-Enlightenment Christian approach of treating different religious groups as distinct, mutually exclusive categories. It thus reflects

6545-474: Was no longer certain about the allegations, and that Bernadotte may merely have been following his orders to rescue Danish and Norwegian prisoners. Several other historians have also questioned Kersten's account, concluding that the accusations were based on a forgery or a distortion devised by Kersten. Some controversy regarding the White Buses trip has also arisen in Scandinavia, particularly regarding

6630-850: Was posthumously awarded one of the first three Dag Hammarskjöld Medals , given to UN peacekeepers who are killed in the line of duty. The university library at Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter, Minnesota , US is named after him. In 1928 in Pleasantville, New York , Folke Bernadotte married Estelle Romaine Manville (1904–1984), whose family had founded part of the Johns-Manville Corporation. They had four sons, two of whom died in childhood. Seven grandchildren were all born after Folke Bernadotte's death. His widow Estelle Bernadotte remarried in 1973. In September 2008, it became official that before his marriage Bernadotte had

6715-485: Was pronounced dead. All four members of the hit team made it to the religious community of Shaarei Pina , where they hid with local Haredi sympathizers. After a few days in hiding, they fled to Tel Aviv in the back of a furniture truck. Lehi leaders initially denied responsibility for the attack. Only later did Lehi take responsibility for the killings in the name of Hazit Hamoledet (the Homeland Front),

6800-485: Was seated to his left, killing both. Serot had swapped places in the motorcade to join Bernadotte and thank him personally for having saved his wife's life in a German concentration camp. Ben-Moshe and Steinberg shot at the tires of the UN vehicles, while Cohen finished the magazine by firing at the radiator. The driver of the sedan, Colonel Begley, got out and tried to grapple with Cohen as he fired his last shots, but

6885-628: Was that Germany would surrender only to the Western Allies (the United Kingdom and the United States), but would be allowed to continue resisting the Soviet Union . According to Bernadotte, he told Himmler that the proposal had no chance of acceptance, but nevertheless he passed it on to the Swedish government and the Western Allies. It had no lasting effect. Upon the initiative of the Norwegian diplomat Niels Christian Ditleff in

6970-451: Was that of "transport officer, no more". Kersten was quoted as saying that, according to Himmler, Bernadotte was opposed to the rescue of Jews and understood "the necessity of our fight against World Jewry". Shortly following the publication of his article, Trevor-Roper began to retreat from these charges. At the time of his article, Kersten had just been nominated by the Dutch government for

7055-513: Was trying to get cover. I asked him: 'Are you wounded?' He nodded, and fell back. [...]   When we arrived [at the Hadassah hospital] I carried the Count inside and laid him on the bed [...] I took off the Count's jacket and tore away his shirt and undervest. I saw that he was wounded around the heart and that there was also a considerable quantity of blood on his clothes about it.   When

7140-491: Was used in the assassination (an MP 40 , serial number 2581) was lost, and was only found again in 2018 during an inventory check in the Heritage House of the Israel Police  [ he ] , when an unidentified box was found to contain an MP 40 machine pistol and the curator, Shlomi Shitrit, decided to identify the history of the weapon. Prior to finding it, it was believed to have been destroyed. The day after

7225-410: Was working as Ben-Gurion's personal bodyguard. The first public admission of Lehi's role in the killing was made on the anniversary of the assassination in 1977. The statute of limitations for the murder had expired in 1971. In 1988, two years after Cohen's death, Zettler and Makover publicly confessed their role in the assassination and confirmed that Cohen had killed Bernadotte. The weapon which

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