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63-572: The pallium (derived from the Roman pallium or palla , a woolen cloak ; pl. : pallia) is an ecclesiastical vestment in the Catholic Church , originally peculiar to the pope , but for many centuries bestowed by the Holy See upon metropolitans and primates as a symbol of their conferred jurisdictional authorities , and still remains a papal emblem. In its present (western) form,

126-469: A religious habit . The word cloak comes from Old North French cloque ( Old French cloche , cloke ) meaning "bell", from Medieval Latin clocca "travelers' cape ," literally "a bell," so called from the garment's bell-like shape. Thus the word is related to the word clock . Ancient Greeks and Romans were known to wear cloaks. Greek men and women wore the himation , from the Archaic through

189-642: A 1942 operatic comedy. According to the King James Version of the Bible, Matthew recorded Jesus of Nazareth saying in Matthew 5:40: "And if any man will sue thee at the law, and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloke also." The King James Version of the Bible has the words recorded a little differently in Luke 6:29: "...and him that taketh away thy cloke, forbid not to take thy coat also." Cloaks are

252-490: A definite liturgical character. From early times more or less extensive restrictions limited the use of the pallium to certain days. Its indiscriminate use, permitted to Hincmar of Reims by Leo IV (851) and to Bruno of Cologne by Agapetus II (954) was contrary to the general custom. In the 10th and 11th centuries, just as today, the general rule was to limit the use of the pallium to a few festivals and some other extraordinary occasions. The symbolic character now attached to

315-413: A deliberate archaism. Marini also stated that Pope Benedict had had a series of annoying problems keeping it in place during liturgical celebrations. This pallium would later end up being worn by another pope when, while inspecting the damages caused by the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake Pope Benedict visited the badly stricken church of Santa Maria di Collemaggio . Here Pope Celestine V 's remains had survived

378-530: A larger and longer cut and with red crosses, therefore remaining distinct from pallia worn by metropolitans. This change, explained the Master of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations Guido Marini , came about after recent studies on the history of the pallium had shown that the oldest depiction of a pope wearing that type of pallium, that of Pope Innocent III at the Sacro Speco Cloister, seemed to be

441-406: A petition for the pallium accompanied by a solemn profession of faith , all consecrations being forbidden them before the reception of the pallium. The oath of allegiance which the recipient of the pallium takes today apparently originated in the eleventh century, during the reign of Paschal II (1099–1118), and replaced the profession of faith. The awarding of the pallium became controversial in

504-549: A shift in the material from which it is made. The omophorion was documented about the year 400 AD as a liturgical vestment of the bishop in Isidore of Pelusium . It was made of wool and was already seen as symbolic of the duties of bishops as shepherds of their flocks. In the miniatures of an Alexandrian Chronicle of the World , written probably during the fifth century, the omophorion was represented in an image. In later times, it

567-484: A single standing exception has seemed to become customary: Pope John Paul II conferred a pallium on then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger when Ratzinger became dean of the College of Cardinals and therefore also cardinal bishop of Ostia, a purely honorary title and one without an archbishopric or metropolitanate attached. When Ratzinger was elected Pope Benedict XVI , he continued that exception without comment by conferring

630-473: A sixth declares that it was introduced as a papal liturgical garment (which, however, was not at first a narrow strip of cloth, but as the name suggests, a broad, oblong, and folded cloth). There is no solid evidence tracing the pallium to an investiture of the emperor, the ephod of the Jewish High Priest, or a fabled mantle of St. Peter. It may well be that it was introduced as a liturgical badge of

693-402: A staple garment in the fantasy genre due to the popularity of medieval settings. They are also usually associated with witches , wizards , and vampires ; the best-known stage version of Dracula , which first made actor Bela Lugosi prominent, featured him wearing it so that his exit through a trap door concealed on the stage could seem sudden. When Lugosi reprised his role as Dracula for

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756-404: A stylistic letter 'y' (contrasting against an unpatterned chasuble). It is decorated with six black crosses, one near each end and four spaced out around the neck loop. At times the pallium is embellished fore, aft, and at the left shoulder with three gold gem-headed (dull) stickpins. The doubling and pinning on the left shoulder likely survive from the (simple scarf) Roman pallium. The pallium and

819-456: A way to avoid detection by making objects appear invisible. A real device, albeit of limited capability, was demonstrated in 2006. Because they keep a person hidden and conceal a weapon, the phrase cloak and dagger has come to refer to espionage and secretive crimes: it suggests murder from hidden sources. "Cloak and dagger" stories are thus mystery, detective, and crime stories of this. The vigilante duo of Marvel comics Cloak and Dagger

882-522: Is a reference to this. Omophorion Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic liturgical tradition, the omophorion ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : ὠμοφόριον , meaning "[something] borne on

945-537: Is associated with a magical Cloak of Levitation , which not only enables its wearer to levitate , but has other mystical abilities as well. Doctor Strange also uses it as a weapon. Alternatively, cloaks in fantasy may nullify magical projectiles , as the "cloak of magic resistance" in NetHack . Figuratively, a cloak may be anything that disguises or conceals something. In many science fiction franchises, such as Star Trek , there are cloaking devices , which provide

1008-543: Is proved by the mosaics at Ravenna and Rome. It appears that the ornamentation of the pallium with a greater number of crosses did not become customary until the ninth century, when small crosses were sewn on the pallium, especially over the shoulders. However, during the Middle Ages there was no definite rule regulating the number of crosses, nor was there any precept determining their colour. They were generally dark, but sometimes red. The pins, which at first served to keep

1071-644: Is unknown exactly when the pallium was first introduced. Although Tertullian wrote an essay no later than 220 AD titled De Pallio ("On the Pallium"), according to the Liber Pontificalis , it was first used when Pope Marcus (died 336) conferred the right to wear the pallium on the Bishop of Ostia , because the consecration of the pope appertained to him; Pope Symmachus did the same for St. Cæsarius of Arles in 513, and in numerous other references of

1134-820: Is worn by the members of the Fellowship of the Ring in The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien , although instead of granting complete invisibility, the Elf-made cloaks simply appear to shift between any natural color (e.g. green, gray, brown) to help the wearer to blend in with his or her surroundings. In the Marvel comic book stories and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , the sorcerer Doctor Strange

1197-595: The Latin patriarch of Jerusalem wear the pallium. Under the 1917 Code of Canon Law , a metropolitan had to receive the pallium before exercising his office in his ecclesiastical province , even if he was previously metropolitan elsewhere, but these restrictions were absent in the revised 1983 Code of Canon Law . No other bishops, even non-metropolitan archbishops or retired metropolitans or current metropolitan archbishops officiating or attending any kind of Mass or religious ceremony outside their jurisdiction, are allowed to wear

1260-531: The Middle Ages , because popes charged a fee from those receiving them, acquiring hundreds of millions of gold florins for the papacy and bringing the award of the pallium into disrepute. It is certain that a tribute was paid for the reception of the pallium as early as the sixth century. This was abrogated by Pope Gregory I in the Roman Synod of 595, but was reintroduced later as partial maintenance of

1323-472: The Ravenna mosaics . The pallium of the sixth century was a long, moderately wide, white band of wool, ornamented at its extremity with a black or red cross, and finished off with tassels; it was draped around the neck, shoulders, and breast in such a manner that it formed a V in front, and the ends hung down from the left shoulder, one in front and one behind. In the eighth century it became customary to let

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1386-539: The omophor originate from the same vestment, the latter a much larger and wider version worn by Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic bishops of the Byzantine Rite . A theory relates origination to the paradigm of the Good Shepherd shouldering a lamb, a common early Christian art image (if not icon); the ritual preparation of the pallium and its subsequent bestowal upon a pope at coronation suggests

1449-493: The 1931 Universal Studios motion picture version of the play, he retained the cloak as part of his outfit, which made such a strong impression that cloaks came to be equated with Count Dracula in nearly all non-historical media depictions of him. Fantasy cloaks are often magical . For example, they may grant the person wearing it invisibility as in the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling . A similar sort of garment

1512-624: The Aztecs. The more elaborate and colorful tilmàtlis were strictly reserved for élite high priests, emperors ; and the Eagle warriors as well as the Jaguar knights . In full evening dress in the Western countries, ladies and gentlemen frequently use the cloak as a fashion statement , or to protect the fine fabrics of evening wear from the elements, especially where a coat would crush or hide

1575-557: The Divine Liturgy, he will usually wear the small omophorion . At the Divine Liturgy , the rubrics call for the bishop to put on and take off the omophorion numerous times. When he is first vested, the subdeacons place the great omophorion on him, but afterwards, when the rubric calls for him to wear the omophorion , it is replaced, for the sake of convenience, with the small omophorion . In modern practice in

1638-569: The Hebrew ephod , the humeral garment of the High Priest . Others declare that its origin is traceable to a mantle of St. Peter , which was symbolic of his office as supreme pastor. A fourth hypothesis finds its origin in a liturgical mantle , used by the early popes, which over time was folded into the shape of a band; a fifth says its origin dates from the custom of folding the ordinary mantle-pallium, an outer garment in use in imperial times;

1701-660: The Hellenistic periods ( c. 750–30 BC). Romans would later wear the Greek-styled cloak, the pallium . The pallium was quadrangular, shaped like a square, and sat on the shoulders, not unlike the himation . Romans of the Republic would wear the toga as a formal display of their citizenship. It was denied to foreigners and was worn by magistrates on all occasions as a badge of office. The toga allegedly originated with Numa Pompilius ( r.  715–672 BC),

1764-636: The Holy See. This process was condemned by the Council of Basel in 1432, which referred to it as "the most usurious contrivance ever invented by the papacy". The use of the pallium is reserved to the pope and archbishops who are metropolitans, but the latter may not use it until it is conferred upon them by the pope, normally at the celebration of the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul in June. Pope Francis modified

1827-495: The Latin Rite patriarch of Jerusalem. Previous traditions that allowed some other bishops to use the pallium were ended by Pope Paul VI in a motu proprio in 1978. A metropolitan archbishop may wear his pallium as a mark of his jurisdiction not only in his own archdiocese but anywhere in his ecclesiastical province whenever he celebrates Mass. Although the pallium is now reserved, by law and liturgical norms, to metropolitans,

1890-467: The Slavic tradition, when several bishops concelebrate , it is now the custom for the chief celebrant to use the great omophorion when called for, and the other bishops to wear the small omophorion throughout, with all bishops wearing their mitres. In modern Greek Patriarchal practice, on the other hand, all concelebrating bishops wear the great omophorion at the beginning of the Divine Liturgy, with only

1953-416: The ancient great omophorion , which passes around the neck, is folded in the front, and hangs down past the knees in both the front and the back, like a loosely worn long scarf ; and the small omophorion which is much simpler, passing around the neck and hanging down in the front similar to an epitrachelion (stole), only wider and shorter, coming down a little past the waist. Because of the complexity of

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2016-529: The beginning, but near the end will change into the great omophorion for the Great Doxology . In the early church , the omophorion was a broad band of white wool ornamented with crosses and draped loosely over the neck, shoulders, and breast. The modern Roman pallium developed from this early omophorion. In the West, over the centuries, its form has changed into a circular, thin woolen garment for

2079-541: The bishop's pastoral role as the icon of Christ . All Eastern Orthodox bishops wear the omophorion. Clergy and ecclesiastical institutions, including seminaries, subject to a bishop's authority are often said to be "under his omophorion " (see Ecclesiastical jurisdiction ). The equivalent vestment in Western Christian usage is the archiepiscopal pallium , the use of which is subject to different rubrics and restrictions. The omophorion has two forms:

2142-719: The chief celebrant wearing the mitre and the other bishops wearing their kalimavkia with the Epanokalimavkion . In other local Churches, notably the Church of Greece, all concelebrating bishops wear both the great omophorion and the mitre, and even carry their staffs. In the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , often only the great omophorion is used. In this simplified usage,

2205-423: The civil omophorion , a shoulder garment or shawl in general use. Bishops may have introduced directly by a positive precept a humeral cloth resembling the ordinary omophorion and called by that name, to be used as a liturgical pontifical badge. Alternatively, bishops may have used the civil omophorion as an ornament without any special significance, but in the course of time it gradually developed associations as

2268-400: The earthquake, and after praying for a few minutes by his tomb, Benedict left the pallium on Celestine's glass casket. The last pope to abdicate willingly before Benedict XVI was Celestine V in 1294. Although Pope Benedict XVI's second pallium was not actually made until 2008, the model for it already existed on his coat of arms . A precedent for Pope Benedict XVI's variations of the pallium

2331-399: The ends fall down, one in the middle of the breast and the other in the middle of the back, and to fasten them there with pins, the pallium thus becoming Y-shaped. A further development took place during the ninth century (according to pictorial representations outside of Rome, in places where ancient traditions were not maintained so strictly): the band, which had hitherto been kept in place by

2394-406: The garment. Opera cloaks are made of quality materials such as wool or cashmere, velvet and satin. Ladies may wear a long (over the shoulders or to ankles) cloak usually called a cape , or a full-length cloak. Gentlemen wear an ankle-length or full-length cloak. Formal cloaks often have expensive, colored linings and trimmings such as silk , satin , velvet and fur . The term was the title of

2457-487: The great omophorion is not replaced by the small omophorion , and is worn by the bishop throughout the entire liturgy . In such cases, the omophorion is often sewn into shape and can be simply draped onto the shoulders rather than wrapped on by assistants. Some Ukrainian Greek Catholic bishops, however, insist on the full ceremonial. During the All-Night Vigil , the bishop will wear the small omophorion at

2520-436: The great omophorion , and because of the dignity of the episcopal office, whenever the bishop puts on the omophorion or takes it off, he is assisted by two subdeacons . Whenever the bishop presides at any divine service, he will be vested in the omophorion . If he is serving the Divine Liturgy , he will wear both the great and the small omophorion at different times over his liturgical vestments. At any service other than

2583-560: The modern omophor, made of wool with black silk ends, and decorated with five red crosses, three of which are pierced with pins, symbolic of Christ's five wounds and the three nails, and it was worn crossed over the left shoulder. Only the Papal pallium was to take this distinctive form. Beginning with the Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul (June 29, 2008) Benedict XVI reverted to a form similar to that worn by his recent predecessors, albeit in

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2646-432: The neck or over the shoulder, and vary in length from the hip all the way down to the ankle – mid-calf being the normal length. They may have an attached hood and may cover and fasten down the front, in which case they have holes or slits for the hands to pass through. However, cloaks are almost always sleeveless. Christian clerics may wear a cappa or a cope – forms of cloak – as liturgical vestments or as part of

2709-401: The pallium dates back to the 8th century, when it was made an obligation for all metropolitans to petition the Holy See for permission to use it. The evolution of this character was complete about the end of the eleventh century; thenceforth the pallium is always designated in the papal bulls as the symbol of plenitudo pontificalis officii ("plenitude of pontifical office"). In the sixth century

2772-408: The pallium in place, were retained as ornaments even after the pallium was sewn in the proper shape, although they no longer had any practical object. That the insertion of small leaden weights in the vertical ends of the pallium was usual as early as the thirteenth century is proved by the discovery in 1605 of the pallium enveloping the body of Boniface VIII, and by the fragments of the pallium found in

2835-402: The pallium is a long and "three fingers broad" (narrow) white band adornment, woven from the wool of lambs raised by Trappist monks. It is donned by looping its middle around one's neck, resting upon the chasuble and two dependent lappets over one's shoulders with tail-ends (doubled) on the left with the front end crossing over the rear. When observed from the front or rear the pallium sports

2898-456: The pallium on Cardinal Angelo Sodano , the new dean. The same was done by Pope Francis for Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re on 29 June 2020, when Cardinal Re became dean in January 2020. Worn by the pope, the pallium symbolizes the plenitudo pontificalis officii (i.e., the "plenitude of pontifical office"); worn by archbishops, it typifies their participation in the supreme pastoral power of

2961-442: The pallium unless they have special permission. An explicit exception is made for the rarely realised scenario in which a person not yet a bishop is elected pope, in which case the bishop ordaining the new pope wears the pallium during the ceremony. There are many different opinions concerning the origin of the pallium. Some trace it to an investiture by Constantine I (or one of his successors); others consider it an imitation of

3024-509: The pallium was the symbol of the papal office and the papal power, and for this reason Pope Felix transmitted his pallium to his archdeacon, when, contrary to custom, he nominated him his successor. On the other hand, when used by metropolitans, the pallium originally signified simply union with the Apostolic See, and was an ornament symbolizing the virtue and rank of its wearer. Attribution Cloak Cloaks generally fasten at

3087-470: The pins, was sewn Y-shaped, without, however, being cut. The present circular form originated in the tenth or eleventh century. Two excellent early examples of this form, belonging respectively to Archbishop St. Heribert (1021) and Archbishop St. Anno (d. 1075), are preserved in Siegburg , Archdiocese of Cologne . At first the only decorations on the pallium were two crosses near the extremities. This

3150-494: The pope, but it was sometimes conferred on simple bishops (e.g., on Syagrius of Autun , Donus of Messina, and John of Syracuse by Pope Gregory I ). The use of the pallium among metropolitans did not become general until the eighth century, when a synod convened by St Boniface laid an obligation upon Western metropolitans of receiving their pallium only from the pope in Rome. This was accomplished by journeying there or by forwarding

3213-674: The pope, or that it was adopted in imitation of its counterpart, the pontifical omophor , already in vogue in the Eastern Church. It was bestowed on papal vicars (like the bishop of Arles, who represented the pope in the regions of Gaul) and other bishops with exclusive links to the Apostolic See . Also in this rank were missionaries sent with papal approval to organise the church among newly converted peoples. St. Augustine of Canterbury in seventh-century England and St. Boniface in eighth-century Germany fell into this category. It

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3276-581: The pope, who concedes it to them for their proper church provinces. Similarly, after his resignation, he may not use the pallium; should he be transferred to another archdiocese, he must again petition the pope for a new pallium. The new pallia are solemnly blessed after the First Vespers on the feast of Saints Peter and Paul, and are then kept in a special silver-gilt casket near the Confessio Petri (tomb of St. Peter) until required. The pallium

3339-542: The ritual of conferring the pallium in January 2015: The pallia will be blessed on the feast of Saints Peter and Paul in Saint Peter's Basilica ; the metropolitan archbishops, however will receive those pallia in a separate ceremony within their home dioceses from the hands of the Apostolic Nuncio (who is the personal representative of the pope in their respective countries). The pallium is also conferred upon

3402-582: The second semi-legendary king of Rome. Eminent personages in Kievan Rus' adopted the Byzantine chlamys in the form of a fur-lined korzno  [ uk ] ( Old East Slavic : кързно ). Powerful noblemen and elite warriors of the Aztec Empire would wear a tilmàtli ; a Mesoamerican cloak/cape used as a symbol of their upper status. Cloth and clothing was of utmost importance for

3465-525: The shepherd symbolism. However, this may be an explanation a posteriori . The lambs whose fleeces are destined for pallia are solemnly presented at altar by the nuns of the convent of Saint Agnes outside the walls and ultimately the Benedictine nuns of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere weave their wool into pallia. At present, only the pope, metropolitan archbishops within their archdiocese, and

3528-414: The shoulders"; Slavonic : омофоръ, omofor ) is the distinguishing vestment of a bishop and the symbol of his spiritual and ecclesiastical authority. Originally woven of wool, it is a band of brocade decorated with four crosses and an eight-pointed star; it is worn about the neck and shoulders. By symbolizing the lost sheep that is found and carried on the Good Shepherd 's shoulders, it signifies

3591-458: The shoulders, with short, weighted pendants before and behind. The papal pallium, originally adopted by Pope Benedict XVI at the beginning of his pontificate, is closer to the original omophorion . Pope Benedict XVI later reverted to the original design of the pallium , but with red crosses instead of black. In the East, the only change in the omophorion has been an increase in its width and

3654-430: The sixth century, the pallium is mentioned as a long-customary vestment. It seems that earlier, the pope alone had the absolute right of wearing the pallium; its use by others was tolerated only by virtue of the permission of the pope. References to the pallium being conferred on others as a mark of distinction date to the sixth century. The honour was usually conferred on metropolitans, especially those nominated vicars by

3717-409: The tomb of Clement IV. As early as the 6th century, the pallium was considered a liturgical vestment to be used only during Mass unless a special privilege determined otherwise, as evidenced by the correspondence between Pope Gregory I and John of Ravenna. The rules regulating the original use of the pallium cannot be determined with certainty, but its use, even before the 6th century, seems to have had

3780-524: The traditional pallium worn by popes prior to Benedict. In January 2015, Pope Francis announced that, from that year's imposition on, the pallium would no longer be awarded personally by the Pope in Rome; instead, the corresponding archbishops would impose it in their local churches. The Pope, however, will continue to bless it beforehand. There is a decided difference between the form of the modern pallium and that used in early Christian times, as portrayed in

3843-401: Was formerly conferred in Rome by a cardinal deacon, and outside of Rome by a bishop; in both cases the ceremony took place after the celebration of Mass and the administration of an oath. For his formal inauguration, Pope Benedict XVI adopted an earlier form of the pallium, from a period when it and the omophor were virtually identical. It is wider than the modern pallium although not as wide as

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3906-420: Was set in 1999 when Pope John Paul II wore a long Y-shaped pallium with red crosses for that year's Easter and Christmas celebrations. It was only used on those occasions and was created by Piero Marini , the then-master of pontifical liturgical celebrations, who would also create Pope Benedict's first pallium. On June 29, 2014, after using Benedict XVI's second pallium for more than a year, Pope Francis restored

3969-502: Was shown on the renowned ivory tablet of Trier, depicting the solemn translation of relics . Among the pictures dating from the seventh and eighth centuries, in which the omophorion is illustrated, are the lately discovered frescoes in S. Maria, Antiqua in the Roman Forum . The representation of the omophorion in these frescoes is essentially the same as the vestment in its present form. The omophorion probably developed from

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