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172-678: The Palmarian Church ( Spanish : Iglesia Palmariana ), officially registered as the Palmarian Christian Church and also known as the Palmarian Catholic Church , is a Christian church with an episcopal see in El Palmar de Troya , Andalusia , Spain. The Palmarian Church claims to be the exclusive One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church founded by Jesus Christ . It claims that the Holy See ,
344-478: A hoax from the beginning" to profit from believers and supporters of the alleged apparitions of Our Lady of Palmar , His successor, Pope Peter III, published an encyclical letter in response, in which he accused Ex-Pope Gregory XVIII of discrediting his former church in his interview and of stealing two million euros from the Palmarian Catholic Church, alongside several goods (including
516-772: A mortal sin causes the blood drop to disappear, requiring confession to a priest to re-enter a state of grace. In 1982, Pope Gregory XVII proclaimed as infallible doctrine the real presence of both Jesus Christ and Blessed Virgin Mary in the Blessed Sacrament of the Eucharist. This doctrine is not completely novel, having precedents in the Catholic theological writings of some 17th century Franciscan and Jesuit authors, such as Cristóbal de Vega (1595-1672) in his Theologia Mariana . As with more in-depth doctrinal teachings on
688-826: A traditionalist Catholic pushback to the liberalising changes introduced by the Second Vatican Council and alleged a Masonic infiltration of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1975, the Palmarians founded a religious order known as the Carmelites of the Holy Face and had a number of priests ordained, then consecrated as bishops by Archbishop Ngô Đình Thục , giving them holy orders. After the death of Pope Paul VI in 1978, Clemente Domínguez claimed that he had been mystically crowned Pope of
860-605: A Dominican habit and on 10 December 1968, Domínguez said that Dominic de Guzmán had appeared to him to recommend praying the Rosary and the Pater Noster . On 10 December 1968 he also said that Joseph appeared to him. On 12 December 1969, Domínguez said he had another vision of Dominic and next to him he said he saw the Holy Face of Jesus . Then he said that Dominic had given him the message that he should expand devotion to
1032-733: A Spaniard also known as Leandro), Francis Bernard Sandler (1917–1992; an American Catholic convert from Rabbinic Judaism who was a Benedictine and had served as a parish priest in Sweden, also known as Fulgencio) and finally Michael Thomas Donnelly (1927–1982; an Irish priest from Belfast from the Company of Mary , who within two months left the Palmarians). The Vatican, through first Cardinal Bueno, then their Nuncio to Spain Luigi Dadaglio and finally Franjo Šeper 's Congregation for
1204-702: A Spanish-based creole language called Chavacano developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish. The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996. The local languages of the Philippines also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from Mexican Spanish , owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through New Spain until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898. Supreme Court of Spain Too Many Requests If you report this error to
1376-603: A considerable number of words from Arabic , as well as a minor influence from the Germanic Gothic language through the period of Visigoth rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both Classical Latin and Renaissance Latin , the form of Latin in use at that time. According to
1548-592: A conspiracy to overthrow the Pope. Many members of this group moved to Archidona , near Málaga and continued to proclaim themselves as Palmarians, but now sedevacantist , claiming that the Pope had fallen into error and lost the Chair of St. Peter. Some even set up in Paraguay for a while. Others, such as, Ex-Fr. Guido (Robert McCormack) and Ex-Fr. Dámaso (Juan Marquez), moved away from Palmarianism completely, declaring it
1720-667: A decline in numbers in the Palmarian Church and even among those who remained a significant number of believers, both religious (bishops and nuns) and sympathetic laymen, began to quietly doubt the Pope's mental health and conduct, questioning in particular the orthodoxy of the proposals of the Second Palmarian Council on the Bible (to be replaced with the " Sacred History ") and other aspects, considering them rash changes. This group also raised concerns about
1892-522: A dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonants , known in Spanish as the reajuste de las sibilantes , which resulted in the distinctive velar [x] pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic interdental [θ] ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ ). See History of Spanish (Modern development of
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#17327799987872064-406: A drop of his Most Precious Blood was "enthroned" within her and likewise, a particle of Mary's Immaculate Heart and a drop of her blood was "enthroned" within him. This has implications for sacramental theology . Linking in with this, the Palmarians teach that through baptism, the baptised receives a drop of Mary's blood, washing away original sin, which is strengthened by confirmation. Committing
2236-482: A first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos ( Ilustrados ). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing. Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American administration after
2408-420: A fraud and accusing the Church of perpetuating psychological abuse, with the dawning of the internet became vocal anti-Palmarian activists. Pope Peter II died on July 15, 2011, after a long illness. Pope Peter II was succeeded in 2011 by his Secretary of State, Fr. Sergio María (born Ginés Jesús Hernández ), who took the name Pope Gregory XVIII. Earlier known as a hardliner, making several disciplinary rules on
2580-478: A long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century. In the wake of the 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty , hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States. The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce. According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of
2752-626: A neighbor from Utrera named María Marín also said she had seen the Virgin in the same place. On 6 June 1968, María Luisa Vila from Seville went to the farm and said she had a mystical ecstasy in which Jesus Christ administered communion to her and, according to witnesses, when she opened her mouth there was a bloody host inside. In the summer of 1968, Antonio Romero, Manuel Fernández, José Navarro, Antonio Anillos and Arsenia Llanos also said they suffered mystical ecstasies there. On 15 October 1968, Clemente Domínguez and Manuel Alonso Corral visited
2924-476: A noted Mariologist). With Domínguez himself as General, the order was revealed to the world as the Order of the Carmelites of the Holy Face on 22 December 1975. It was announced that it would have four classes; priests , brothers , sisters and tertiaries , laypeople, each wearing a Carmelite habit and a brown scapular , with the images of the Holy Face of Jesus and Our Lady of Palmar. A major issue that facing
3096-498: A precession of Pope Paul VI and present a letter (taken by a priest). Corral claimed later the Palmarians met with Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani who informed Paul VI. Earlier, on 27 December 1969, they attempted to deliver a letter to the Spanish head of state, Francisco Franco, asking him to read a secret from God to the Spanish nation as part of his end-of-year speech. The duo turned up at El Pardo unannounced and ad hoc meetings were not accepted, they were instead directed to deliver
3268-508: A primarily Hassaniya Arabic -speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its secondary official language, and in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf ( Algeria ), where the Spanish language is still taught as
3440-617: A second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system. While far from its heyday during the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , the Spanish language has some presence in northern Morocco , stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media. According to a 2012 survey by Morocco's Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches 4.6% of
3612-531: A second language, largely by Cuban educators. The number of Spanish speakers is unknown. Spanish is also an official language of the African Union . Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During Spanish colonization , it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as
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#17327799987873784-582: A state of sanctifying grace are sent to the Planet of Mary, where sin is absent and the Church Triumphant waits here for the final battle against Antichrist . Likewise, the godless are sent to the Planet of Lucifer, where they are under the leadership of Satan , awaiting the final battle. In the afterlife, following death, heaven , hell , purgatory and limbo are understood as different states , rather than physical locations. Supposedly, before
3956-509: A total of forty-seven pontifical documents were published, before the opening of the First Palmarian Council. These covered the canonisation of over 1,000 new saints, the promulgation of various Mariological and Josephine dogmas, excommunications of "heretics", anathemas against freemasonry (especially), communism and capitalism, declarations of new Doctors of the Church , declaring as anathema anyone who "dare to condemn
4128-553: A worthy spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary (the "Second Eve "). The Palmarians teach that Saint Joseph remained a virgin throughout his life and never questioned the perpetual virginity of the Blessed Virgin Mary . The Palmarian Church also declared as doctrine that the year after the resurrection of Christ , Saint Joseph was resurrected and assumed into heaven, in body and soul. As with the Catholic Church ,
4300-416: Is cognate to the root word of satisfacer ("to satisfy"), and hecho ("made") is similarly cognate to the root word of satisfecho ("satisfied"). Compare the examples in the following table: Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table: In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent
4472-436: Is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek. Alongside English and French , it is also one of the most taught foreign languages throughout the world. Spanish is well represented in the humanities and social sciences . Spanish is also the third most used language on the internet by number of users after English and Chinese and the second most used language by number of websites after English. Spanish
4644-470: Is allowed." The established greeting when two Palmarian faithful meet each other is, ¡Ave María Purísima! (Hail Mary Most Pure) and the response, sin pecado concebida (conceived without sin). Just as the Roman Catholic Church historically proclaimed as infallible doctrine, certain teachings about the Blessed Virgin Mary, such as the Immaculate Conception (1854) under Pope Pius IX and
4816-413: Is claimed Jesus Christ told him to consecrate more bishops and create an episcopal college for Pope Paul VI to come and govern the church from El Palmar de Troya. With Thục now fading into the background, the Palmarians under their own initiative between the years 1976 and 1978 had consecrated 91 additional bishops (mostly Irish and Spaniards, over 40% split almost evenly between these two nationalities, with
4988-454: Is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a native language , making it the second most spoken language by number of native speakers . An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or foreign language , making it the fourth most spoken language in the world overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers. Spanish is also
5160-612: Is given the choice over becoming Satan's mother, with the former arguing for and the latter against, using her free will , the Anti-Mary chooses in the affirmative. She joins a "Jewish religious group involved in Satan worship" and eventually becomes their leader. In a great Masonic Lodge , elaborately decorated with an inverted crucifix , she copulates on the altar with an apostate ex-Palmarian Bishop, dressed in his clerical attire. Described as "extraordinarily beautiful and seductive", upon
5332-761: Is heavily influenced by Venezuelan Spanish. In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of Mercosur in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in Brazil . In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President , making it mandatory for schools to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil. In September 2016 this law
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5504-690: Is not available in public libraries. In 2018 Lundberg scanned one of the English versions and later published it on his blog. Spanish language Spanish ( español ) or Castilian ( castellano ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . Today, it is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in
5676-473: Is she who preaches truths and lies at the same time. This Roman church is now nourished by a beast, the usurper John Paul II —the true church is no longer Roman. The true church is Palmarian, as you have preached yourself, assisted by the Holy Ghost . It is no longer possible to be Roman, as the Holy See has been moved by the order of Christ. From 1978 until 1997, Palmarian Church leadership consisted of
5848-844: Is spoken by very small communities in Angola due to Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence. Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands , located in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 km (62 mi) off
6020-784: Is that he was previously made the Archbishop of Huế , Vietnam by Pope John XXIII , but due to the 1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état which killed several close members of his family, he was living in exile in Rome . In 1968, Paul VI had made him the Titular Archbishop of Bulla Regia . Outraged by the murder of his relatives and deeply anti-communist , he was in good standing in Rome but increasingly disillusioned with their "diplomatic" approach to communism and started to draw closer to traditionalism in his exile. Revaz convinced Thục that
6192-813: Is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico . The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of Los Angeles , Miami , San Antonio , New York , San Francisco , Dallas , Tucson and Phoenix of the Arizona Sun Corridor , as well as more recently, Chicago , Las Vegas , Boston , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Salt Lake City , Atlanta , Nashville , Orlando , Tampa , Raleigh and Baltimore-Washington, D.C. due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration. Although Spanish has no official recognition in
6364-488: Is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities... The Royal Spanish Academy ( Real Academia Española ), on the other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language castellano . The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (a language guide published by
6536-605: Is used as an official language by many international organizations , including the United Nations , European Union , Organization of American States , Union of South American Nations , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States , African Union , among others. In Spain and some other parts of the Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only español but also castellano (Castilian),
6708-578: Is usually assumed to be derived from castillo ('castle'). In the Middle Ages , the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as Romance and later also as Lengua vulgar . Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as Romance castellano ( romanz castellano , romanz de Castiella ), lenguaje de Castiella , and ultimately simply as castellano (noun). Different etymologies have been suggested for
6880-532: The Assumption of Mary (1950) under Pope Pius XII , the Palmarian Pontiffs have declared as infallible other Marian maximalist teachings. On 12 August 1978, Pope Gregory XVII in his Second Document proclaimed as further infallible doctrines, binding on all the faithful, four major Marian teachings; Mary, Mediatrix of All Graces , Co-Redemptrix , Queen of Heaven and Earth and Mother of
7052-751: The Councils of Ephesus (431) and Chalcedon (451)." The Palmarian Catholic Church professes Trinitarian Christianity , with the Palmarian Credo laying out their belief in the one God, the Triune God, one in essence, with three persons; the Eternal Father , the Son (or the Divine Word) and the Holy Ghost . As a result of the Second Palmarian Council, held between 1995 and 2002, in which
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7224-740: The Ligue de la contre-réforme catholique and Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre who founded the Society of St. Pius X (which became by far the most prominent). The early Palmarian themes were a part of this milleu , with direct and indirect relationships with the traditionalist Catholic resistance worldwide, including the SSPX. According to Lundberg, traditionalists refused to believe that "a true Catholic hierarchy would make such changes, and saw modernist , masonic and communist conspiracies". A common traditionalist theme of decrying "infiltration", raised questions about
7396-483: The Americas and Spain , and about 600 million when including second language speakers. Spanish is the official language of 20 countries , as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations . Spanish is the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese ; the world's fourth-most spoken language overall after English , Mandarin Chinese, and Hindustani ( Hindi - Urdu ); and
7568-527: The Assumption of Joseph and Father and Doctor of the Church . The Palmarian teachings on Saint Joseph are included in the Credo and thus must be publicly professed by all believers. The teachings on the nature of Saint Joseph are inherently tied to his relationship to the Blessed Virgin Mary and thus Jesus Christ. The Palmarian Church proclaimed as doctrine in 1978, that Saint Joseph was pre-sanctified in
7740-688: The Cathedral-Basilica of Our Crowned Mother of Palmar ; he also regretted not disbanding the Palmarian Church while he was in charge, but predicted that it would soon collapse on its own. In January 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain , it was reported that there were 70 positives, including 4 deaths, within the church premises. The rate of COVID-19 cases in El Palmar was 3,713 cases/100,000 inhabitants, triggering confinement measures for
7912-625: The Immaculate Heart of Mary , are to be found in the writings of St. Jean Eudes , St. Marguerite-Marie Alacoque and 20th century French visionary Jeanne-Louise Ramonet. In its doctrine and devotional practices, the Palmarian Church places a strong emphasis on the Blessed Virgin Mary . They state "It is common among Palmarians to love the Most Holy Virgin Mary intensely. This is a point where no discussion
8084-418: The One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic and Palmarian Church , the Palmarian Catholic Church and other variations in internal documents. The Director-General again rejected the registration due to the changes only being "semantic", but the Palmarians finally pushed through their registration through the Supreme Court of Spain in 1987 using the current official name. From the 19th century onward, there has been in
8256-415: The Popemobile , a BMW X6 ): he subsequently declared him an apostate , excommunicated him and declared all of his acts to be null and void. Ex-Pope Gregory XVIII denied the charges of stealing. He and his wife subsequently reconciled with the Vatican, as a layman. Pope Peter III disbanded the Papal Guard Corps instituted by his predecessor, deeming it unnecessary for his security. In 2018 he travelled to
8428-423: The Roman Canon in 1962 and according to the Palmarians, he "professed great love for Most Glorious Saint Joseph." All three of these Roman Pontiffs have been canonised as saints by the Palmarian Catholic Church. During the reign of Pope Gregory XVII, in his Third Document issued on 13 August 1978, the Palmarian Pontiff proclaimed infallible doctrines on the nature of Saint Joseph; the Presanctification of Joseph ,
8600-464: The Roman Catholic Church who were supporters of Our Lady of Palmar and the direction taken by Domínguez and Corral, the majority of those associated with the movement were at that point laymen , as were most of the pilgrims. The nucleus of an organisation began to develop through cenacles (prayer-groups), where the participants referred to themselves as Marian Apostles, or Apostles of the Cross (also Cross Bearers). On 30 November 1975, just ten days after
8772-492: The Sacred History or Holy Palmarian Bible (2000-2001), the end product of the Second Palmarian Council, a reworking of the Catholic Bible . In addition to this, there is a Palmarian Catechism , which lays out the teachings for the faithful and a Palmarian Devotionary , which lays out the central pious practices and modes of worship. As explained by professor Magnus Lundberg ( Uppsala University ), in 1997 Clemente Domínguez claimed that Elijah had appeared to him, claiming that
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#17327799987878944-405: The Second Coming of Jesus Christ, comes the Antichrist . An in-depth and specific account of the Antichrist is given in the Palmarian Catechism . The Palmarian Church teaches that a Beast of a woman, consecrated to Satan is brought up, as an Anti-Mary (the antithesis of the Blessed Virgin Mary ), a false virgin from a Jewish background. Both Satan and the Virgin Mary appear before her, as she
9116-529: The Spanish Episcopal Conference and the Vatican. Following the Second Vatican Council, which took place between 1962 and 1965, there emerged a new openness to religious liberty , ecumenism , interreligious dialogue and on the back of it, introduced in 1969, a New Order of Mass . These changes scandalised traditionalists within the Catholic Church and an insurgent traditionalist Catholic movement emerged pushing back against this. Prominent early figures included Frenchmen such as Georges de Nantes , who founded
9288-477: The Spanish State . The government had been established in the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War and during the war the nationalists identified themselves as engaged in a " Crusade against the Second Republic (1931–1939) , international communism and freemasonry." Before and during the Civil War, many Catholic clerics were killed by the republican side and in some places the Catholic Church had to go underground. After victory, under Franco, National Catholicism
9460-452: The Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005. Spanish has historically had a significant presence on the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba , Bonaire and Curaçao ( ABC Islands ) throughout the centuries and in present times. The majority of the populations of each island (especially Aruba) speaking Spanish at varying although often high degrees of fluency. The local language Papiamentu (Papiamento on Aruba)
9632-446: The Spanish–American War but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s. Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and Filipino , a standardized version of Tagalog . Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under
9804-419: The Virgin Mary had appeared to them in the field of La Alcaparroa farm, close to the village of El Palmar de Troya , which at that time was a district of the municipality of Utrera , in the province of Seville , Andalusia , Spain . On 11 April 1968, a devout Catholic woman named Rosario Arenillas reported seeing the Virgin Mary with the mantle of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in the same place. On 20 May 1968
9976-432: The Vulgate was "purified" as The Sacred History or Holy Palmarian Bible , the primary religious text of the Church, the Palmarians explictly centre in this Bible, the Triune God as the supreme overarching truth of universal history and by name mention the Triune God and its three persons in the "purified" Book of Genesis onward (in the "Old Version" of the Old Testament , used before the Second Palmarian Council, this
10148-416: The internet for anybody to access. The core texts of the Church, following the move of the Holy See from Rome in 1978, are the Papal documents of Pope Gregory XVII, released between 1978 and 1980 (every Pope since has released documents, but these in particular are considered pivotal), the Palmarian Creed (1980), the Treatise of the Mass (1992) which was the end product of the First Palmarian Council and
10320-567: The papal tiara on his head. Domínguez had claimed since the early 1970s that Pope Paul VI would be succeeded by a true Pope and an Antipope . Thus, when the Vatican declared Albino Luciani as their new Pope on 26 August 1978, he was portrayed in a Palmarian Papal pronouncement by Pope Gregory XVII as a usurper, "that clown of an Antipope, Cardinal Luciani, called John Paul I " with his "false smile". The Vatican for their part decided to merely inaugurate Luciani, eschewing over 800 years of papal coronation ceremonies. This supposed Vatican "Antipope"
10492-417: The "blind-seer." After months of silence, Domínguez reported a vision of Jesus Christ in September 1976, in which Christ is quoted as saying "No one should think that the palm-tree is lying down. It is more upright than ever because victory is found in the passion and crucifixion. Then comes the resurrection." Christ is then quoted as saying that he is preparing Domínguez to be a future Pope. God had thus allowed
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#173277999878710664-402: The 15,000 square meter plot of land at La Alcaparroa . Following an alleged apparition of Jesus Christ on 30 May 1975, the devotees of Palmar were requested to construct a sanctuary at La Alcaparroa . Along with the money from donors, a loan was taken out from the Central Bank of Utrera in the name Francisco González, Carlos Girón and Manuel Alonso. Although there were a few ordained priests of
10836-404: The 2021–2022 school year alone. The local business process outsourcing industry has also helped boost the language's economic prospects. Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population, a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely. Aside from standard Spanish,
11008-406: The 20th century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara , and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City . For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language . Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it
11180-417: The 5 November 2000, the matter of the dissidents came to a head: eighteen Palmarian bishops and seven Palmarian nuns were anathematised and excommunicated, expelled from the property and declared ex-Palmarian. Ex-Fr. Isaac (José Antonio Perales Salvatella), the former confessor to the Pope was declared as the heresiarch in chief, a new Martin Luther , as a "founder of an anti-church or tenebrous sect", leader of
11352-402: The 9th century, and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century. Spanish colonialism in the early modern period spurred the introduction of the language to overseas locations, most notably to the Americas. As a Romance language, Spanish is a descendant of Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary
11524-439: The Atlantic to Latin America and the United States . The traffic was not all one way, as pilgrims came to visit El Palmar de Troya from many different countries in the Catholic world, with Irish people and German-speaking people ( Germans , Austrians and Swiss people ) being overrepresented. They went to Rome several times, first on 8 July 1970, where Clemente jumped over a barrier, avoiding Swiss Guard , to keel before
11696-458: The Baroness de Castillo Chirel, then 90 years old, a devout Catholic woman who had been a follower of Garabandal, gave Domínguez and Corral a donation of 16 million pesatas in 1972 (worth roughly €1.8 million in 2023). As part of their quest to spread the message, throughout the 1970s, the duo, often joined by their ally, Carmelo Pacheco Sánchez (1948–1997), they travelled throughout Spain and Western Europe, before eventually making annual trips across
11868-407: The Blessed Virgin Mary, the Palmarian Church has lauded the greater emphasis on Saint Joseph and his nature as a member of the Holy Family in more recent times, which began in 1870 with Pope Pius IX proclaiming Saint Joseph Patron of the Universal Church and Pope Leo XIII issuing the encyclical Quamquam pluries in 1889. In addition to this, Pope John XXIII added the name of Saint Joseph to
12040-403: The Carmelites of the Holy Face to the priesthood, conferring holy orders on the two Spaniards; Clemente Domínguez (who took the religious name Ferdinand) and Manuel Alonso Corral (who took the religious name Isidore), the two Irishmen; Paul Gerald Fox (who took the religious name Abraham) and Francis Coll (who took the religious name Gabriel), as well as the Frenchman; Louis Henri Moullins (who took
12212-430: The Catholic Church , there is a heavy emphasis on documents which lay out the Palmarian Catholic teachings since then, which it considers the authentic continuation of the Catholic Magisterium. The Palmarian Church does not allow its religious works to be publicly sold for profit, but instead distributes them among its members free of charge, however, in the information age, many of these documents are now freely available on
12384-567: The Catholic Church by Jesus Christ and was to reign as Pope Gregory XVII from El Palmar de Troya. There have been four subsequent Palmarian Popes and the one reigning since 2016 is Pope Peter III . Critical scholars, journalists, and former followers almost universally describe the organization as a cult . Members are expected not to watch any films or television, vote or read newspapers. They also engage in heavy shunning of former members and are not allowed to talk to people unrelated to
12556-507: The Catholic Mass, changing it and putting in its place the heretical Mass of the great Mason and traitor Bugnini . We give guarantee and assurance, pledging Our word in the name of Christ, that the life of Pope Saint Paul VI was exemplary and virtuous. This holy Pope gave himself up completely to prayer and penance, and, of course, to continual self-sacrifice, his pontificate having been a sorrowful ascent to Calvary. This holy Pope
12728-481: The Catholic world, a series of what Magnus Lundberg calls "Marian Apocalyptic movements", resulting from reported Marian apparitions , in which the Virgin Mary is said to appear to members of the laity. In the apparitions, she typically bears an important eschatological message, warning humanity of a coming chastisement from God for its sinful behaviour and apostacy , followed by a period of peace and virtue for
12900-475: The Church . The Palmarian Church teaches that the Eternal Father formed the soul of the Blessed Virgin Mary before the creation of heaven and earth. One of the proclaimed infallible doctrines, with great significance for Palmarian soteriology , elaborated by the Church is the Mystical Espousal of Christ and Mary : as part of this doctrine it is taught that a particle of Christ's Sacred Heart and
13072-531: The Doctrine of the Faith , quickly moved against Thục and the Palmarians. They did not question the validity of the orders as such, but essentially declared that they were canonically illicit or irregular, due to not having permission, that they were ipso iure suspended from exercising their powers and ipso facto excommunicated . The Palmarians for their part, declared their loyalty to Pope Paul VI and argued that
13244-654: The Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business. Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish. The Instituto Cervantes estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish. The proportion of proficient Spanish speakers in Equatorial Guinea exceeds the proportion of proficient speakers in other West and Central African nations of their respective colonial languages. Spanish
13416-472: The Holy Face in the mastic and on 2 March 1972, an image of the Divina Pastora was blessed. The Virgin of Palmar was placed in the mastic on 12 September 1972. On 8 February 1971, there was a reported apparition of Jesus Christ in the mastic to encourage the faithful who gathered at the farm. With the duo of Domínguez and Corral now the people most closely associated with visions at Palmar; the former
13588-712: The Holy Face, the Stations of the Cross and the reparative communion on the first Thursday of each month, to repair the outrages to the divine face of the Lord. Domínguez and Corral began to carry a portrait of the Holy Face for prayers in which ecstasy occurred. Domínguez claimed to suffer stigmata of the Holy Wounds during his visions, such as a cross-shaped cut on his forehead and cuts on his hands. These visions and stigmata, according to Domínguez himself, also occurred in
13760-705: The Iberian Peninsula. These languages included Proto-Basque , Iberian , Lusitanian , Celtiberian and Gallaecian . The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era , the most important influences on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages — Mozarabic ( Andalusi Romance ), Navarro-Aragonese , Leonese , Catalan/Valencian , Portuguese , Galician , Occitan , and later, French and Italian . Spanish also borrowed
13932-540: The Old Spanish sibilants) for details. The Gramática de la lengua castellana , written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija , was the first grammar written for a modern European language. According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I , she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire. In his introduction to
14104-528: The Order of the Carmelites of the Holy Face and other top Palmarian bishops, were in Bogotá , Colombia , as part of their regular trips across the Atlantic Ocean to see to their followers and attempt to recruit more clergy. While waiting to be deported from Colombia, a few hours after the death of Pope Paul VI, Domínguez reported an apparition, in which a mystical papal coronation ceremony took place, where he
14276-476: The Order, Domínguez. Not only was he completely blinded by the incident, but the damage was such that he had to have his eyeballs surgically removed at San Sebastián hospital. The party had gone to Derval to deal with a crisis where a couple of Palmarian bishops there had gone across to the mystic, Pierre Poulain. According to the Palmarians, the devil attacked the car, after Poulain cast a black magic spell on his rival Domínguez. The Spanish media began to call him
14448-649: The Palmarian Catholic Church had moved toward the new millennium, the first signs of an internal issue had begun to emerge on 30 March 1995, as the Palmarian Cardinalate was suppressed, meaning there would not be a conclave after the Pope's death. As the decade wore on, the dissident Palmarians began to discuss their concerns secretly among themselves, with burner phones and the like to hide their communications, though control over members had increased by this time, with strict rules on personal conduct beginning to be brought in. Indiscreet communications led to
14620-416: The Palmarian Catholic Church, all powers of bishops, presbyters and deacons were now withdrawn by Pope Gregory XVII, meaning that outside of the Palmarian Church, no other alleged clergyman with holy orders could validly claim to exercise their power or have the right to legitimately perform any act of priestly ministry, including those pertaining to the holy sacraments of the Church . The Church leadership
14792-607: The Palmarian Catholic Church. The official name of the Palmarian Church in the register of religious entities in the Kingdom of Spain is the Iglesia Cristiana Palmariana de los Carmelitas de la Santa Faz ( English : Palmarian Christian Church of the Carmelites of the Holy Face ). This is due to a legal process which began in 1980, when the church applied to the Spanish Ministry of Justice for
14964-476: The Palmarian Church teaches that immediately after death, the soul of each human being is brought before Jesus Christ and receives a particular judgement , where they are judged by God based on their lives, they are accused with the sins that they committed (and whether or not they died in a state of sanctifying grace ), their devotion and loyalty to God and membership of his One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church . The Palmarians teach that those who die in
15136-718: The Palmarian Church, the Antichrist was born in Jerusalem in the year 2000 and made a brief entry in the world in 2012. Physically, the False Messiah appears to be a man, but is literally Satan in the flesh and will persecute the true believers (the Palmarians). An epic final battle, the Armageddon , between Good and Evil will take place on Earth, whereby the inhabitants of the Planet of Mary and Planet of Lucifer return to fight for their respective sides. The wicked lose
15308-471: The Palmarian leadership uncovering the dissident network. Fr. Sergio (Ginés Jesús Hernández) made his mark by playing a role in their "unmasking". A knife that was discovered in one of the rooms of the dissidents was presented to the Pope as part of a conspiracy to murder him. Fearful of a " coup ", the Pope proclaimed on 24 October 2000, that Fr. Isidore (Corral) was to be his Papal successor. Finally, on
15480-544: The Palmarians had a significant sympathiser within the society, in the form of Maurice Revaz, a canon of the Swiss Abbey of Grand-Saint-Bernard who was teaching at the International Seminary of Saint Pius X at Écône , Switzerland . Revaz asked Lefebvre if he would go to El Palmar de Troya for this purpose, but he declined, pointing them instead to the exiled Vietnamese Archbishop Ngô Đình Thục with
15652-488: The Palmarians in a limited sense borrow from and somewhat rehabilitate Origen of Alexandria , who taught that the souls of all intelligent being were created before the universe. This concept is an essential element of one of the central Palmarian doctrines; the Mystical Espousal of Christ and Mary . The Palmarian Church and its Bible teaches that their souls were spiritually espoused from the very beginning and state that there were other theophanies in history; they claim that
15824-589: The Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms— español and castellano —are regarded as synonymous and equally valid. The term castellano is related to Castile ( Castilla or archaically Castiella ), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name Castile , in turn,
15996-502: The U.S. population were of Hispanic or Hispanic American by origin. In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population. Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico , where it is also an official language along with English. Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included. While English
16168-463: The United States for the first time. During his office, the Palmarian Catholic Church established an online presence for the first time, opening a website and accounts on Facebook , Instagram , Twitter , Pinterest and a channel on YouTube . In 2020, Ex-Pope Gregory XVIII was interviewed by El Confidencial : during the interview he accused the Palmarian Catholic Church of possessing large quantities of cash and even weapons in some hidden places of
16340-637: The Vatican were closely synchronised, both lasting from 1978 until 2005. These Roman "Antipopes" were called precursors of the Antichrist by the Palmarians. My son: now you can see how rotten and corrupt the official church, the Roman Church is. Through her fornication, she has become the Great Whore . It is she who is in pact with the enemies of Christ. It is she who respects all religions. It
16512-521: The Vatican's diplomatic service, the great traitor, who opened the gates for satanical dialogue with the Marxists. Pope Saint Paul VI is not guilty of the heresies introduced, since he was coerced and drugged. Also the holy Pontiff's signature was forged, and in addition, falsified documents were promulgated. The Masons and other infiltrated heretics in the Roman Curia reached the point of destroying
16684-741: The Very Great, as presented in the Sacred History and the Palmarian Catechism . Palmarians believe the world is now in the end times , signified by the supposed Great Apostasy of Rome from the Catholic faith , through compromises with Protestantism and Freemasonry, with the Vatican-based Church becoming the Great Whore (as informed by Marian prophesies from Our Lady of La Salette onward). Thus, according to
16856-560: The Virgin Mary sent him to render her a service and that they must leave immediately to Andalusia , he agreed and the party took a three-day car journey to El Palmar de Troya and Thục was celebrating the Pontifical High Mass there with the Carmelites of the Holy Face by Christmas Eve 1975. While in El Palmar de Troya, on 31 December 1975, without the permission of the local ordinary at Seville, Thục ordained five men of
17028-457: The administration of Ferdinand Marcos two months later. It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language. Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the Government shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of
17200-463: The alleged Marian apparitions of Our Lady of Palmar , which took place in Andalusia, Spain, from 1968 onward. Two men became particularly associated with this movement as time went on, Clemente Domínguez y Gómez and Manuel Alonso Corral . The former was known as a charismatic visionary and seer, while the latter the intellectual éminence grise . The messages of these visions were favourable to
17372-459: The area became the main location associated with some of the visions and on 2 February 1970, the believers put a picture of the Holy Face on it (in Palmarian discourse this is called the "Sacred Place of the Lentisco"). A large number of people were drawn to El Palmar de Troya, with 40,000 people witnessing one of Domínguez' mystical ecstasies and his stigmata. On 2 February 1970 they put a photo of
17544-487: The biblical books were omitted and numerous parts are "almost unrecognizable due to the allegorical and apocalyptical interpretations, which Gregory [i.e. Clemente Domínguez] claimed reflected the original intentions of the divine author. All of this makes the work very different from the traditional Bibles, both in structure and content" states Lundberg. The Bible used by the Palmarian Christian Church
17716-663: The blinding as a trial, a test of faith and a cross to bear, if he prevailed, he would prove himself worthy of the Papacy. Pope Saint Paul VI lived in the Vatican surrounded by enemies, who acted as gaolers and tormentors. This holy Pope passed the days of his pontificate subjected to large doses of drugs, which were administered to him by his tormentors. These were cardinals, bishops, priests and so forth. Among these tormentors there stand out Cardinal Jean Villot , Cardinal Giovanni Benelli , Cardinal Sebastian Baggio , Cardinal Poletti ,—and among others there also stands out Casaroli , of
17888-520: The boarding house in Seville where he lived. At one point he revealed a 10-centimeter cut on his side, which was a supposed stigmata, representing where Jesus Christ had been pierced in his side by Roman soldier Longinus with the Holy Lance . On 16 July 1970, a supposed Marian apparition told him that the waters from a well in the area were miraculous and that it produced healings. A mastic tree in
18060-589: The claim of excommunication was illegitimate, claiming that in 1938, Pope Pius XI had granted Archbishop Thục the special power to ordain priests and bishops without requiring further permission. Regardless, in the eyes of the Palmarians, the Roman Curia was categorised as being packed with masonic infiltrators, who were supposedly drugging Pope Paul VI and holding him hostage in the Vatican. In relation to this, Domínguez had another vision in January 1976, where it
18232-684: The classic hispanus or hispanicus took the suffix -one from Vulgar Latin , as happened with other words such as bretón (Breton) or sajón (Saxon). Like the other Romance languages , the Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin , which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War , beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called Paleohispanic languages )—some distantly related to Latin as Indo-European languages , and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in
18404-430: The community much stricter, towards the end of his papacy, he abolished some of them. For example, he allowed Palmarians to smoke, to go to the cinema (although immoral and pornographic films were still banned) and to talk to non-Palmarian people (as long as they had never been part of the church, not ex-Palmarians). Pope Gregory XVIII abdicated from his Papacy on 22 April 2016 to marry a Palmarian nun, Nieves Trivedi and
18576-507: The completion of the act of fornication, the Anti-Mary immediately strangles the ex-Bishop and kills him (whereby he goes straight to hell). The Antichrist; Satan; is immediately conceived in the flesh and all of hell rejoices. The entire ceremony is witnessed by a group of leading 33rd degree Freemasons. The Church teaches a chronology of the apocalypse, based on the Book of Revelation and supplemented by visions received by Pope Gregory XVII
18748-510: The complicity of the Pope himself: Lefebvre diplomatically criticised Pope Paul VI, but still considered him a true Pope. At the opposite end, by 1971, sedevacantists emerged who claimed that Paul VI was a non-Catholic Antipope leading a new heretical religion, an early example of which is Joaquín Sáenz y Arriaga . On 30 March 1968, four Spanish Catholic girls, aged 12 and 13—Ana García, Rafaela Gordo, Ana Aguilera and Josefa Guzmán—reported that
18920-592: The conflict between Palmarians and the outside world. Pope Gregory XVII and a number of Palmarian bishops were visiting the Basilica of the Annunciation of Our Lady of Discalced Carmelites of Alba de Tormes , near Salamanca , which is the final resting place of St. Teresa of Ávila . Before the arrival of the Palmarians, there had been rumours spread that they intended to remove the relics of St. Teresa and take them back to El Palmar de Troya. While walking through
19092-500: The consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v . Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring Gascon extending as far north as the Gironde estuary , and found in a small area of Calabria ), attributed by some scholars to a Basque substratum was the mutation of Latin initial f into h- whenever it
19264-475: The contest and are cast into hell. The Palmarian Church teaches that, not long after this conflict, the bodies of the dead are raised and Jesus Christ returns to Earth in the Second Coming, where the final judgement of each individual human being takes place. He returns at Jerusalem, but is visible from all over the world. At the conclusion of the final judgement, there will be only two destinations;
19436-515: The convent until the Guardia Civil could disperse the mob. As a direct response, between 30 and 31 July 1982, Pope Gregory XVII issued a number of decrees which stated that only Palmarians could receive grace and indulgencies from holy relics and images, but for members of "apostate, heretical and schismatic churches", such powers were now withdrawn, veiled to them and they could derive no supernatural value. They also declared that outside of
19608-480: The convent, the allegedly drunk Pope, along with his Palmarian bishops, shouted that John Paul II was an Antipope and told visiting women who were wearing trousers (considered immodest dress by the Palmarians) that they were whores. The Palmarian clerics were then set upon by a large number of local people, who attacked some of the bishops and tipped one of their vehicles into the River Tormes ; they took refuge in
19780-404: The country's constitution. In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language, and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system, with over 7,000 students studying the language in
19952-478: The current Bible is "filled with errors that had been introduced by Judeo-Masonic groups through the centuries" and that it was his mission to revise it. Therefore, after 4 years of work, the Holy Palmarian Bible was published in five volumes in 2001, followed by a smaller two-volumes versions and an illustrated version for children. According to Lundberg, the changes were "dramatic": entire parts of
20124-465: The death of Spanish head of state, Francisco Franco, Domínguez claimed to have a vision of Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary, announcing that a new religious order would be founded by the Palmarians. This order would be a synthesis of "the best" elements of all previous Catholic religious orders and they were to be the "Apostles of the Last Times" (a reference to the prophesies of Louis de Montfort ,
20296-590: The documents, due to Pope Paul VI being "drugged" and questions as to the authenticity of his signature on the documents, these aspects alone "invalidates the Council." Within the Palmarian Catholic Church, the First Palmarian Council (1980–1992) is recognised as the 21st ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, following on from the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and the Vatican Council (1869–1870), with
20468-484: The faithful remnant and then a more fearsome chastisement in response to humanity returning to its sinful ways, and a final world war leading to the end of the world. Some of these have been recognised by the Roman Catholic Church after an investigation and declared worthy of belief and veneration, but most of them have not. Palmarians regard several Marian apparitions in particular as important steps on
20640-683: The following table: Spanish is marked by palatalization of the Latin double consonants ( geminates ) nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish año , and Latin anellum > Spanish anillo ). The consonant written u or v in Latin and pronounced [w] in Classical Latin had probably " fortified " to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with
20812-468: The following: Pope Gregory XVII at the very top, with the role of Secretary of State held by Cardinal Isidore (Corral) underneath and the number three position in the hierarchy was held by the Vice-Secretary of State, Cardinal Elias (Carmelo Pacheco Sánchez). All three were Spaniards, which led to some complaints from the membership, but they simply insisted that they were the most suitable men for
20984-572: The form of an allegorical interpretation of sacred scripture from the context of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass , including the lives of Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary, elaborated by the visions of Pope Gregory XVII, as well as integrating the works of Catholic mystics of a Marian apocalyptic bent, such as Maria de Jesús Ágreda (1602–1665) and Anna Katharina Emmerich (1774–1824). A significant incident occurred on 19 May 1982, which furthered
21156-466: The former British colony of Belize (known until 1973 as British Honduras ) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2022 census, 54% of the total population are able to speak the language. Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing native Spanish speaking minority, Trinidad and Tobago has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidadian and Tobagonian government launched
21328-604: The grammar, dated 18 August 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire." From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Spanish-discovered America and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization of America . Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote , is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes"). In
21500-513: The institution of the Papacy and the headquarters of the Catholic Church was moved to El Palmar de Troya at the Cathedral-Basilica of Our Crowned Mother of Palmar , under the auspices of the Patriarchate of El Palmar de Troya, in 1978, due to the alleged apostasy of the Roman Catholic Church from the Catholic faith. The origins of the Palmarians as a distinct body can be traced back to
21672-624: The jobs as "three apocalyptic bulls who attack heretics with their mystical horns." The dynamic was that the Pope was the charismatic visionary and seer, while Corral, who he relied on to record everything, was the intellectual éminence grise . Some of the Palmarian bishops and laymen were unwilling to take the leap of accepting the claims of Domínguez to the Papacy and the Holy See moving to El Palmar de Troya, deciding to leave (some reconciled with Rome, others drifted away from religion). Some examples include Palmarian bishops, Maurice Revaz (who took
21844-463: The just, the elect who are saved, will be directly enthroned into the Sacred Heart of Christ and will live in glory in a blissful and heavenly state forever. Meanwhile, the wicked and the damned are enthroned into the dark heart of Satan, where they are to burn in hell, body and soul, tormented by demons for all eternity. Within the Palmarian Church, building on from the pre-1978 Magisterium of
22016-632: The language from the Kingdom of Castile , contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician , Basque , Asturian , Catalan/Valencian , Aragonese , Occitan and other minor languages. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the official language of the whole of Spain, in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. "the other Spanish languages "). Article III reads as follows: El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. ... Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas... Castilian
22188-549: The language's hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward. Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include Gibraltar and Andorra . Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Germany . Spanish is an official language of the European Union . Today,
22360-528: The letter to his private secretariat in the Palacio de Oriente . Stopping off to pray at a Carmelite church on the way, Domínguez had a vision of the Virgin Mary who told him he had been deceived by the devil and to not deliver the letter. Another substantial benefactor, gained during their trips to the United States, was the business woman Marguerite Mary Paul (1921–2001) from Necedah , Wisconsin and her husband. By 1974 Domínguez and Corral were able to purchase
22532-694: The majority of the Spanish speakers live in Hispanic America . Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure —of Argentina , Bolivia (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay (co-official with Guaraní ), Peru (co-official with Quechua , Aymara , and "the other indigenous languages"), Puerto Rico (co-official with English), Uruguay , and Venezuela . Spanish language has
22704-572: The marvelous work of the Holy Inquisition ," calling on all nations to enact the death penalty for abortion (a "monsterous crime"), condemnations of the Vatican "Anti-Papacy", declaring the New Order of Mass anathema and stating that although the Holy Ghost convoked the Second Vatican Council , he was expelled from it by the majority of apostate bishops who were agents of freemasonry and even though some Catholic truths were present in
22876-488: The more intense application of the Palmarian Moral Code, which they accused of moving the Palmarian Church away from the traditional moral and pastoral Catholic theology to a coercive rigorism, which induced extreme scrupulosity and forced family members to cut off all communications (i.e. - social shunning ) with those who had been "legitimately excommunicated", rather than seeking their reconciliation. As
23048-790: The northwest of the African mainland. The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands traces its origins back to the Castilian conquest in the 15th century , and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas, which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish. The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as
23220-756: The number three in the Church. Pope Gregory XVII reported a vision in 1997 where the Prophet Elias appeared to him and allegedly said that the enemies of Christ (elsewhere, "Jews and Masons") had introduced lies into the Catholic Bible (including the Latin Vulgate , traditionally accepted by the Catholic Church) and that its contents must be reworked to "remove errors". The process in which this new Bible, later to be called Sacred History or Holy Palmarian Bible (2001), would be developed,
23392-484: The order at the beginning was that it wished to have more ordained priests and indeed consecrated bishops (both Domínguez and Corral wanted this for themselves in particular, as they were officially laymen). They could not rely on the assistance of the local ordinary, Cardinal José Bueno y Monreal , of the Archdiocese of Seville , due to his blanket opposition to anything to do with El Palmar de Troya. Nevertheless, it
23564-481: The population. Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish, with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla. Spanish also has a presence in the education system of the country (through either selected education centers implementing Spain's education system, primarily located in the North, or the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education). In Western Sahara , formerly Spanish Sahara ,
23736-413: The power of the state subordinating the church and after the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s, the high episcopacy, particularly Cardinal Vicente Enrique y Tarancón began to push against Franco for "reforms" and the creation of a more modern state. This was not unanimous and some Spanish priests belonging to the Hermandad Sacerdotal Española backed Francoists against the new liberal-leaning line of
23908-432: The religious name Hermenegildo) and Alfred Seiwert-Fleige (who took the religious name Athanasius). Domínguez and twelve Cardinals in 1979 made an apostolic journey from El Palmar de Troya to the Holy Land , passing through places outside of Spain which had a significant number of Palmarian faithful such as Switzerland , Austria , Germany , Liechtenstein , France , Great Britain and Ireland . Between 1978 and 1980,
24080-403: The religious name Zacarias). Following this, the now Father Ferdinand claimed to have a vision from the Virgin Mary declaring that the Carmelites of the Holy Face needed to have bishops consecrated and as proof of this an alleged miracle was performed, as she had placed the Infant Jesus in his hands (invisible to the human eye), which Domínguez then passed to Archbishop Thục, who supposedly felt
24252-411: The rest from mostly German-speaking Europe, as well as English, Nigerians, Argentines, Australians and many more different nations). In May 1976, a major incident occurred while five Palmarian bishops were returning from a trip to Derval , Brittany , France , as there was a serious automobile crash in the Basque Country . The glass from the windshield shattered and went into the eyes of the General of
24424-436: The site for the first time. Manuel "Manolo" Corral worked in an insurance brokerage that Serafín Madrid used to finance his charitable works. When Corral became involved in the situation at Palmar de Troya he was expelled from the insurance company (belief in the apparitions were strongly opposed by José Bueno y Monreal , Archbishop of Seville , who refused to examine the seers or even open up any enquiries). On 15 August 1969,
24596-399: The soul of Jesus Christ assumed the body of Melquisedec , Priest and King of Salem ( Jerusalem ) and that the Holy Virgin Mary's soul assumed the body of his chaste wife, Essenia, Queen of Salem (the Essenes play an important role in Palmarian historiography and are seen as synonymous with the Carmelites). Aspects of the teaching, symbolised by the union of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and
24768-405: The status of recognised religion under the name Iglesia Católica, Apostólica y Palmariana, Orden Religiosa de los Carmelitas de la Santa Faz en Compañía de Jesús y María (English: Catholic, Apostolic and Palmarian Church, Religious Order of the Carmelites of the Holy Face in Company of Jesus and Mary ). This was initially rejected in 1982 by the Director-General of Religious Affairs who said that
24940-430: The supposed "Second Vatican Council" having been declared as invalid. At the opening session on 30 March 1980, the Palmarian Credo was published, which lays out the basic teachings of the Church. As part of the council, the Latin-Tridentine-Palmarian Rite of the Holy Mass was introduced on 9 October 1983. The final doctrinal work resulting from the twelve-year Council was the Treatise of the Mass (1992). This work takes
25112-431: The term español (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, español derives from the Occitan word espaignol and that, in turn, derives from the Vulgar Latin * hispaniolus ('of Hispania'). Hispania was the Roman name for the entire Iberian Peninsula . There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal suggested that
25284-430: The terms " Catholic ", " Pope " and " Cardinals ", used by the Palmarians bore "excessive resemblance" to those still used by the Roman Catholic Church; in addition, the Palmarians simply claimed that they were the Catholic Church . A few months later, they made a fresh application using the current official name with "Christian" instead of Catholic, while continuing to use terms such as the Holy Catholic Palmarian Church ,
25456-444: The theories of Ramón Menéndez Pidal , local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of Burgos , and this dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo , where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century. In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese , and, according to some authors,
25628-465: The third most used language on the Internet , after English and Chinese. Spanish is the official language of Spain . Upon the emergence of the Castilian Crown as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between "Castilian" and "Spanish" started to become blurred. Hard policies imposing
25800-438: The town in spite of the reduced contact between the church members and the rest of the town. In September 2021, the Palmarian Catholic Church introduced new rules that made the wearing of anti-COVID masks compulsory to attend Mass. According to Magnus Lundberg, the Palmarian Church "on a basic level, follows the Trinitarian teachings in the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (325/381), and the further Christological definitions at
25972-495: The two men attended a Holy Mass celebrated by a Jesuit priest there and during it María Luisa Vila said she had a vision of the Virgin ( Josemaría Escrivá , founder of Opus Dei , drawn to mystical phenomenon, held a long interview with Vila who he had met previously at Jerez de la Frontera , Cádiz ). Later they ran into María Marín and Nectorio María who said they had a vision of Jesus Christ. After this point, Domínguez and Corral visited far more frequently. There they talked with
26144-418: The visionaries and witnessed their ecstasies and on 14 September 1969, both declared that they had an appearance of a luminous cross. On 30 September 1968, Rosario Arenillas and Domínguez said they had a vision of Jesus Christ and Padre Pio . A few days later María Luisa Vila declared that she had the same vision. On 8 December 1968, Domínguez claimed to have a vision in which the Virgin and the angels gave him
26316-493: The visionary stigmatist and the latter the one who wrote down, copied and distributed the information; they set about spreading the message far beyond Spain. The visions were translated into English , French and German languages and the newsletter, Ecos del Palmar , was published from Barcelona by supporter Jóse María Andreu Magri from 1972. In the early 1970s, as well as receiving donations form ordinary Catholic followers, they gained some substantial benefactors. Most notably,
26488-400: The way to the appearance of Our Lady of Palmar; these are Our Lady of La Salette (1846), Fátima (1917), Ezkioga (1931), Heroldsbach (1949), Ladeira do Pinheiro (1960), San Damiano (1961), and Garabandal (1961). The apparitions of El Palmar de Troya took place in Spain at a time of religious and political upheaval, during the final decade that Francisco Franco was Caudillo of
26660-451: The weight of the Infant in his hands and agreed to the consecrations. On 11 January 1976, in a five-hour ceremony through the night, Thục consecrated five Palmarians to the episcopacy , including two men who he had just ordained as priests (Domínguez and Corral), in addition to three priests who had previously been ordained to the priesthood by the Roman Catholic Church, before the visions of Our Lady of Palmar; Camilo Estévez Puga (1924–1997;
26832-426: The womb of his mother in the third month after his conception. The significance of this pre-sanctification is that from this point on he was freed from the stain of original sin . Thus, unlike the Blessed Virgin Mary's Immaculate Conception , his existence was not immaculate from the point of conception, but by the time he was born into the world he was born without the ability to commit any sin during his existence, as
27004-468: The words "He is orthodox and he is not at present occupied. Go and seek him out. He will most certainly agree with your request." Revaz, along with the McElligotts, an Irish Palmarian family who had property in Switzerland, drove from Switzerland to Rome to approach the Vietnamese archbishop. Revaz and Thục were already familiar with each other as they had both previously met as pilgrims to El Palmar de Troya in 1974. The background of Archbishop Ngô Đình Thục
27176-462: The world's most widely spoken Romance language. The country with the largest population of native speakers is Mexico . Spanish is part of the Ibero-Romance language group , in which the language is also known as Castilian ( castellano ). The group evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in
27348-495: Was Gloria Olivae , drawn from the Prophesy of the Popes , a Christian apocalyptic writing. After returning to Seville , Domínguez held a consistory which selected a Palmarian College of Cardinals , with 24 Palmarian bishops raised to rank of Cardinal , including his close friend Corral. Having kept details of the "celestial" papal enthronement from the press, the public papal coronation ceremony took place on 15 August 1979, where four Palmarian cardinals (including Corral) placed
27520-402: Was adopted in Spain, whereby Spanishness and Catholicism were presented as being inseparable. In the worldview of Francoism , Spain was a "providential nation, being a faithful Catholic bulwark against liberalism , Freemasonry , Protestantism and communism ". Spain was a confessional state and this broadly had the support of the church; however, by the 1940s, there was some concerns about
27692-432: Was crowned Sovereign Pontiff of the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church by Jesus Christ himself, with Peter and Paul in attendance, as well as the recently deceased Pope Paul VI. Although confessing to be but a poor sinner, from now on he would be referred to by Palmarian believers as Pope Gregory XVII and the Holy See of the Catholic Church would no longer be in Rome, but in El Palmar de Troya. The motto he took
27864-581: Was developed in the cities of Toledo , in the 13th to 16th centuries, and Madrid , from the 1570s. The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages , including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida ). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short e and o —which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in
28036-446: Was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages ). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the Reconquista , and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus , much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects (some 4,000 Arabic -derived words, make up around 8% of the language today). The written standard for this new language
28208-418: Was far more ambiguous). One of the central devotions practiced by the faithful in the Palmarian Catholic Church is the Holy Trisagion to the Most Holy Trinity. In its Christology , the Palmarian Church teaches that the human soul of Jesus Christ was created by God before anything in the material universe and that this was followed immediately by the creation of the soul of the Holy Virgin Mary . In this,
28380-713: Was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h- , still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many f -/ h - doublets in modern Spanish: Fernando and Hernando (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (both Spanish for "smith"), fierro and hierro (both Spanish for "iron"), and fondo and hondo (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though fondo means "bottom", while hondo means "deep"); additionally, hacer ("to make")
28552-409: Was ideologically important for the Carmelites of the Holy Face, to receive legitimate holy orders using the old rite of ordination, from a verifiable bishop of the Catholic Church with (in the Catholic view) undoubted apostolic succession , in communion with Pope Paul VI. The most visible bishop publicly associated with traditionalists was Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre of the Society of St. Pius X and
28724-496: Was in place for only a month before being replaced by Karol Wojtyła , also known as John Paul II (In his Twenty-Fourth Document on 24 October 1978, Domínguez used his claimed authority to " excommunicate and anathematise the Antipope Cardinal Wojtyla", who is described as a " marxist spy" who infiltrated the church as a youth, stating in addition, "we hurl excommunication also at all followers of this Antipope"). The reigns of Pope Gregory XVII in El Palmar de Troya and John Paul II in
28896-400: Was known as the Second Palmarian Council and it ran from between 1995 and 2002. As part of this reviewing process, members of the Palmarian Church, including the clergy, were asked to hand in their old Catholic bibles to be destroyed (which some opposed, saying that if they did so they could not even study Treatise of the Mass , which references it throughout). During this time, there had been
29068-462: Was revoked by Michel Temer after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff . In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken. Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the Spanish colonial period . Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in
29240-471: Was shaken in 1997, as the number three and four in the Palmarian hierarchy: the Vice-Secretary, Fr. Elias (Carmelo Pacheco Sánchez) and Fr. Leandro (Camilo Estévez Puga) had died within two months of each other (Pacheco died in an automobile incident, hit by a truck). With this the Pope lost two of his stalwart supporters and most trusted advisors, which affected him deeply. Fr. Sergio ( Ginés Jesús Hernández ), another Spaniard, who had been an electrician became
29412-404: Was succeeded on 23 April 2016 by Fr. Eliseo María (born Joseph Odermatt ), who was previously Pope Gregory XVIII's Secretary of State. A Swiss Palmarian and the first non-Spanish Palmarian Pope, he took Pope Peter III as his papal name. Following his abdication, Ex-Pope Hernández told El País that he had apostatised from the Palmarian Catholic faith and claimed that the Palmarian Church "was all
29584-399: Was vilely murdered by the traitors of the Roman Curia. Pope Paul VI died on 6 August 1978 and according to the Palmarians (who consider him a Christian martyr ), the Pope was supposedly "vilely murdered by the traitors of the Roman Curia" (specifically, they claim he was poisoned to death by Vatican Secretary of State , Cardinal Jean-Marie Villot ). At the time of his passing, the General of
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