The North Eastern Reporter , North Eastern Reporter Second and North Eastern Reporter Third ( ISSN 0275-262X ) are United States regional case law reporters . Collectively, the North Eastern Reporter is part of the National Reporter System created by John B. West for West Publishing Company , which is now part of Thomson West .
200-632: Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co. , 248 N.Y. 339, 162 N.E. 99 (1928), is a leading case in American tort law on the question of liability to an unforeseeable plaintiff . The case was heard by the New York Court of Appeals , the highest state court in New York ; its opinion was written by Chief Judge Benjamin Cardozo , a leading figure in the development of American common law and later
400-533: A New York University professor to determine that dropping the period saved the paper US$ 41.28 (equivalent to $ 377.21 in 2023). As of December 2023, The New York Times has printed sixty thousand issues, a statistic represented in the paper's masthead to the right of the volume number, the Times ' s years in publication written in Roman numerals . The volume and issues are separated by four dots representing
600-478: A United States Supreme Court justice. The plaintiff, Helen Palsgraf, was waiting at a Long Island Rail Road station in August 1924 while taking her daughters to the beach. Two men attempted to board the train before hers; one (aided by railroad employees) dropped a package that exploded, causing a large coin-operated scale on the platform to hit her. After the incident, she began to stammer , and subsequently sued
800-526: A contingent fee , something not favored at the time). Posner, writing in 1990, disagreed with Noonan and with feminist critics following him, noting that judges take an oath to do equal justice to rich and poor, "so the fact that Mrs. Palsgraf was poor would not have been a principled ground for bending the rules in her favor". Noonan had considered unjust the award of court costs against Palsgraf, and in her 2016 book, law professor Cathleen Kaveny agreed, "the penalty imposed on Palsgraf for seeking justice through
1000-409: A "hammer headline" reading, "Biden Beats Trump", in all caps and bolded. A dozen journalists discussed several potential headlines, such as "It's Biden" or "Biden's Moment", and prepared for a Donald Trump victory, in which they would use "Trump Prevails". During Trump's first impeachment , the Times drafted the hammer headline, "Trump Impeached". The New York Times altered the ligatures between
1200-519: A "sign of civility". The Times ' s use of courtesy titles led to an apocryphal rumor that the paper had referred to singer Meat Loaf as "Mr. Loaf". Several exceptions have been made; the former sports section and The New York Times Book Review do not use honorifics. A leaked memo following the killing of Osama bin Laden in May 2011 revealed that editors were given a last-minute instruction to omit
1400-654: A 4–3 majority of the Court of Appeals, reversing the appellate judgment and directing that the case be decided for the defendant, the LIRR. Cardozo was joined by Judges Cuthbert W. Pound , Irving Lehman and Henry Kellogg . Despite being the longest statement of the facts in any of the four appellate opinions generated by the case, Cardozo's was described by Posner as "elliptical and slanted". It has also been deemed "highly abstract". According to Professor Walter O. Weyrauch in his 1978 journal article, "Cardozo's famous opinion reduced
1600-647: A celebrity" by a prosecutor when called for jury duty, and causing the judge to reminisce about hard nights studying the case in law school. Nevertheless, the prosecutor struck him from the jury. According to Posner, the later coverage of the family "makes it clear that, with the exception of Mrs. Palsgraf, the Palsgraf family was thrilled by its association with a famous case, notwithstanding the outcome". In 1991, that association became closer, as Lisa Newell, first cousin four times removed of Judge Cardozo, married Palsgraf's great-grandson, J. Scott Garvey. Palsgraf came to
1800-499: A classical formation for negligence: the plaintiff had to show that the Long Island Railroad ("LIRR" or "the railroad") had a duty of care , and that she was injured through a breach of that duty. It was not required that she show that the duty owed was to her. Under New York precedent, the usual duty of utmost care that the railroad as a common carrier owed its customers did not apply to platforms and other parts of
2000-421: A column, often six words. Additionally, headlines must "break" properly, containing a complete thought on each line without splitting up prepositions and adverbs. Writers may edit a headline to fit an article more aptly if further developments occur. The Times uses A/B testing for articles on the front page, placing two headlines against each other. At the end of the test, the headlines that receives more traffic
2200-626: A compendium of recipes from The New York Times . The Innovation Report in 2014 revealed that the Times had attempted to establish a cooking website since 1998, but faced difficulties with the absence of a defined data structure. In September 2014, The New York Times introduced NYT Cooking, an application and website. Edited by food editor Sam Sifton , the Times ' s cooking website features 21,000 recipes as of 2022. NYT Cooking features videos as part of an effort by Sifton to hire two former Tasty employees from BuzzFeed . In August 2023, NYT Cooking added personalized recommendations through
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#17327825932612400-421: A controlling interest in the company. In 1935, Ochs was succeeded by his son-in-law, Arthur Hays Sulzberger , who began a push into European news. Sulzberger's son-in-law Arthur Ochs became publisher in 1963, adapting to a changing newspaper industry and introducing radical changes. The New York Times was involved in the landmark 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , which restricted
2600-626: A copyreader who had pleaded the Fifth Amendment drew ire from within the Times and from external organizations. In April 1961, Sulzberger resigned, appointing his son-in-law, The New York Times Company president Orvil Dryfoos . Under Dryfoos, The New York Times established a newspaper based in Los Angeles . In 1962, the implementation of automated printing presses in response to increasing costs mounted fears over technological unemployment . The New York Typographical Union staged
2800-602: A cover for its criticism and New York wrote that the Times was engaging in "middle-class self-absorption". The New York Times , the Daily News , and the New York Post were the subject of a strike in 1978, allowing emerging newspapers to leverage halted coverage. The Times deliberately avoided coverage of the AIDS epidemic , running its first front-page article in May 1983. Max Frankel 's editorial coverage of
3000-467: A defendant breaches a duty of care the defendant owes to a plaintiff, causing the injury sued for, has been widely accepted in American law . In dealing with proximate cause , many states have taken the approach championed by the Court of Appeals' dissenter in Palsgraf , Judge William S. Andrews . At the time of the 1928 New York Court of Appeals decision in Palsgraf , that state's case law followed
3200-542: A dissent. Lazansky, the son of Czech immigrants, had been elected New York Secretary of State as a Democrat in 1910. Elected to the Supreme Court in 1917, he had been designated presiding justice of the Second Department by Governor Smith earlier in 1927. Lazansky did not question the jury finding of negligence, but felt that the employees' conduct was not the proximate cause of Palsgraf's injuries, since
3400-424: A duty of care for there to be liability: the courts of Wisconsin, though, have stated that they have adopted Andrews' approach, and impose liability when there was a duty to any person, whether or not that person is the plaintiff. The Restatement (Second) of Torts (1965) amended the earlier formulation only slightly, but the third Restatement (2009), takes an approach closer to that of Andrews in focusing on whether
3600-415: A falling package, not known to contain explosives, would be within the range of reasonable prevision." Costs of $ 559.60 were due from Palsgraf to the railroad under Cardozo's order. Posner doubted the sum was ever collected, noting that Palsgraf's family spoke to legal scholars and periodicals about the case in later years, and never mentioned an attempt to collect what would have been about a year's salary for
3800-662: A financial newsletter edited by Andrew Ross Sorkin . The Times had intended to publish the newsletter in September, but delayed its debut following the September 11 attacks . A website for DealBook was established in March 2006. The New York Times began shifting towards DealBook as part of the newspaper's financial coverage in November 2010 with a renewed website and a presence in the Times ' s print edition. In 2011,
4000-451: A genius for making it seem that the results he reached were logical, inevitable, and legally unassailable". Prosser stated, "with due respect to the superlative style in which both [Cardozo's and Andrews' opinions] are written, neither of them wears well on long acquaintance. Both of them beg the question shamelessly, stating dogmatic propositions without reason or explanation." Herzog was also less enthusiastic, noting that "the majority opinion
4200-403: A half hours in 1981 and in 2017, when copy editors and reporters walked out at lunchtime in response to the elimination of the copy desk. On December 7, 2022, the union held a one-day strike, the first interruption to The New York Times since 1978. The New York Times Guild reached an agreement in May 2023 to increase minimum salaries for employees and a retroactive bonus. The Times Tech Guild
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#17327825932614400-502: A line on a preposition, article, or adjective, and chiefly, not to pun. The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage states that wordplay, such as "Rubber Industry Bounces Back", is to be tested on a colleague as a canary is to be tested in a coal mine ; "when no song bursts forth, start rewriting". The New York Times has amended headlines due to controversy. In 2019, following two back-to-back mass shootings in El Paso and Dayton ,
4600-528: A line. The term dates back to August 8, 1959, when it was revealed that the United States was monitoring Soviet missile firings and when Explorer 6 — shaped like a paddle wheel — launched. Since then, the paddle wheel has been used several times, including on January 21, 1981, when Ronald Reagan was sworn in minutes before Iran released fifty-two American hostages, ending the Iran hostage crisis . At
4800-599: A live election system using the Associated Press 's File Transfer Protocol (FTP) service and a Ruby on Rails application; nytimes.com experienced its largest traffic on Super Tuesday and the day after. The NYTimes application debuted with the introduction of the App Store on July 10, 2008. Engadget ' s Scott McNulty wrote critically of the app, negatively comparing it to The New York Times ' s mobile website. An iPad version with select articles
5000-565: A management imbroglio in which his children had insufficient business acumen to inherit the company and his will prevented an acquisition of the Times . Editor-in-chief Charles Ransom Miller , editorial editor Edward Cary, and correspondent George F. Spinney established a company to manage The New-York Times , but faced financial difficulties during the Panic of 1893 . In August 1896, Chattanooga Times publisher Adolph Ochs acquired The New-York Times , implementing significant alterations to
5200-404: A more qualitative and historical bent would see the Palsgraf case as part of a long history in which the railroad industry imposed substantial costs on the broader society, costs that were never added to the ledgers of the railroads. Most train accidents were not litigated. Those that were shared the fate of Mrs. Palsgraf's: each case was taken on its own facts as an isolated, freak occurrence, and
5400-410: A package, jumped aboard the car, but seemed unsteady as if about to fall. A guard on the car, who had held the door open, reached forward to help him in, and another guard on the platform pushed him from behind. In this act, the package was dislodged, and fell upon the rails. It was a package of small size, about fifteen inches long, and was covered by a newspaper. In fact it contained fireworks, but there
5600-438: A paper from a newsstand "at the other end of the platform", but who was yet close enough to see the package fall. Cardozo's characterization of distance would be challenged by the plaintiff in her motion for reargument, which would be denied with the rejoinder that however close she was to the explosion, she was not so close as to bring her within the zone of foreseeable risk. After the fact pattern, Cardozo began his discussion of
5800-430: A paywall in March 2011. Abramson succeeded Keller, continuing her characteristic investigations into corporate and government malfeasance into the Times ' s coverage. Following conflicts with newly appointed chief executive Mark Thompson 's ambitions, Abramson was dismissed by Sulzberger Jr., who named Dean Baquet as her replacement. Leading up to the 2016 presidential election , The New York Times elevated
6000-488: A period. With the change to The New-York Times on September 14, 1857, the nameplate followed. Under George Jones , the terminals of the "N", "r", and "s" were intentionally exaggerated into swashes. The nameplate in the January 15, 1894, issue trimmed the terminals once more, smoothed the edges, and turned the stem supporting the "T" into an ornament. The hyphen was dropped on December 1, 1896, after Adolph Ochs purchased
6200-821: A politically charged response to economic policy", citing its informal and neutral tone. The Upshot developed "the needle" for the 2016 presidential election and 2020 presidential elections , a thermometer dial displaying the probability of a candidate winning. In January 2016, Cox was named editor of The Upshot . Kevin Quealy was named editor in June 2022. According to an internal readership poll conducted by The New York Times in 2019, eighty-four percent of readers identified as liberal. In February 1942, The New York Times crossword debuted in The New York Times Magazine ; according to Richard Shepard,
Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co. - Misplaced Pages Continue
6400-433: A revision tracking tool for WordPress and TinyMCE . ICE is integrated within the Times ' s workflow by providing a unified text editor for print and online editors, reducing the divide between print and online operations. By 2017, The New York Times began developing a new authoring tool to its content management system known as Oak, in an attempt to further the Times ' s visual efforts in articles and reduce
6600-532: A roll of newsprint and several rollers ensure ink can be printed on paper. The final newspapers are wrapped in plastic and shipped out. As of 2018, the College Point facility accounted for 41 percent of production. Other copies are printed at 26 other publications, such as The Atlanta Journal-Constitution , The Dallas Morning News , The Santa Fe New Mexican , and the Courier Journal . With
6800-438: A second term. Other press stoppages include May 19, 1994, for the death of former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis , and July 17, 1996, for Trans World Airlines Flight 800 . The 2000 presidential election necessitated two press stoppages. Al Gore appeared to concede on November 8, forcing then-executive editor Joseph Lelyveld to stop the Times ' s presses to print a new headline, "Bush Appears to Defeat Gore", with
7000-486: A story that stated George W. Bush was elected president. However, Gore held off his concession speech over doubts over Florida . Lelyveld reran the headline, "Bush and Gore Vie for an Edge". Since 2000, three printing stoppages have been issued for the death of William Rehnquist on September 3, 2005, for the killing of Osama bin Laden on May 1, 2011, and for the passage of the Marriage Equality Act in
7200-608: A strike in December, altering the media consumption of New Yorkers. The strike left New York with three remaining newspapers — the Times , the Daily News , and the New York Post — by its conclusion in March 1963. In May, Dryfoos died of a heart ailment. Following weeks of ambiguity, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger became The New York Times ' s publisher. Technological advancements leveraged by newspapers such as
7400-658: A subject has expressed a preference, such as Donald Trump . The New York Times maintains a strict but not absolute obscenity policy, including phrases. In a review of the Canadian hardcore punk band Fucked Up , music critic Kelefa Sanneh wrote that the band's name — entirely rendered in asterisks — would not be printed in the Times "unless an American president, or someone similar, says it by mistake"; The New York Times did not repeat then-vice president Dick Cheney 's use of "fuck" against then-senator Patrick Leahy in 2004 or then-vice president Joe Biden 's remarks that
7600-414: A tendency to harm some one, it harms him a mile away as surely as it does those on the scene." Andrews pointed out that the law allows plaintiffs to recover from defendants who had no duty towards them: orphans may recover for their negligently killed parents; a bereaved person may recover for negligence in the death of a spouse. An insurance company may sue in subrogation and recover the sum paid out from
7800-512: A tort action. Cardozo is not thinking that if he were on the jury, he wouldn't find the railroad liable. He is saying it was a legal error to let the jury finding stand." This is because "the crucial fact for Cardozo is that the parcel of explosives was unmarked. So reasonably careful conductors worry only that if they make it fall, it will break ... They have no reason to worry about the welfare of Mrs. Palsgraf." Cardozo has been praised for his style of writing in Palsgraf . Posner noted that in
8000-443: A train, thus downplaying her status as a customer entitled to a high degree of care by the railroad. The explosive package is described as small, though the witnesses had described it as large. The scales are described as being "at the other end of the platform, many feet away" from the explosion, but the record does not support this statement. This characterization may have been based on testimony by Lillian Palsgraf, who had gone to buy
8200-469: A venture started by managing editor Carr Van Anda in 1907. The morgue comprises news clippings, a pictures library, and the Times ' s book and periodicals library. As of 2014, it is the largest library of any media company, dating back to 1851. In November 2018, The New York Times partnered with Google to digitize the Archival Library. Additionally, The New York Times has maintained
Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co. - Misplaced Pages Continue
8400-509: A virtual microfilm reader known as TimesMachine since 2014. The service launched with archives from 1851 to 1980; in 2016, TimesMachine expanded to include archives from 1981 to 2002. The Times built a pipeline to take in TIFF images, article metadata in XML and an INI file of Cartesian geometry describing the boundaries of the page, and convert it into a PNG of image tiles and JSON containing
8600-533: A wide range of fairness factors, beginning with foreseeability, in figuring how far responsibility should extend". According to Posner, "Cardozo's 'bottom line' is that there is no liability to an unforeseeable plaintiff". Don Herzog , in his 2017 book, deemed the Palsgraf principle to mean that "if anyone was wronged here, it was the man with the parcel. The guards' wronging him happened to harm Mrs. Palsgraf. But that doesn't mean they wronged Mrs. Palsgraf. And if they didn't wrong her, she can't conceivably prevail in
8800-504: Is A. G. Sulzberger , Sulzberger Jr.'s son. As of 2023, the Times ' s executive editor is Joseph Kahn and the paper's managing editors are Marc Lacey and Carolyn Ryan , having been appointed in June 2022. The New York Times ' s deputy managing editors are Sam Dolnick , Monica Drake , and Steve Duenes , and the paper's assistant managing editors are Matthew Ericson, Jonathan Galinsky, Hannah Poferl, Sam Sifton , Karron Skog, and Michael Slackman . The New York Times
9000-497: Is Meredith Kopit Levien , the company's former chief operating officer who was appointed in September 2020. As of March 2023, The New York Times Company employs 5,800 individuals, including 1,700 journalists according to deputy managing editor Sam Dolnick . Journalists for The New York Times may not run for public office, provide financial support to political candidates or causes, endorse candidates, or demonstrate public support for causes or movements. Journalists are subject to
9200-717: Is "fundamentally useless", comparing him to Billy Beane , who implemented sabermetrics in baseball. According to Sullivan, his work was criticized by several notable political journalists. The New Republic obtained a memo in November 2013 revealing then-Washington bureau chief David Leonhardt 's ambitions to establish a data-driven newsletter with presidential historian Michael Beschloss , graphic designer Amanda Cox , economist Justin Wolfers , and The New Republic journalist Nate Cohn . By March, Leonhardt had amassed fifteen employees from within The New York Times ;
9400-469: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . The New York Times The New York Times ( NYT ) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City . The New York Times covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of the longest-running newspapers in the United States, the Times serves as one of
9600-421: Is a duty imposed on each one of us to protect society from unnecessary danger, not to protect A, B or C alone ... In an empty world, negligence would not exist. It does involve a relationship between man and his fellows. But not merely a relationship between man and those whom he might reasonably expect his act would injure. Rather, a relationship between him and those whom he does in fact injure. If his act has
9800-455: Is chosen. The alteration of a headline regarding intercepted Russian data used in the Mueller special counsel investigation was noted by Trump in a March 2017 interview with Time , in which he claimed that the headline used the word "wiretapped" in the print version of the paper on January 20, while the digital article on January 19 omitted the word. The headline was intentionally changed in
10000-426: Is formulated, with courts applying policy analyses. "As to the proper doctrinal home for plaintiff-foreseeability, Cardozo has undoubtedly prevailed. Although a clear majority of jurisdictions state that duty is the proper home for plaintiff-foreseeability, Cardozo's vision of foreseeability as a categorical determination has not been widely adopted." But, he noted, "Andrews may have found a back door to victory. Arguably
10200-520: Is majority-owned by the Ochs-Sulzberger family through elevated shares in the company's dual-class stock structure held largely in a trust, in effect since the 1950s; as of 2022, the family holds ninety-five percent of The New York Times Company's Class B shares , allowing it to elect seventy percent of the company's board of directors. Class A shareholders have restrictive voting rights. As of 2023, The New York Times Company's chief executive
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#173278259326110400-488: Is no liability to a plaintiff who could not have been foreseen "has been followed by a number of states besides New York, but it remains the minority rule. Most states continue to muddle along with the nebulous 'proximate cause' approach, which emphasizes the proximity in time and space of the defendant's careless act to the plaintiff's injury; that was the approach taken by Judge Andrews's dissent in Palsgraf ." The overwhelming majority of state courts accept that there must be
10600-450: Is no proximate cause, is drawn differently by different judges, and by different courts, Andrews explained. He listed factors that courts might consider, such as remoteness in time or space, and discussed some hypotheticals, such as a chauffeur who causes an accident, the noise of which startles a nursemaid into dropping a child, then returned to the case being decided, Mrs. Palsgraf was standing some distance away. How far cannot be told from
10800-564: Is now the subject of a large scholarly literature, and is, I believe, the only case reprinted in all American casebooks on tort law." Manz wrote, "everyone who has sat in an American law school torts class can recall the basic facts—the crowded railroad platform, the running men, the dropped package, the explosion, and the falling scale. Palsgraf has become a sort of legal 'urban legend'—an allegedly true, but improbable, tale told and retold to each new class of law students." Professor W. Jonathan Cardi noted, "in law school classrooms, 'Palsgraf Day'
11000-439: Is often celebrated with food and drink, dramatic reenactments, interpretive poems, and even mock duels between Judges Cardozo and Andrews". Palsgraf was soon adopted by some state courts, at times in different contexts: Though some state courts outside New York approved it, others did not, sometimes feeling that foreseeability was an issue for the jury to consider. According to Posner, writing in 1990, Cardozo's holding that there
11200-470: Is owned by The New York Times Company , a publicly traded company. The New York Times Company, in addition to the Times , owns Wirecutter , The Athletic , The New York Times Cooking, and The New York Times Games, and acquired Serial Productions and Audm. The New York Times Company holds undisclosed minority investments in multiple other businesses, and formerly owned The Boston Globe and several radio and television stations. The New York Times Company
11400-443: Is the largest technology union with collective bargaining rights in the United States. The guild held a second strike beginning on November 4, 2024, threatening the Times ' s coverage of the 2024 United States presidential election . As of August 2024, The New York Times has 10.8 million subscribers, with 10.2 million online subscribers and 600,000 print subscribers, the second-largest newspaper by print circulation in
11600-481: Is unfortunately written in the curious idiolect I sometimes call Cardozo-speak." From its early days, there has been criticism of Palsgraf , and more recently, of Cardozo for authoring it. Cowan, writing in 1938, described its holding as limited to its facts, that given the identical circumstances recurring, the railroad would breach no duty to the new plaintiff by assisting a man with such a package in boarding. Prosser in his 1953 article wondered "how can any rule as to
11800-846: The Detroit Free Press , The Patriot-News , The Arizona Republic , and The Indianapolis Star , The New York Times ran an editorial on its front page on December 5, 2015, following a terrorist attack in San Bernardino, California , in which fourteen people were killed. The editorial advocates for the prohibition of "slightly modified combat rifles" used in the San Bernardino shooting and "certain kinds of ammunition". Conservative figures, including Texas senator Ted Cruz , The Weekly Standard editor Bill Kristol , Fox & Friends co-anchor Steve Doocy , and then- New Jersey governor Chris Christie criticized
12000-653: The Frankfurter Zeitung . The international edition would develop into a separate newspaper . Journalist William L. Laurence publicized the atomic bomb race between the United States and Germany, resulting in the Federal Bureau of Investigation seizing copies of the Times . The United States government recruited Laurence to document the Manhattan Project in April 1945. Laurence became
12200-660: The Los Angeles Times and improvements in coverage from The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal necessitated adaptations to nascent computing. The New York Times published " Heed Their Rising Voices " in 1960, a full-page advertisement purchased by supporters of Martin Luther King Jr. criticizing law enforcement in Montgomery, Alabama for their response to the civil rights movement . Montgomery Public Safety commissioner L. B. Sullivan sued
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#173278259326112400-589: The Pentagon Papers , facing opposition from then-president Richard Nixon . The Supreme Court ruled in The New York Times ' s favor in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), allowing the Times and The Washington Post to publish the papers. The New York Times remained cautious in its initial coverage of the Watergate scandal . As Congress began investigating the scandal,
12600-544: The Yale Law Journal in 1930, was at the front of an avalanche of commentary to such an extent that by 1938, Louisiana State University professor Thomas A. Cowan deemed Palsgraf "a legal institution". The case entered the standard legal casebooks , from which law students learn, in the early 1930s, usually to illustrate the necessary connection between defendant's misconduct and plaintiff's injury in negligence cases. According to Posner, writing in 1990, " Palsgraf
12800-462: The Associated Press . Through managing editor Carr Van Anda , the Times focused on scientific advancements, reporting on Albert Einstein 's then-unknown theory of general relativity and becoming involved in the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun . In April 1935, Ochs died, leaving his son-in-law Arthur Hays Sulzberger as publisher. The Great Depression forced Sulzberger to reduce The New York Times ' s operations, and developments in
13000-635: The First Amendment guaranteed the right to publish the Pentagon Papers . In the 1980s, the Times began a two-decade progression to digital technology and launched nytimes.com in 1996. In the 21st century, The New York Times has shifted its publication online amid the global decline of newspapers . The Times has expanded to several other publications, including The New York Times Magazine , The New York Times International Edition , and The New York Times Book Review . In addition,
13200-473: The Great Recession , The New York Times suffered significant fiscal difficulties as a consequence of the subprime mortgage crisis and a decline in classified advertising . Exacerbated by Rupert Murdoch 's revitalization of The Wall Street Journal through his acquisition of Dow Jones & Company , The New York Times Company began enacting measures to reduce the newsroom budget. The company
13400-580: The Hillary Clinton email controversy and the Uranium One controversy ; national security correspondent Michael S. Schmidt initially wrote an article in March 2015 stating that Hillary Clinton had used a private email server as secretary of state. Donald Trump 's upset victory contributed to an increase in subscriptions to the Times . The New York Times experienced unprecedented indignation from Trump, who referred to publications such as
13600-626: The Microsoft Word -based content management system CCI for its print content. Scoop was developed in 2008 to serve as a secondary content management system for editors working in CCI to publish their content on the Times ' s website; as part of The New York Times ' s online endeavors, editors now write their content in Scoop and send their work to CCI for print publication. Since its introduction, Scoop has superseded several processes within
13800-546: The New York State Assembly and subsequent signage by then-governor Andrew Cuomo on June 24, 2011. The New York Times website is hosted at nytimes.com. It has undergone several major redesigns and infrastructure developments since its debut. In April 2006, The New York Times redesigned its website with an emphasis on multimedia. In preparation for Super Tuesday in February 2008, the Times developed
14000-857: The New York Times Guild . The Times Guild, along with the Times Tech Guild, are represented by the NewsGuild-CWA . In 1940, Arthur Hays Sulzberger was called upon by the National Labor Relations Board amid accusations that he had discouraged Guild membership in the Times . Over the next few years, the Guild would ratify several contracts, expanding to editorial and news staff in 1942 and maintenance workers in 1943. The New York Times Guild has walked out several times in its history, including for six and
14200-556: The Obama administration over its portrayal of terrorism. In presidential elections, The New York Times has endorsed a total of twelve Republican candidates and thirty-two Democratic candidates, and has endorsed the Democrat in every election since 1960. With the exception of Wendell Willkie , Republicans endorsed by the Times have won the presidency. In 2016, the editorial board issued an anti-endorsement against Donald Trump for
14400-508: The Squib case , in which an explosive (a squib ) was lit and thrown, then was hurled away repeatedly by people not wanting to be hurt until it exploded near the plaintiff, injuring him; his suit against the man who had set the squib in motion was upheld. The majority also focused on the high degree of duty of care that the LIRR owed to Palsgraf, one of its customers. Presiding Justice Edward Lazansky (joined by Justice J. Addison Young ) wrote
14600-523: The Supreme Court deadlocked in United States v. Texas . The New York Times has run editorials from its editorial board on the front page twice. On June 13, 1920, the Times ran an editorial opposing Warren G. Harding , who was nominated during that year's Republican Party presidential primaries . Amid growing acceptance to run editorials on the front pages from publications such as
14800-821: The Times ' s operations further, acquiring WQXR-FM in 1944 — the first non- Times investment since the Jones era — and established a fashion show in Times Hall. Despite reductions as a result of conscription, The New York Times retained the largest journalism staff of any newspaper. The Times ' s print edition became available internationally during the war through the Army & Air Force Exchange Service ; The New York Times Overseas Weekly later became available in Japan through The Asahi Shimbun and in Germany through
15000-684: The Times as " enemies of the people " at the Conservative Political Action Conference and tweeting his disdain for the newspaper and CNN . In October 2017, The New York Times published an article by journalists Jodi Kantor and Megan Twohey alleging that dozens of women had accused film producer and The Weinstein Company co-chairman Harvey Weinstein of sexual misconduct. The investigation resulted in Weinstein's resignation and conviction, precipitated
15200-912: The Times began hosting the DealBook Summit, an annual conference hosted by Sorkin. During the COVID-19 pandemic , The New York Times hosted the DealBook Online Summit in 2020 and 2021. The 2022 DealBook Summit featured — among other speakers — former vice president Mike Pence and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu , culminating in an interview with former FTX chief executive Sam Bankman-Fried ; FTX had filed for bankruptcy several weeks prior. The 2023 DealBook Summit's speakers included vice president Kamala Harris , Israeli president Isaac Herzog , and businessman Elon Musk . In June 2010, The New York Times licensed
15400-675: The Times for defamation. In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the verdict in Alabama county court and the Supreme Court of Alabama violated the First Amendment . The decision is considered to be landmark . After financial losses, The New York Times ended its international edition , acquiring a stake in the Paris Herald Tribune , forming the International Herald Tribune . The Times initially published
15600-716: The Times furthered its coverage, publishing details on the Huston Plan , alleged wiretapping of reporters and officials, and testimony from James W. McCord Jr. that the Committee for the Re-Election of the President paid the conspirators off. The exodus of readers to suburban New York newspapers, such as Newsday and Gannett papers, adversely affected The New York Times ' s circulation. Contemporary newspapers balked at additional sections; Time devoted
15800-966: The Times over its coverage of missing explosives from the Al Qa'qaa weapons facility. An article in December 2005 disclosing warrantless surveillance by the National Security Agency contributed to further criticism from the George W. Bush administration and the Senate 's refusal to renew the Patriot Act . In the Plame affair , a Central Intelligence Agency inquiry found that Miller had become aware of Valerie Plame 's identity through then-vice president Dick Cheney 's chief of staff Scooter Libby , resulting in Miller's resignation. During
16000-415: The Times used the headline, "Trump Urges Unity vs. Racism", to describe then-president Donald Trump 's words after the shootings. After criticism from FiveThirtyEight founder Nate Silver , the headline was changed to, "Assailing Hate But Not Guns". Online, The New York Times ' s headlines do not face the same length restrictions as headlines that appear in print; print headlines must fit within
16200-459: The Times would expand its delivery options to US$ 95 cooking kits curated by chefs such as Nina Compton , Chintan Pandya, and Naoko Takei Moore. That month, the staff of NYT Cooking went on tour with Compton, Pandya, and Moore in Los Angeles, New Orleans , and New York City, culminating in a food festival. In addition, The New York Times offered its own wine club originally operated by
16400-432: The Times , including print edition planning and collaboration, and features tools such as multimedia integration, notifications, content tagging, and drafts. The New York Times uses private articles for high-profile opinion pieces, such as those written by Russian president Vladimir Putin and actress Angelina Jolie , and for high-level investigations. In January 2012, the Times released Integrated Content Editor (ICE),
16600-595: The Times . Talk radio host Erick Erickson acquired an issue of The New York Times to fire several rounds into the paper, posting a picture online. Since 1997, The New York Times ' s primary distribution center is located in College Point, Queens . The facility is 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m ) and employs 170 people as of 2017. The College Point distribution center prints 300,000 to 800,000 newspapers daily. On most occasions, presses start before 11 p.m. and finish before 3 a.m. A robotic crane grabs
16800-483: The Times ; Sulzberger, who negotiated The New York Times Company's acquisition of The Boston Globe in 1993, derided the Internet, while his son expressed antithetical views. @times appeared on America Online 's website in May 1994 as an extension of The New York Times , featuring news articles, film reviews, sports news, and business articles. Despite opposition, several employees of the Times had begun to access
17000-506: The Weinstein effect , and served as a catalyst for the #MeToo movement . The New York Times Company vacated the public editor position and eliminated the copy desk in November. Sulzberger Jr. announced his resignation in December 2017, appointing his son, A. G. Sulzberger , as publisher. Trump's relationship — equally diplomatic and negative — marked Sulzberger's tenure. In September 2018, The New York Times published " I Am Part of
17200-505: The attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 convinced then-publisher Arthur Hays Sulzberger of the necessity of a crossword. The New York Times has published recipes since the 1850s and has had a separate food section since the 1940s. In 1961, restaurant critic Craig Claiborne published The New York Times Cookbook , an unauthorized cookbook that drew from the Times ' s recipes. Since 2010, former food editor Amanda Hesser has published The Essential New York Times Cookbook ,
17400-538: The cosine similarity of text embeddings of recipe titles. The website also features no-recipe recipes, a concept proposed by Sifton. In May 2016, The New York Times Company announced a partnership with startup Chef'd to form a meal delivery service that would deliver ingredients from The New York Times Cooking recipes to subscribers; Chef'd shut down in July 2018 after failing to accrue capital and secure financing. The Hollywood Reporter reported in September 2022 that
17600-737: The decline of newspapers , particularly regional publications, the Times must travel further; for example, newspapers for Hawaii are flown from San Francisco on United Airlines , and Sunday papers are flown from Los Angeles on Hawaiian Airlines . Computer glitches, mechanical issues, and weather phenomena affect circulation but do not stop the paper from reaching customers. The College Point facility prints over two dozen other papers, including The Wall Street Journal and USA Today . The New York Times has halted its printing process several times to account for major developments. The first printing stoppage occurred on March 31, 1968, when then-president Lyndon B. Johnson announced that he would not seek
17800-537: The "multitude of legal facts not mentioned by Cardozo and Andrews", even though the lower-court record in Palsgraf was reproduced in a civil procedure casebook in the 1950s. Noonan criticized Cardozo for not taking Palsgraf's circumstances into account when making his decision, and listed factors that may have influenced Cardozo against the plaintiff, including that he was a lifelong bachelor who did not have Palsgraf's experience of caring for children, and he may have frowned upon Wood's representation of Palsgraf (likely on
18000-436: The 'scope of the risk' evolved from two guards, a package of fireworks and a scale aid in the slightest degree in the solution of this question? Is it proper, in Palsgraf itself, so utterly to ignore the fact that the plaintiff was a passenger[?] ... until the question is decided, is Palsgraf really definite authority even for Palsgraf ?" Noonan's 1976 book chronicled the unwillingness by legal scholars to utilize
18200-566: The Appellate Division affirmed the trial court's judgment, 3–2. Albert H. F. Seeger wrote the majority opinion for the five justices hearing the case, and was joined by Justices William F. Hagarty and William B. Carswell . Seeger had been born in Stuttgart and came to the United States as a child; he had been elected to the Supreme Court in 1917 and was elevated to the Appellate Division by Governor Al Smith in 1926. Aged 68 at
18400-411: The Court of Appeals since 1917. The son of Charles Andrews , a former Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, William Andrews is best remembered today because he wrote an opinion in Palsgraf . In that dissent, he was joined by Judges Frederick E. Crane and John F. O'Brien . Andrews began with a brief recitation of facts: that a railroad employee had negligently dislodged the package, the contents of which
18600-430: The E and the A, as not doing so would leave a noticeable gap due to the stem of the A sloping away from the E. The Times reused the tight kerning for "Biden Beats Trump" and Trump's second impeachment , which simply read, "Impeached". In cases where two major events occur on the same day or immediately after each other, The New York Times has used a "paddle wheel" headline, where both headlines are used but split by
18800-466: The Gerhardts, until shortly before the trial, and Palsgraf was examined by Dr. Hammond the day before the trial started. McNamara, one of the most junior members of the LIRR's legal team, called no witnesses, and Manz suggested the entire defense strategy was to get the judge to dismiss the case. In his later book, Judge Richard Posner indicated that the much-sued LIRR did not present a better case than
19000-574: The Global Wine Company. The New York Times Wine Club was established in August 2009, during a dramatic decrease in advertising revenue. By 2021, the wine club was managed by Lot18 , a company that provides proprietary labels. Lot18 managed the Williams Sonoma Wine Club and its own wine club Tasting Room. The New York Times archives its articles in a basement annex beneath its building known as "the morgue",
19200-589: The Internet. The online success of publications that traditionally co-existed with the Times — such as America Online, Yahoo , and CNN — and the expansion of websites such as Monster.com and Craigslist that threatened The New York Times ' s classified advertisement model increased efforts to develop a website. nytimes.com debuted on January 19 and was formally announced three days later. The Times published domestic terrorist Ted Kaczynski 's essay Industrial Society and Its Future in 1995, contributing to his arrest after his brother David recognized
19400-435: The LIRR's legal department until his retirement in 1959, while McNamara's superior and counsel of record, Keany, continued as the railroad's general solicitor until he died in 1935. Justice Humphrey retired in 1936, a year after he gained notoriety for presiding over the marriage of heiress Doris Duke ; he died in 1940. Andrews retired at the end of 1928, having reached the mandatory retirement age of 70; he died in 1936. Cardozo
19600-601: The Museum at The Times. From February 7, 1898, to December 31, 1999, the Times ' s issue number was incorrect by five hundred issues, an error suspected by The Atlantic to be the result of a careless front page type editor. The misreporting was noticed by news editor Aaron Donovan, who was calculating the number of issues in a spreadsheet and noticed the discrepancy. The New York Times celebrated fifty thousand issues on March 14, 1995, an observance that should have occurred on July 26, 1996. The New York Times has reduced
19800-673: The New York newspaper landscape resulted in the formation of larger newspapers, such as the New York Herald Tribune and the New York World-Telegram . In contrast to Ochs, Sulzberger encouraged wirephotography . The New York Times extensively covered World War II through large headlines, reporting on exclusive stories such as the Yugoslav coup d'état . Amid the war, Sulzberger began expanding
20000-599: The Ochs-Sulzberger family, having previously been published by Henry Jarvis Raymond until 1869 and by George Jones until 1896. Adolph Ochs published the Times until his death in 1935, when he was succeeded by his son-in-law, Arthur Hays Sulzberger . Sulzberger was publisher until 1961 and was succeeded by Orvil Dryfoos , his son-in-law, who served in the position until his death in 1963. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger succeeded Dryfoos until his resignation in 1992. His son, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. , served as publisher until 2018. The New York Times ' s current publisher
20200-433: The Ochs-Sulzberger family, of which Oakes was a member as Adolph Ochs 's nephew; in 1976, Oakes publicly disagreed with Sulzberger's endorsement of Daniel Patrick Moynihan over Bella Abzug in the 1976 Senate Democratic primaries in a letter sent from Martha's Vineyard . Under Rosenthal, the editorial board took positions supporting assault weapons legislation and the legalization of marijuana , but publicly criticized
20400-745: The Resistance Inside the Trump Administration ", an anonymous essay by a self-described Trump administration official later revealed to be Department of Homeland Security chief of staff Miles Taylor . The animosity — which extended to nearly three hundred instances of Trump disparaging the Times by May 2019 — culminated in Trump ordering federal agencies to cancel their subscriptions to The New York Times and The Washington Post in October 2019. Trump's tax returns have been
20600-665: The Tentative Draft of the Restatement to the ALI's annual meeting, which approved the section citing Palsgraf with little discussion. Palsgraf quickly became well known in the legal community, and was cited in many cases, some of dubious relevance. According to Kaufman, "the bizarre facts, Cardozo's spin on the legal issue, the case's timing in relation to the Restatement project, its adaptability for law-school teaching,
20800-521: The United States behind The Wall Street Journal . The New York Times Company intends to have fifteen million subscribers by 2027. The Times ' s shift towards subscription-based revenue with the debut of an online paywall in 2011 contributed to subscription revenue exceeding advertising revenue the following year, furthered by the 2016 presidential election and Donald Trump . In 2022, Vox wrote that The New York Times ' s subscribers skew "older, richer, whiter, and more liberal"; to reflect
21000-532: The ability of public officials to sue the media for defamation . In 1971, The New York Times published the Pentagon Papers , an internal Department of Defense document detailing the United States's historical involvement in the Vietnam War , despite pushback from then-president Richard Nixon . In the landmark decision New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that
21200-431: The abstract. Negligence that does no one harm is not a tort. It is not enough, he found, to prove negligence by the defendant and damage to the plaintiff; there must be a breach of duty owed to the plaintiff by the defendant. He traced the history of the law of negligence, a concept not known in medieval times, and noted that it evolved as an offshoot of the law of trespass , and one could not sue for trespass to another. Had
21400-491: The acquirer, comparing himself to Groucho Marx . According to The New Republic , FiveThirtyEight drew as much as a fifth of the traffic to nytimes.com during the 2012 presidential election . In July 2013, FiveThirtyEight was sold to ESPN . In an article following Silver's exit, public editor Margaret Sullivan wrote that he was disruptive to the Times ' s culture for his perspective on probability-based predictions and scorn for polling — having stated that punditry
21600-462: The advisers. In that task, Bohlen was having difficulty dealing with the concept of duty of care in negligence, especially involving unforeseeable plaintiffs, and Prosser related that Cardozo was treated to a learned discussion by the other advisers of a case that might come before his court and, convinced by the arguments, used them to decide Palsgraf . Kaufman doubted this story, which was told to Prosser by Dean Young B. Smith of Columbia , noting that
21800-491: The appellate courts. The plaintiff's brief also suggested that the failure of the railroad to call as witnesses the employees who had aided the man should decide any inferences of negligence against it. Wood deemed the trainmen guilty of a "dereliction of duty", misconduct that was the proximate cause of Palsgraf's injuries. The lawyers argued the case before the Appellate Division in Brooklyn on October 21, 1927. On December 9,
22000-531: The attention of the legal world quickly. William L. Prosser of the University of California Law School wrote that the Appellate Division's decision fell into the hands of Francis H. Bohlen of the University of Pennsylvania Law School . Bohlen was at that time the reporter compiling the first Restatement of Torts for the American Law Institute (ALI), and Cardozo was informally one of
22200-415: The breach of which causes injury, can there be liability. He defended his decision, "a different conclusion will involve us, and swiftly too, in a maze of contradictions." Cardozo posed hypothetical situations: if a railway guard stumbles over a bundle of newspapers, and there are explosives within, will there be liability to an injured passenger at the other end of the platform? Will the result be different if
22400-438: The broader consequence, in which death and injury became a normal byproduct of running the railroad, was disregarded. If judges could see—if not through statistics, then perhaps through the social history of the railroad industry—just how dangerous trains were and how much death and destruction they left in their path, they may have been less inclined to think that Mrs. Palsgraf's problem was that those two men carried fireworks onto
22600-413: The complicated facts of the case to a bare minimum. Mrs. Palsgraf was transformed into a 'plaintiff' without age, family status, or occupation. The opinion omitted the nature of her injury, the amount of damages that she sought, and the size of the jury award." For example, Cardozo describes Palsgraf (whom he does not name, nor mention her daughters) as standing on the LIRR's platform, rather than waiting for
22800-443: The country's newspapers of record . As of 2023 , The New York Times is the second-largest newspaper by print circulation in the United States , with 296,330 print subscribers. The Times has 8.83 million online subscribers, the most of any newspaper in the United States. The New York Times is published by The New York Times Company ; since 1896, the company has been chaired by the Ochs-Sulzberger family, whose current chairman and
23000-412: The courts was to deprive her, a single mother, of the ability to support her children ... All judges, however can develop empathy. And in telling the story of Helen Palsgraf, Judge Noonan makes a good case for why they should." In 2011, Cardi analyzed the present-day influence that Palsgraf has had on state courts. He found that neither Cardozo nor Andrews has won on the question of how duty of care
23200-642: The defendant engaged in an activity that carried a risk of harm to another (not necessarily the plaintiff), and on whether the defendant exercised reasonable care. The new formulation makes foreseeability, or the scope of the risk, not a hurdle that must be overcome, as in Palsgraf , but a factor to be weighed with others when determining whether there was negligence. Thus, according to law professor David Owen in his 2009 article, "the Restatement (Third) discards Judge Cardozo's elemental work in Palsgraf so long ago. And ... also rejects Judge Andrew's [ sic ] valuable insight that juries should be offered
23400-631: The defendant filed its answer on December 3. The case was heard on May 24 and 25, 1927, with Justice Burt Jay Humphrey presiding. Humphrey had served for over twenty years on the county court in Queens before unexpectedly being nominated for election to the Supreme Court in 1925; he was noted for his courteous and friendly manner. Manhattan lawyers tried the Brooklyn case: Matthew W. Wood, who worked from 233 Broadway (the Woolworth Building ) represented Palsgraf, while Joseph F. Keany, whose office
23600-601: The disabled former janitor. Helen Palsgraf remained embittered about the loss of her case. She became mute, and developed other health problems prior to her death on October 27, 1945, at the age of 61. At the time of her death, Palsgraf was living in Richmond Hill, Queens with her daughter Elizabeth. Her former attorney, Wood, maintained a law office in the Woolworth Building until his death in 1972 at age 96. His opposing trial counsel, McNamara, remained with
23800-459: The discrepancy between the mediums in print and online articles. The system reduces the input of editors and supports additional visual mediums in an editor that resembles the appearance of the article. Oak is based on ProseMirror, a JavaScript rich-text editor toolkit, and retains the revision tracking and commenting functionalities of The New York Times ' s previous systems. Additionally, Oak supports predefined article headers. In 2019, Oak
24000-533: The duty to be obeyed". Cardozo did not absolve the defendant who knowingly unleashes a destructive force, such as by shooting a gun, just because the bullet takes an unexpected path. This is not such a case, Cardozo held: even if the railway guard had thrown down the package intentionally, without knowing the contents he could not knowingly risk harm to Palsgraf, and would not be liable. Negligence cannot impose liability where an intentional act would not. Negligence, Cardozo emphasized, derives from human relations, not in
24200-441: The edition number of that issue; on the day of the 2000 presidential election, the Times was revised four separate times, necessitating the use of an em dash in place of an ellipsis. The em dash issue was printed hundreds times over before being replaced by the one-dot issue. Despite efforts by newsroom employees to recycle copies sent to The New York Times ' s office, several copies were kept, including one put on display at
24400-524: The employees, in helping the man board, did not breach any duty of care to Palsgraf as injury to her was not a foreseeable harm from aiding a man with a package. The original jury verdict was overturned, and the railroad won the case. A number of factors, including the bizarre facts and Cardozo's outstanding reputation, made the case prominent in the legal profession, and it remains so, taught to most if not all American law students in torts class. Cardozo's conception, that tort liability can only occur when
24600-413: The epidemic, with mentions of anal intercourse , contrasted with then-executive editor A. M. Rosenthal 's puritan approach, intentionally avoiding descriptions of the luridity of gay venues. Following years of waning interest in The New York Times , Sulzberger resigned in January 1992, appointing his son, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. , as publisher. The Internet represented a generational shift within
24800-461: The essay's penmanship. Following the establishment of nytimes.com , The New York Times retained its journalistic hesitancy under executive editor Joseph Lelyveld , refusing to publish an article reporting on the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal from Drudge Report . nytimes.com editors conflicted with print editors on several occasions, including wrongfully naming security guard Richard Jewell as
25000-401: The explosion was a plausible cause, and said the hysteria was likely to continue as long as the litigation did, for only once it was resolved were the worries connected with it likely to vanish. Wood rested his case on behalf of the plaintiff; McNamara offered no evidence but again moved to dismiss, which Humphrey denied. The judge told the all-male jury that if the LIRR employees "omitted to do
25200-503: The facts of the case Cardozo "saw instantiated the basic principles of negligence law and was able to articulate them in prose of striking freshness, clarity, and vividness", in an opinion mostly written in short sentences and lacking footnotes or block quotes. University of Pennsylvania Law School Professor Kim Lane Scheppele noted that the opinion was "written by Judge Benjamin Cardozo at the height of his formidable powers". Richard Polenberg, in his study of that jurist, stated, "Cardozo had
25400-401: The first time in its history. In February 2020, the editorial board reduced its presence from several editorials each day to occasional editorials for events deemed particularly significant. Since August 2024, the board no longer endorses candidates in local or congressional races in New York. Since 1940, editorial, media, and technology workers of The New York Times have been represented by
25600-551: The first-time plaintiff: "it put on a bargain-basement defense". The LIRR's appeal took the case to the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court, for the Second Department, the state's intermediate appeals court. In its briefs before the Appellate Division, the LIRR argued that the verdict had been contrary to the law and the evidence. It stressed that it had no foreknowledge that the package
25800-464: The general population of the United States, the Times has attempted to alter its audience by acquiring The Athletic , investing in verticals such as The New York Times Games , and beginning a marketing campaign showing diverse subscribers to the Times . The New York Times Company chief executive Meredith Kopit Levien stated that the average age of subscribers has remained constant. In October 2001, The New York Times began publishing DealBook ,
26000-502: The guidelines established in "Ethical Journalism" and "Guidelines on Integrity". According to the former, Times journalists must abstain from using sources with a personal relationship to them and must not accept reimbursements or inducements from individuals who may be written about in The New York Times , with exceptions for gifts of nominal value. The latter requires attribution and exact quotations, though exceptions are made for linguistic anomalies. Staff writers are expected to ensure
26200-409: The honorific from Osama bin Laden 's name, consistent with deceased figures of historic significance, such as Adolf Hitler , Napoleon , and Vladimir Lenin . The New York Times uses academic and military titles for individuals prominently serving in that position. In 1986, the Times began to use Ms , and introduced the gender-neutral title Mx. in 2015. The New York Times uses initials when
26400-412: The incident, she developed a bad stammer, and her doctor testified at trial that it was due to the trauma of the events at East New York station. She had not recovered from the stammer when the case came to court. Palsgraf brought suit against the railroad in the Supreme Court of New York , Kings County , a trial-level court, in Brooklyn on October 2, 1924. The summons was served the following month, and
26600-460: The information in the XML and INI files. The image tiles are generated using GDAL and displayed using Leaflet , using data from a content delivery network . The Times ran optical character recognition on the articles using Tesseract and shingled and fuzzy string matched the result. The New York Times uses a proprietary content management system known as Scoop for its online content and
26800-417: The law with "the conduct of the defendant's guard, if a wrong in its relation to the holder of the package, was not a wrong in its relation to the plaintiff, standing far away. Relative to her it was not negligence at all." Cardozo quoted Pollock on Torts and cited several cases for the proposition that "proof of negligence in the air, so to speak, will not do." Only if there is a duty to the injured plaintiff,
27000-429: The man rather than stand idly by and leave him to his fate." Wood, for his part, argued that negligence had been found by the jury, and by both majority and dissenting justices in the Appellate Division. He wrote that there were many facts from which the jury could have found negligence, including the fact that the train had not shut its doors as it departed (though whether this was to allow latecomers to board or because it
27200-554: The man's conduct in bringing a package that might explode to a crowded passenger station was an independent act of negligence, rendering the neglect by the railroad too remote in causation for there to be liability. The LIRR was entitled by law to take the case to the New York Court of Appeals (the state's highest court) as there had been a dissent in the Appellate Division, and it did. The railroad argued again that Palsgraf had failed to establish that she had come to harm through
27400-474: The most important consequence of the Palsgraf decision, the resolution of the judge/jury question, appears to lean in Andrews' direction. A majority of courts prefer to leave foreseeability—even as a part of duty—to the jury." Scheppele put Palsgraf in social context, noting that 108 passengers were killed in railroad operations on the LIRR in 1924, a typical figure for it in the 1920s. Social scientists of
27600-401: The newsletter's staff included individuals who had created the Times ' s dialect quiz, fourth down analyzer, and a calculator for determining buying or renting a home. The Upshot debuted in April 2014. Fast Company reviewed an article about Illinois Secure Choice — a state-funded retirement saving system — as "neither a terse news item, nor a formal financial advice column, nor
27800-573: The newspaper's structure. Ochs established the Times as a merchant's newspaper and removed the hyphen from the newspaper's name. In 1905, The New York Times opened Times Tower , marking expansion. The Times experienced a political realignment in the 1910s amid several disagreements within the Republican Party . The New York Times reported on the sinking of the Titanic , as other newspapers were cautious about bulletins circulated by
28000-431: The newsstand), and complained about the chief judge's use of such terms as "distant" and "far away". Wood warned that the decision could have far-reaching adverse effects on innocent passengers. The court denied the motion with a one-sentence statement likely written by Cardozo, "If we assume that the plaintiff was nearer the scene of the explosion than the prevailing opinion would suggest, she was not so near that injury from
28200-480: The object containing the explosives is a valise instead? If there was negligence that day, Cardozo argued, it was only negligence that resulted in the fall and destruction of the package, and there was no wrong done by the railroad to Palsgraf for personal injury, "the diversity of incidents emphasizes the futility of the effort to build the plaintiff's right upon the basis of a wrong to some one else." The chief judge instructed, "The risk reasonably to be perceived defines
28400-547: The only meeting of the advisers between the two appeal decisions in Palsgraf took place in New York on December 12–13, 1927, beginning only three days after the Appellate Division ruled, and the notes reveal that Cardozo was absent; the chief judge was hearing arguments all that week in Albany. Nevertheless, the discussions and materials from the Restatement compilation likely influenced Cardozo in his decision. Bohlen dwelt heavily upon Cardozo's opinion in Palsgraf in presenting
28600-614: The only witness of the Manhattan Project, a detail realized by employees of The New York Times following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima . Following World War II , The New York Times continued to expand. The Times was subject to investigations from the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee , a McCarthyist subcommittee that investigated purported communism from within press institutions. Arthur Hays Sulzberger 's decision to dismiss
28800-442: The pages were reduced to 15.5 inches (390 mm). On February 14, 1955, a further reduction to 15 inches (380 mm) occurred, followed by 14.5 and 13.5 inches (370 and 340 mm). On August 6, 2007, the largest cut occurred when the pages were reduced to 12 inches (300 mm), a decision that other broadsheets had previously considered. Then-executive editor Bill Keller stated that a narrower paper would be more beneficial to
29000-497: The paper from Raymond, who had changed its name to The New-York Times . Under Jones, the Times began to publish a series of articles criticizing Tammany Hall political boss William M. Tweed , despite vehement opposition from other New York newspapers. In 1871, The New-York Times published Tammany Hall's accounting books; Tweed was tried in 1873 and sentenced to twelve years in prison. The Times earned national recognition for its coverage of Tweed. In 1891, Jones died, creating
29200-438: The paper has produced several television series, podcasts — including The Daily — and games through The New York Times Games . The New York Times has been involved in several controversies in its history. The Times maintains several regional bureaus staffed with journalists across six continents, and has received 137 Pulitzer Prizes as of 2023, the most of any publication, among other accolades. The New York Times
29400-476: The paper's publisher is A. G. Sulzberger . The Times is headquartered at The New York Times Building in Midtown Manhattan . The Times was founded as the conservative New-York Daily Times in 1851, and came to national recognition in the 1870s with its aggressive coverage of corrupt politician William M. Tweed . Following the Panic of 1893 , Chattanooga Times publisher Adolph Ochs gained
29600-496: The paper. The descender of the "h" was shortened on December 30, 1914. The largest change to the nameplate was introduced on February 21, 1967, when type designer Ed Benguiat redesigned the logo, most prominently turning the arrow ornament into a diamond. Notoriously, the new logo dropped the period that remained with the Times up until that point; one reader compared the omission of the period to "performing plastic surgery on Helen of Troy ." Picture editor John Radosta worked with
29800-631: The passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010 was a "big fucking deal". The Times ' s profanity policy has been tested by former president Donald Trump . The New York Times published Trump's Access Hollywood tape in October 2016, containing the words "fuck", "pussy", "bitch", and "tits", the first time the publication had published an expletive on its front page, and repeated an explicit phrase for fellatio stated by then- White House communications director Anthony Scaramucci in July 2017. The New York Times omitted Trump's use of
30000-443: The person who started the fire. "Behind the cloud of words is the fact they hide, that the act, wrongful as to the insured, has also harmed the company." An event may have many causes, Andrews noted, and only some may be deemed proximate. Liability for negligence may only be found where that proximate cause exists, a term that the judge admitted was inexact. He suggested the analogy of a river, made up of water from many sources, and by
30200-554: The phrase " shithole countries " from its headline in favor of "vulgar language" in January 2018. The Times banned certain words, such as "bitch", "whore", and "sluts", from Wordle in 2022. Journalists for The New York Times do not write their own headlines, but rather copy editors who specifically write headlines. The Times ' s guidelines insist headline editors get to the main point of an article but avoid giving away endings, if present. Other guidelines include using slang "sparingly", avoiding tabloid headlines , not ending
30400-430: The physical size of its print edition while retaining its broadsheet format. The New-York Daily Times debuted at 18 inches (460 mm) across. By the 1950s, the Times was being printed at 16 inches (410 mm) across. In 1953, an increase in paper costs to US$ 10 (equivalent to $ 113.88 in 2023) a ton increased newsprint costs to US$ 21.7 million (equivalent to $ 308,616,417.91 in 2023) On December 28, 1953,
30600-431: The platform caused a tall, coin-operated scale to topple onto Helen Palsgraf. No one was hurt enough to spend the night in the hospital, though several people, Palsgraf among them, were listed as injured. Contemporaneous accounts and witnesses at trial described the man as Italian in appearance, and there was speculation that the package was being taken for use at an Italian-American celebration of some sort; no great effort
30800-498: The platform that day. North Eastern Reporter The North Eastern Reporter contains published U.S. state appellate court case decisions for: When cited , the North Eastern Reporter , North Eastern Reporter Second and North Eastern Reporter Third are abbreviated "N.E.", "N.E.2d" and "N.E.3d", respectively. This article relating to law in the United States or its constituent jurisdictions
31000-438: The policy-oriented dissent by Andrews, Cardozo's rhetoric, and Cardozo's name—all these factors combined to make Palsgraf a legal landmark." According to Prosser, writing in his hornbook for law students, "what the Palsgraf case actually did was submit to the nation's most excellent state court a law professor's dream of an examination question". But Professor (later Judge) John T. Noonan saw more than this, noting that Cardozo
31200-434: The political blog FiveThirtyEight in a three-year agreement. The blog, written by Nate Silver , had garnered attention during the 2008 presidential election for predicting the elections in forty-nine of fifty states. FiveThirtyEight appeared on nytimes.com in August. According to Silver, several offers were made for the blog; Silver wrote that a merger of unequals must allow for editorial sovereignty and resources from
31400-511: The position until his retirement in 1961. John Bertram Oakes served as opinion editor from 1961 to 1976, when then-publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger appointed Max Frankel . Frankel served in the position until 1986, when he was appointed as executive editor. Jack Rosenthal was the opinion editor from 1986 to 1993. Howell Raines succeeded Rosenthal until 2001, when he was made executive editor. Gail Collins succeeded Raines until her resignation in 2006. From 2007 to 2016, Andrew Rosenthal
31600-418: The print version of the Times , these headlines are written by one copy editor, reviewed by two other copy editors, approved by the masthead editors, and polished by other print editors. The process is completed before 8 p.m., but it may be repeated if further development occur, as did take place during the 2020 presidential election . On the day Joe Biden was declared the winner, The New York Times utilized
31800-491: The print version to use "wiretapped" in order to fit within the print guidelines. The nameplate of The New York Times has been unaltered since 1967. In creating the initial nameplate, Henry Jarvis Raymond sought to model The London Times , which used a Blackletter style called Textura , popularized following the fall of the Western Roman Empire and regional variations of Alcuin 's script, as well as
32000-443: The radius of danger". Andrews believed that if there was a negligent act, the proximate cause of injury to the plaintiff, that should establish liability. Andrews found Cardozo's reasoning too narrow, and felt that the focus should be on the unreasonable act: driving down Broadway at high speed is negligent whether or not an accident occurs. Such an act is wrong to the public at large, not only to those who might be injured. "Due care
32200-435: The railroad been negligent towards Palsgraf, it might have been liable, but "the consequences to be followed must first be rooted in a wrong", and there was no legal wrong done by the railroad to Palsgraf. Thus, the lower courts were incorrect, and must be reversed, and the case dismissed, with Palsgraf to bear the costs of suit. William S. Andrews of Syracuse was a 69-year-old judge, noted for his scholarship, who had been on
32400-480: The railroad's negligence: that there was no negligence, and even if there was, that neglect had not harmed Palsgraf, since such injury was not "a natural and probable consequence of assisting a man to board a train". Its brief alleged that the trainmen could not have stopped the man from boarding, and once he had flung himself onto the train, had little choice but to help him, "faced with such an emergency they cannot be charged with negligence because they elected to assist
32600-406: The railroad, arguing that its employees had been negligent while assisting the man, and that she had been harmed by the neglect. In May 1927 she obtained a jury verdict of $ 6,000, which the railroad appealed. Palsgraf gained a 3–2 decision in the Appellate Division , and the railroad appealed again. Cardozo wrote for a 4–3 majority of the Court of Appeals, ruling that there was no negligence because
32800-537: The reader but acknowledged a net loss in article space of five percent. In 1985, The New York Times Company established a minority stake in a US$ 21.7 million (equivalent to $ 308,616,417.91 in 2023) newsprint plant in Clermont, Quebec through Donahue Malbaie . The company sold its equity interest in Donahue Malbaie in 2017. The New York Times often uses large, bolded headlines for major events. For
33000-405: The record—apparently twenty-five or thirty feet. Perhaps less. Except for the explosion, she would not have been injured. We are told by the appellant in his brief "it cannot be denied that the explosion was the direct cause of the plaintiff's injuries." So it was a substantial factor in producing the result—there was here a natural and continuous sequence—direct connection. The only intervening cause
33200-404: The scale had been "blown right to pieces". On the second day of the trial, Wood called Dr. Karl A. Parshall, Palsgraf's physician. He testified that he had treated Palsgraf occasionally for minor ailments before the incident at East New York, but on the day after found her shaken and bruised. He gave it as his opinion that Palsgraf's ills were caused by the accident. Grace Gerhardt, Herbert's wife,
33400-607: The scandal, culminating in a town hall in which a deputy editor criticized Raines for failing to question Blair's sources in article he wrote on the D.C. sniper attacks . In June 2003, Raines and Boyd resigned. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. appointed Bill Keller as executive editor. Miller continued to report on the Iraq War as a journalistic embed covering the country's weapons of mass destruction program. Keller and then-Washington bureau chief Jill Abramson unsuccessfully attempted to subside criticism. Conservative media criticized
33600-411: The side by the scale, and had been treated at the scene, and then took a taxicab home. She testified to trembling then for several days, and then the stammering started. Her health forced her to give up her work in mid-1926. Wood called Herbert Gerhardt, an engraver, who had seen the man with the package hurry towards the train, and whose wife had been hit in the stomach in the man's rush. He testified that
33800-559: The station. Sunday, August 24, 1924, was a warm summer day in Brooklyn , and Helen Palsgraf, a 40-year-old janitor and housekeeper, was taking her two daughters, Elizabeth and Lillian, aged 15 and 12, to Rockaway Beach . Having paid the necessary fare, they were on the platform at the East New York station of the LIRR on Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, when a train, not theirs, pulled in. As it began to move again, two men raced for
34000-688: The subject of three separate investigations. During the COVID-19 pandemic , the Times began implementing data services and graphs. On May 23, 2020, The New York Times ' s front page solely featured U.S. Deaths Near 100,000, An Incalculable Loss , a subset of the 100,000 people in the United States who died of COVID-19, the first time that the Times ' s front page lacked images since they were introduced. Since 2020, The New York Times has focused on broader diversification, developing online games and producing television series. The New York Times Company acquired The Athletic in January 2022. Since 1896, The New York Times has been published by
34200-518: The suspect in the Centennial Olympic Park bombing and covering the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in greater detail than the print edition. The New York Times Electronic Media Company was adversely affected by the dot-com crash . The Times extensively covered the September 11 attacks . The following day's print issue contained sixty-six articles, the work of over three hundred dispatched reporters. Journalist Judith Miller
34400-466: The theoretical use of aluminum tubes to produce nuclear material was speculation. In March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq , beginning the Iraq War . The New York Times attracted controversy after thirty-six articles from journalist Jayson Blair were discovered to be plagiarized. Criticism over then-executive editor Howell Raines and then-managing editor Gerald M. Boyd mounted following
34600-487: The things which prudent and careful trainmen do for the safety of those who are boarding their trains, as well as the safety of those who are standing upon the platform waiting for other trains, and that the failure resulted in the plaintiff's injury, then the defendant would be liable." The jury was out for two hours and 35 minutes, including the lunch hour, and they awarded Palsgraf $ 6,000 ($ 105,200 today). Pursuant to statute, she also recovered costs of $ 142, an amount added to
34800-445: The time it wound to sea, fully intermixed. But for a time, after water from a muddy swamp or a clayey bed joins, its origin may be traced. Beyond a certain point, it cannot be traced, and such is proximate cause, "because of convenience, of public policy, of a rough sense of justice, the law arbitrarily declines to trace a series of events beyond a certain point. This is not logic. It is practical politics." That point, beyond which there
35000-441: The time of Palsgraf , he could serve only two more years before mandatory retirement. Justice Seeger ruled that the finding of negligence by the jury was supported by the evidence, and speculated that the jury might have found that helping a passenger board a moving train was a negligent act. He wrote that while the set of facts might be novel, the case was no different in principle from well-known court decisions on causation, such as
35200-526: The time, most newspapers favored the end of the hostage crisis, but the Times placed the inauguration above the crisis. Since 1981, the paddle wheel has been used twice; on July 26, 2000, when the 2000 Camp David Summit ended without an agreement and when Bush announced that Dick Cheney would be his running mate, and on June 24, 2016, when the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum passed, beginning Brexit , and when
35400-417: The train, and one made it without incident, as the doors had not closed. The other, a man carrying a package, leapt aboard, with the help of a platform guard pushing him from behind as a member of the train's crew pulled him into the car. But in the process, the man lost the package, which dropped and exploded, for it apparently contained fireworks . Either the force of the explosion or the panicking of those on
35600-525: The trainman was unaware, and the subsequent explosion broke the scale and injured the plaintiff, "an intending passenger". Andrews noted the fundamental difference among the judges concerning the law of negligence: whether there must be a duty to the plaintiff, the breach of which injured her, and whether, when there is an act that is a threat to the safety of others, the doer of it should be "liable for all its proximate consequences, even where they result in injury to one who would generally be thought to be outside
35800-470: The veracity of all written claims, but may delegate researching obscure facts to the research desk. In March 2021, the Times established a committee to avoid journalistic conflicts of interest with work written for The New York Times , following columnist David Brooks 's resignation from the Aspen Institute for his undisclosed work on the initiative Weave. The New York Times editorial board
36000-493: The verdict. A motion for a new trial was denied on May 27, 1927 by Justice Humphrey, who did not issue a written opinion, and a judgment was entered on the verdict on May 31, from which the LIRR appealed on June 14. Once Palsgraf had gotten her jury verdict, the Gerhardts also sued the railroad, with Wood as their counsel. William H. Manz, in his article on the facts in Palsgraf , suggested that neither side spent much time preparing for trial. Wood did not contact his fact witnesses,
36200-401: Was a judge who was greatly respected; he later became a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. After a standout legal career, Cardozo had been elected to the trial-level Supreme Court in 1913, but was quickly designated by the governor for service on the Court of Appeals. He was in 1917 appointed a judge of that court, and in 1926 was elected chief judge by the voters. In Palsgraf , Cardozo wrote for
36400-438: Was a neurologist, an expert witness , and McNamara for the LIRR moved to dismiss the case on the ground that Palsgraf had failed to present evidence of negligence, but Justice Humphrey denied it. The neurologist, Graeme M. Hammond of Manhattan, had examined Palsgraf two days before, observing her stammering, speaking only with difficulty. She told him of depression and headaches. He diagnosed her with traumatic hysteria, for which
36600-489: Was a summer day is uncertain). The case was argued before the Court of Appeals in Albany on February 24, 1928. Plaintiff was standing on a platform of defendant's railroad after buying a ticket to go to Rockaway Beach. A train stopped at the station, bound for another place. Two men ran forward to catch it. One of the men reached the platform of the car without mishap, though the train was already moving. The other man, carrying
36800-400: Was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1932 by President Herbert Hoover and served there until his death in 1938. After the Palsgraf case became prominent among lawyers, having been taught to many of them in law school, members of the family sometimes encountered startled reactions when lawyers learned their last name. Frank Palsgraf, Helen's grandson, told in 1978 of "being treated like
37000-430: Was at Pennsylvania Station , was for the railroad, along with William McNamara. Wood was an experienced solo practitioner with two degrees from Ivy League schools; Keany had headed the LIRR's legal department for twenty years—McNamara, who tried the case, was one of the department's junior lawyers, who had advanced from clerk to counsel after graduation from law school. At trial, Palsgraf testified that she had been hit in
37200-404: Was dangerous, and that no law required it to search the contents of passenger luggage. The brief stated that given this, there was no negligence in helping a man make a train, and even if there was, that negligence was not the proximate cause of Palsgraf's injuries. Wood, for Palsgraf, argued that the jury verdict finding negligence was supported by undisputed facts, and should not be questioned by
37400-547: Was established in 1851 by New-York Tribune journalists Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones . The Times experienced significant circulation, particularly among conservatives; New-York Tribune publisher Horace Greeley praised the New-York Daily Times . During the American Civil War , Times correspondents gathered information directly from Confederate states. In 1869, Jones inherited
37600-424: Was established in 1896 by Adolph Ochs . With the opinion department, the editorial board is independent of the newsroom. Then-editor-in-chief Charles Ransom Miller served as opinion editor from 1883 until his death in 1922. Rollo Ogden succeeded Miller until his death in 1937. From 1937 to 1938, John Huston Finley served as opinion editor; in a prearranged plan, Charles Merz succeeded Finley. Merz served in
37800-552: Was forced to borrow $ 250 million (equivalent to $ 353.79 million in 2023) from Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim and fired over one hundred employees by 2010. nytimes.com's coverage of the Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal , resulting in the resignation of then-New York governor Eliot Spitzer , furthered the legitimacy of the website as a journalistic medium. The Times ' s economic downturn renewed discussions of an online paywall; The New York Times implemented
38000-485: Was made to identify the owner. Palsgraf's injury was listed in The New York Times as shock; she also suffered bruising. The distance between Helen Palsgraf and the explosion was never made clear in the trial transcript, or in the opinions of the judges who ruled on the case, but the distance from the explosion to the scale was described in the Times as "more than ten feet away" (3 metres). Several days after
38200-441: Was most probable. Given that, Andrews concluded, the jury verdict should be upheld. "Under these circumstances I cannot say as a matter of law that the plaintiff's injuries were not the proximate result of the negligence. That is all we have before us." Wood, Palsgraf's lawyer, moved the Court of Appeals to allow reargument of the case, alleging that Cardozo had confused the position of Palsgraf with that of her daughter Lillian (at
38400-432: Was nothing in its appearance to give notice of its contents. The fireworks when they fell exploded. The shock of the explosion threw down some scales at the other end of the platform, many feet away. The scales struck the plaintiff, causing injuries for which she sues. Cardozo's statement of facts, Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co. , 248 N.Y. at 340–341 The Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, Benjamin N. Cardozo ,
38600-511: Was published on the Times ' s intranet in 1999. The New York Times uses honorifics when referring to individuals. With the AP Stylebook ' s removal of honorifics in 2000 and The Wall Street Journal ' s omission of courtesy titles in May 2023, the Times is the only national newspaper that continues to use honorifics. According to former copy editor Merrill Perlman, The New York Times continues to use honorifics as
38800-436: Was released on April 3, 2010, with the release of the first-generation iPad . In October, The New York Times expanded NYT Editors' Choice to include the paper's full articles. NYT for iPad was free until 2011. The Times applications on iPhone and iPad began offering in-app subscriptions in July 2011. The Times released a web application for iPad — featuring a format summarizing trending headlines on Twitter — and
39000-545: Was that instead of blowing her to the ground the concussion smashed the weighing machine which in turn fell upon her. There was no remoteness in time, little in space. And surely, given such an explosion as here it needed no great foresight to predict that the natural result would be to injure one on the platform at no greater distance from its scene than was the plaintiff. Just how no one might be able to predict. Whether by flying fragments, by broken glass, by wreckage of machines or structures no one could say. But injury in some form
39200-459: Was the next witness. She testified to being hit by one of "the two young Italian fellows" who were racing to make the train, and how one made it unaided and the other only with the help of two LIRR employees. She had nothing to say about the scale or Palsgraf, having seen neither. Elizabeth and Lillian Palsgraf, the elder and younger daughter of the plaintiff, were next to testify and spoke of what they had seen. Wood indicated his only remaining witness
39400-520: Was the opinion editor. James Bennet succeeded Rosenthal until his resignation in 2020. As of July 2024 , the editorial board comprises thirteen opinion writers. The New York Times ' s opinion editor is Kathleen Kingsbury and the deputy opinion editor is Patrick Healy. The New York Times ' s editorial board was initially opposed to liberal beliefs, opposing women's suffrage in 1900 and 1914. The editorial board began to espouse progressive beliefs during Oakes' tenure, conflicting with
39600-421: Was the recipient of a package containing a white powder during the 2001 anthrax attacks , furthering anxiety within The New York Times . In September 2002, Miller and military correspondent Michael R. Gordon wrote an article for the Times claiming that Iraq had purchased aluminum tubes . The article was cited by then-president George W. Bush to claim that Iraq was constructing weapons of mass destruction ;
39800-411: Was then the nation's most prominent state-court judge: "The excitement of Palsgraf was not merely that it was a brilliant examination question; it was an examination question answered by Cardozo." The first mentions of Palsgraf in law reviews were case notes written by law students, appearing over the course of the year following the decision by the Court of Appeals. Professor Robert L. Goodhart, in
40000-452: Was updated to support collaborative editing using Firebase to update editors's cursor status. Several Google Cloud Functions and Google Cloud Tasks allow articles to be previewed as they will be printed, and the Times ' s primary MySQL database is regularly updated to update editors on the article status. Since 1895, The New York Times has maintained a manual of style in several forms. The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
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