61-530: [REDACTED] Look up Pallas or pallas in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pallas may refer to: Astronomy [ edit ] 2 Pallas asteroid Pallas family , a group of asteroids that includes 2 Pallas Pallas (crater) , a crater on Earth's moon Mythology [ edit ] Pallas (Giant) , a son of Uranus and Gaia, killed and flayed by Athena Pallas (son of Evander) ,
122-518: A " magic carpet ". The hydropneumatic suspension used was pioneered the year before, on the rear of another car from Citroën, the top of range Traction Avant 15CV-H. The 1955 DS cemented the Citroën brand name as an automotive innovator, building on the success of the Traction Avant , which had been the world's first mass-produced unitary body front-wheel-drive car in 1934. In fact,
183-465: A 1959 ID19 was US$ 2,833 ($ 29,611 in 2023 dollars). Contemporary journalists said the DS pushed the envelope in the ride vs. handling compromise possible in a motor vehicle. To a France still deep in reconstruction after the devastation of World War II, and also building its identity in the post-colonial world, the DS was a symbol of French ingenuity. The DS was distributed to many territories throughout
244-551: A DS19 to victory in 1962. In 1966, the DS won the Monte Carlo Rally again, with some controversy as the competitive BMC Mini -Cooper team was disqualified due to rule infractions. Ironically, Mini was involved with DS competition again two years later, when a drunk driver in a Mini in Sydney Australia crashed into the DS that was leading the 1968 London–Sydney Marathon , 158 km (98 mi) from
305-476: A Dutch coastal tanker MV Pallas , a 1971 cargo ship Pallas , a French Minerve -class submarine Pallas , a Russian barque, wrecked in 1895 after grounding on The Gwineas in the English Channel Other uses [ edit ] PALLAS , a research group at University of California, Berkeley Pallas (band) , a British rock band Pallas University of Applied Sciences ,
366-403: A Dutch coastal tanker MV Pallas , a 1971 cargo ship Pallas , a French Minerve -class submarine Pallas , a Russian barque, wrecked in 1895 after grounding on The Gwineas in the English Channel Other uses [ edit ] PALLAS , a research group at University of California, Berkeley Pallas (band) , a British rock band Pallas University of Applied Sciences ,
427-561: A cheaper submodel, the Citroën ID, was introduced in 1957. The ID shared the DS's body but was less powerful and luxurious. Although it shared the engine capacity of the DS engine (at this stage 1,911 cc), the ID provided a maximum power output of only 51 kW (69 hp) compared to the 56 kW (75 hp) claimed for the DS19. Power outputs were further differentiated in 1961 when
488-516: A contemporary example being the Mercedes-Benz SLC (C107) . BMW follows a similar strategy of a mid-size sedan (5 series), large coupe (6 series), and large sedan (7 series) sharing common underpinnings. The SM's high price and limited utility of the 2+2 seating configuration meant the SM as actually produced could not seize the mantle from the DS. While the design funds invested would allow
549-600: A different purpose than replacing the 15-year-old DS design, however – it was meant to launch Citroën into a completely new luxury grand touring market segment . Only fitted with a costly, exotic Maserati engine, the SM was faster and much more expensive than the DS. The SM was not designed to be a practical 4-door saloon suitable as a large family car , the key market for vehicles of this type in Europe. Typically, manufacturers would introduce low-volume coupés based on parts shared with an existing saloon, not as unique models,
610-734: A freedman and favorite of Emperor Claudius Pallas, a secondary wife of Herod the Great ; her origins and fate are unknown. People with the surname [ edit ] David Pallas (born 1980), Swiss footballer Janette Pallas Ignacio Pallas (born 1983), Uruguayan football defender Maria Pallas (born 1993), Estonian swimmer Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811), German naturalist Paulí Pallàs (1862–1893) Spanish anarchist Simon Pallas (1694–1770), German physician Theodoros Pallas (born 1949), Greek football player Tim Pallas (born 1960), Australian politician Places [ edit ] Blue Ball, County Offaly , Ireland,
671-682: A freedman and favorite of Emperor Claudius Pallas, a secondary wife of Herod the Great ; her origins and fate are unknown. People with the surname [ edit ] David Pallas (born 1980), Swiss footballer Janette Pallas Ignacio Pallas (born 1983), Uruguayan football defender Maria Pallas (born 1993), Estonian swimmer Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811), German naturalist Paulí Pallàs (1862–1893) Spanish anarchist Simon Pallas (1694–1770), German physician Theodoros Pallas (born 1949), Greek football player Tim Pallas (born 1960), Australian politician Places [ edit ] Blue Ball, County Offaly , Ireland,
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#1732765290613732-484: A powerful advertisement for the capabilities of the radial tyre Michelin had invented, when such experimentation was successful. New models based on the small, utilitarian 2CV economy car were introduced, such as the 1961 Ami . It was also designed by Flaminio Bertoni and aimed to combine Three-box styling with the chassis of the 2CV. The Ami was very successful in France, but less so on export markets. Many found
793-509: A prominent character in the Aeneid Pallas (son of Lycaon) , a teacher of Athena Pallas (son of Pandion) , the father of the 50 Pallantides Pallas (Titan) , the son of Crius and Eurybia, brother of Astraeus and Perses, and husband of Styx Pallas (daughter of Triton) Pallas, an epithet of Athena Pallas, the father of Euryalus by Diomede People [ edit ] Pallas (freedman) or Marcus Antonius Pallas,
854-447: A prominent character in the Aeneid Pallas (son of Lycaon) , a teacher of Athena Pallas (son of Pandion) , the father of the 50 Pallantides Pallas (Titan) , the son of Crius and Eurybia, brother of Astraeus and Perses, and husband of Styx Pallas (daughter of Triton) Pallas, an epithet of Athena Pallas, the father of Euryalus by Diomede People [ edit ] Pallas (freedman) or Marcus Antonius Pallas,
915-458: A simplified power braking system. An engine-driven pump pressurizes the closed system to 17.2 MPa (2,490 psi) At a time when few passenger vehicles had independent suspension on all wheels, the application of the hydraulic system to the car's suspension system to provide a self-levelling system was an innovative move. This suspension allowed the car to achieve sharp handling combined with very high ride quality , frequently compared to
976-491: A species of small wild cat Pallas's fish eagle , endangered old-world, ( Haliaeetus leucoryphus ) Sailor Pallas , a character in Sailor Moon Pallas' reed bunting , a species of bird Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pallas . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
1037-423: A species of small wild cat Pallas's fish eagle , endangered old-world, ( Haliaeetus leucoryphus ) Sailor Pallas , a character in Sailor Moon Pallas' reed bunting , a species of bird Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pallas . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
1098-649: A university in Estonia Pallas , a 1993 novel by L. Neil Smith Pallas, a series of luxury versions of the Citroën DS and other Citroën automobiles Pallas, an Estonian art society which founded the Pallas Art School (1919–1940) Pallas, the designation of a Citroën DS car model . Pallas Projects/Studios , a contemporary art space in Dublin, Ireland. Pallas , a genus of moths in
1159-407: A university in Estonia Pallas , a 1993 novel by L. Neil Smith Pallas, a series of luxury versions of the Citroën DS and other Citroën automobiles Pallas, an Estonian art society which founded the Pallas Art School (1919–1940) Pallas, the designation of a Citroën DS car model . Pallas Projects/Studios , a contemporary art space in Dublin, Ireland. Pallas , a genus of moths in
1220-478: A version with four exposed headlights that did not swivel was manufactured for the US market. Although a directional headlight was previously seen on the 1948 Tucker 48 'Torpedo', Citroën was the first to mass-market adaptive headlights. The original hydropneumatic system used a vegetable oil ( liquide hydraulique végétal , LHV), but later switched to a synthetic ( liquide hydraulique synthétique , LHS). Both had
1281-730: A village once known as Pallas Pallas, a townland in Durrow, County Westmeath , Ireland Ships [ edit ] Pallas -class frigate , a 1791 class of frigates on the Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars Pallas -class frigate (1808) , a class of 40-gun frigates of the French Navy during the Napoleonic Empire period MV Pallas (1939) or MV Empire Tulip ,
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#17327652906131342-419: A village once known as Pallas Pallas, a townland in Durrow, County Westmeath , Ireland Ships [ edit ] Pallas -class frigate , a 1791 class of frigates on the Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars Pallas -class frigate (1808) , a class of 40-gun frigates of the French Navy during the Napoleonic Empire period MV Pallas (1939) or MV Empire Tulip ,
1403-541: Is a front mid-engined, front-wheel drive executive car manufactured and marketed by Citroën from 1955 to 1975, in fastback/sedan, wagon/estate, and convertible body configurations, across three series of one generation. Marketed with a less expensive variant, the Citroën ID , the DS was known for its aerodynamic, futuristic body design; unorthodox, quirky, and innovative technology, and set new standards in ride quality , handling , and braking, thanks to both being
1464-458: The Traction Avant predecessor, there was no top-of-range model with a powerful six-cylinder engine. Citroën had planned an air-cooled flat-6 engine for the car, but did not have the funds to put the prototype engine into production. The DS placed third in the 1999 Car of the Century competition, and fifth on the 2005 list of "100 Coolest Cars" by Automobile Magazine . It was also named
1525-517: The 1967 Series 3 facelift. Citroën built 1,455,746 examples in six countries, of which 1,330,755 were manufactured at Citroën's main Paris Quai de Javel (now Quai André-Citroën ) production plant. In combination with Citroën's proven front-wheel drive, the DS was used competitively in rally racing during almost its entire 20‑year production run, and achieved multiple major victories, as early as 1959, and as late as 1974. It placed third in
1586-644: The 1985 cc engine replaced the original 1911 cc unit in September 1965 the manual-equipped DSes built in Slough were renamed DS19A . The Slough factory closed on 18 February 1966 and thereafter cars for the British market were imported fully assembled from the company's French plant. The British-built cars are distinguished by their leather seats, wooden (early ID19 models) or one-piece plastic (early DS19 models) dashboards, chromed number plate mount set into
1647-455: The 1999 Car of the Century poll recognizing the world's most influential auto designs and was named the most beautiful car of all time by Classic & Sports Car magazine. The name DS and ID are puns in the French language. "DS" is pronounced exactly like déesse , lit. ' goddess ' , whereas "ID" is pronounced as idée ('idea'). After 18 years of secret development as
1708-464: The 2CV and the DS, occupied by vehicles like the Peugeot 403 , Renault 16 and Ford Cortina , but none made it into production. Either they had uneconomic build costs, or were ordinary "me too" cars, not up to the company's high standard of innovation . As Citroën was owned by Michelin from 1934 to 1974 as a sort of research laboratory, such broad experimentation was possible. Michelin was getting
1769-552: The British one on the Slough cars in 1962, giving rise to a switch to "continental style" negative earthing. An intermediate model between the DS and the ID, called the DW , was introduced on the UK market in 1963 with a manual transmission and simpler foot-operated clutch while retaining the DS power unit, power steering and power braking; outside of the UK this model was known as the DS19M . When
1830-428: The DS caused such a huge sensation that Citroën was apprehensive that future models would not be of the same bold standard. No clean sheet new models were introduced from 1955 to 1970. The DS was a large, expensive executive car and a downward brand extension was attempted, but without result. Throughout the late 1950s and 1960s, Citroën developed many new vehicles for the very large, profitable market segments between
1891-454: The DS featured innovative centerlock wheels which used a captive allen bolt as the central fastener whilst a hexagonal protrusion transferred the drive to a matching recess in the wheel. This made it possible to change the wheel very quickly in the event of a puncture and proved an advantage in motor racing . As with all French cars, the DS design was affected by the tax horsepower system, which effectively encouraged smaller engines. Unlike
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1952-460: The DS to be replaced by two cars, a 'modern DS' and the smaller CX , it was left to the CX alone to provide Citroën's large family or executive car in the model range. The last DS came off the production line on 24 April 1975 – with Citroën building up approximately eight months of inventory of the 'break'/'Safari' (estate/station wagon) version of the DS, to continue sales until the autumn of 1975 when
2013-581: The DS to travel quickly on the poor road surfaces then common in France. In addition, the vehicle had power steering and a semi-automatic transmission (the transmission required no clutch pedal but gears still had to be shifted by hand, with the shift lever controlling a powered hydraulic shift mechanism in place of a mechanical linkage). It had a fibreglass roof which lowered the centre of gravity, and so reduced weight transfer . Inboard front disc brakes (as well as independent suspension) reduced unsprung weight. Different front and rear track widths reduced
2074-433: The DS19 acquired a Weber-32 twin bodied carburettor, and the increasing availability of higher octane fuel enabled the manufacturer to increase the compression ratio from 7.5:1 to 8.5:1. A new DS19 now came with a promised 62 kW (83 hp). The ID19 was also more traditional mechanically: it had no power steering and had conventional transmission and clutch instead of the DS's hydraulically controlled set-up. Initially,
2135-432: The ID 19 "Parisienne." Australian market cars were fitted with options as standard equipment such as the "DSpecial DeLuxe" that were not available on domestic European models. Until 1965 UK cars were assembled at the manufacturer's Slough premises, to the west of London, using a combination of French-made knock down kits and locally sourced components, some of them machined on site. A French electrical system superseded
2196-537: The United States, and little better in Canada. While promoted as a luxury car, it did not have the basic features that American buyers expected to find on such a vehicle, such as an automatic transmission , air conditioning , power windows , or a powerful engine. The DS was designed specifically to address the French market, with punitive tax horsepower taxation of large engines and very poor roads, and not for
2257-468: The Year" for 1971 and sold 2.5 million units. It combined a small 41 kW (55 hp) flat-4 air-cooled engine with Hydropneumatic suspension . The intended 79 kW (106 hp) Wankel rotary-engined version with more power did not reach full production. The DS maintained sales and remained competitive throughout its production run. Its peak production year was 1970. Certain design elements like
2318-455: The basic ID19 was sold on the French market with a price saving of more than 25% against the DS, although the differential was reduced at the end of 1961 when the manufacturer withdrew the entry-level ID19 "Normale". A station wagon variant, the ID Break , was introduced in 1958. The ID was replaced by the D Spécial and D Super in 1970, but these retained the lower specification position in
2379-595: The change did not take place until January 1969 due to local regulations. The DS was primarily manufactured at the Quai André-Citroën in the Javel neighborhood of Paris, with other manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom, South Africa, the former Yugoslavia (mostly Break Ambulances), and Australia. Australia constructed their own D variant in the 1960s at Heidelberg, Victoria , identified as
2440-474: The disadvantage of being hygroscopic . Disuse allows water to enter the hydraulic components, causing deterioration and requiring expensive maintenance. The difficulty with hygroscopic hydraulic fluid was exacerbated in the DS/ID due to the extreme rise and fall in the fluid level in the reservoir, which went from nearly full to nearly empty when the suspension extended to maximum height and the six accumulators in
2501-520: The estate/station wagon version of the CX would be introduced. The DS maintained its size and shape, with easily removable, unstressed body panels, but design changes occurred. During the 20-year production, improvements were made on an ongoing basis. The 1955 DS19 was 65% more expensive than the car it replaced, the Citroën Traction Avant . This affected potential sales in a country still recovering economically from World War II, so
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2562-667: The family Hepialidae See also [ edit ] Hotel Pallas , a hotel in Muonio, Finland Pallas (Greek myth) Pallas Athena or Athena, an ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, handicraft, and warfare Pallas-Yllästunturi National Park , a park in Finland Pallasgreen , a village in County Tipperary, Ireland Pallastunturi , a group of fells in Finland Pallas's cat ,
2623-412: The family Hepialidae See also [ edit ] Hotel Pallas , a hotel in Muonio, Finland Pallas (Greek myth) Pallas Athena or Athena, an ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, handicraft, and warfare Pallas-Yllästunturi National Park , a park in Finland Pallasgreen , a village in County Tipperary, Ireland Pallastunturi , a group of fells in Finland Pallas's cat ,
2684-525: The finish line. Robert Neyret won the Rallye du Maroc in 1969 and 1970 in a DS 21. The DS was still competitive in the grueling 1974 London-Sahara-Munich World Cup Rally , where it won over 70 other cars, only 5 of which even completed the entire event. In conventional cars, hydraulics are only used in brakes and power steering . In the DS they were also used for the suspension, clutch, and transmission. The cheaper 1957 ID19 did have manual steering and
2745-431: The first mass production car equipped with hydropneumatic suspension , as well as disc brakes . The 1967 series 3 also introduced directional headlights to a mass-produced car. Italian sculptor and industrial designer Flaminio Bertoni and the French aeronautical engineer André Lefèbvre styled and engineered the car, and Paul Magès developed the hydropneumatic self-levelling suspension . Robert Opron designed
2806-455: The 💕 [REDACTED] Look up Pallas or pallas in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pallas may refer to: Astronomy [ edit ] 2 Pallas asteroid Pallas family , a group of asteroids that includes 2 Pallas Pallas (crater) , a crater on Earth's moon Mythology [ edit ] Pallas (Giant) , a son of Uranus and Gaia, killed and flayed by Athena Pallas (son of Evander) ,
2867-661: The front bumper, and (on pre-1962 cars) Lucas -made electrics. These were all right hand drive cars. The DS was built and sold in South Africa from 1959 to 1975. The DS was sold in Japan, but the models were built in France and left hand drive . The DS was sold in North America from 1956 to 1972. Despite its popularity in Europe and regard for its design from the American motoring press, it did not sell well in
2928-450: The hydraulic seals very quickly. To help avoid this problem, Citroën added a bright green dye to the LHM fluid and also painted all hydraulic elements bright green. The earlier LHS parts were painted black. All models, including the station wagon and ID, were upgraded at the same time. The hydraulic fluid changed to the technically superior LHM in all markets except the US and Canada, where
2989-424: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pallas&oldid=1255330670 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Ship disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Pallas From Misplaced Pages,
3050-490: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pallas&oldid=1255330670 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Ship disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Citro%C3%ABn DS The Citroën DS ( French pronunciation: [si.tʁɔ.ɛn de.ɛs] )
3111-427: The most beautiful car of all time by Classic & Sports Car magazine after a poll of 20 world-renowned car designers, including Giorgetto Giugiaro , Ian Callum , Roy Axe , Paul Bracq , and Leonardo Fioravanti . The DS was successful in motorsports like rallying , where sustained speeds on poor surfaces are paramount, and won the Monte Carlo Rally in 1959. In the 1000 Lakes Rally , Pauli Toivonen drove
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#17327652906133172-482: The range. The D Super was available with the DS21 2175 cc engine and a 5-speed gearbox, and named the D Super 5. In September 1962, the DS was restyled with a more aerodynamically efficient nose, better ventilation, and other improvements. It retained the open two headlamp appearance, but was available with an optional set of driving lights mounted on the front fenders. All models in the range changed nose design at
3233-519: The same time, including the ID and station wagon models. In late 1967, for the 1968 model year, the DS and ID was again restyled, by Robert Opron , who also styled the 1970 SM and 1974 CX. This version had a more streamlined headlamp design. This design had four headlights under a smooth glass canopy and the inner set swivelled with the steering wheel. This allowed the driver to see "around" turns, especially valuable on twisting roads driven at high speed at night. The directional headlamps were linked to
3294-577: The somewhat narrow cabin, column-mounted gearstick , and separate fenders began to seem a little old-fashioned in the 1970s. Citroën invested enormous resources to design and launch an entirely new vehicle in 1970, the SM , which was in effect a thoroughly modernized DS, with similar length, but greater width. The manual gearbox was a modified DS unit. The front disc brakes were the same design. Axles, wheel bearings, steering knuckles, and hydraulic components were either DS parts or modified DS parts. The SM had
3355-471: The styling controversial, and the car noisy and underpowered. The Dyane was a modernised 2CV with a hatchback that competed with the 2CV inspired Renault 4 Hatchback . All these 2 cylinder models were very small, so there remained a wide market gap to the DS range all through the 1960s. In 1970, Citroën finally introduced a car to target the mid-range – the Citroën GS , which won the "European car of
3416-633: The successor to the Traction Avant , the DS 19 was introduced on 6 October 1955, at the Paris Motor Show . In the first 15 minutes of the show, 743 orders were taken, and orders for the first day totalled 12,000. During the 10 days of the show, the DS took in 80,000 deposits; a record that stood for over 60 years, until it was eclipsed by the Tesla Model 3 which received 180,000 first day deposits in March 2016. The original list price for
3477-422: The system filled with fluid. With every "inhalation" of fresh moisture- (and dust-) laden air, the fluid absorbed more water. For the 1967 model year, Citroën introduced a new mineral oil -based fluid LHM ( liquide hydraulique minéral ). This fluid was much less harsh on the system. LHM required completely different materials for the seals. Using either fluid in the incorrect system would completely destroy
3538-519: The technologically aggressive tyre manufacturer Michelin , Citroën had designed their cars around the technologically superior radial tyre since 1948, and the DS was no exception. The car used double wishbone suspension with L-shaped arms at the front and trailing-arms at the rear, with totally novel hydropneumatic spring and damper units . The car's advanced hydraulics included automatic self-levelling and driver adjustable ride-height , developed in-house by Paul Magès . This suspension allowed
3599-442: The unequal tyre loading, which is well known to promote understeer , typical of front-engined and front-wheel drive cars. Although disc brakes had been tried on a car as early as 1902 by British Lanchester , volume production had not been applied until 1949, by USA small car manufacturer Crosley , but without success. The Citroën DS was the first successful fielding of disc brakes on a mass-produced car. Furthermore, at launch
3660-447: The wheels by cable. Behind each glass cover lens, the inboard high-beam headlamp swivels by up to 80° as the driver steers, throwing the beam along the driver's intended path rather than uselessly across the curved road. The outboard low-beam headlamps are self-leveling in response to pitching caused by acceleration and braking. Because this feature was not allowed in the US (see World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations ),
3721-510: The world. It also posited the nation's relevance in the Space Age , during the global race for technology of the Cold War . Structuralist philosopher Roland Barthes , in an essay about the car, said that it looked as if it had "fallen from the sky". An American advertisement summarised this selling point: "It takes a special person to drive a special car". Because they were owned by
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