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44-696: Pamal is a village in Ludhiana in Punjab . A First Anglo-Sikh War memorial has been constructed in Pamal (established in 2000), under the leadership of the most respected resident of the village and ex-army officer, Capt. Amarjit Singh Sekhon. All the funding for the memorial was made by the people of whole village community. The village is on the Mullanpur Dakha -Jodhan link road. The village has daily hourly passenger bus and Tempo services linking it with

88-466: A few from one community against innocent members of other community, suppression of complaints, refusal to prosecute, killing peaceful demonstrators, imprisonment of people of a single community while refusal to arrest members of other community in conflict, perceived or actual prisoner abuse by the state are often the greatest mobilizers of communal violence. Research suggests that ethnic segregation may also cause communal violence. Empirically estimating

132-552: A procession through the streets to express their solidarity for Protestant ideas. A few days later, the Catholics hunted down some of the leaders of the procession, beat them and burned them at the stake. In the French town of Pamiers, communal clashes were routine between Protestants and Catholics, such as during holy celebrations where the Catholics took out a procession with a statue of St. Anthony, sang and danced while they carried

176-644: A result of the communal violence following the Partition of India . Ludhiana is a centrally located city of Punjab, which is on the Grand Trunk Road from Delhi to Amritsar at latitude 30.55 North and longitude 75.54 East in Northern India. Ludhiana is the most centrally located district in the Malwa region of the state of Punjab. For administrative purposes, it has been placed in

220-439: Is 76.5% and female literacy is 69.4%. The effective literacy of 7+ population of Ludhiana district is 82.20%, of which male is 86% and female literacy is 77.9%. The sex ratio of 873 females for every 1,000 males. The total Scheduled Caste population is 923,358 (26.39%). There were 716826 households in the district in 2011. The number of workers in the district is 1285,000, which means a work participation rate of 36.7%. Out of

264-483: Is a part of the Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency and Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency . Ludhiana East , Ludhiana North , Ludhiana Central , Ludhiana West , Ludhiana South , Atam Nagar , Dakha , Gill and Jagraon comes under Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency . Khanna , Samrala , Sahnewal , Payal and Raikot comes under Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency . Amrinder Singh Raja Warring

308-447: Is defined as that violence that occurs between different community who identify themselves based on religion, tribes, language, sect, race and others. Typically this sense of community identity comes from birth and is inherited. Similar definition has been applied for 47 African countries, where during 1990–2010, about 7,200 instances of communal violence and inter-ethnic conflicts has been seen. Colm Campbell has proposed, after studying

352-691: Is divided into seven tehsils , which are: - Ludhiana West Tehsil is a tehsil in Ludhiana district. It has 125 villages. Ludhiana East Tehsil is a tehsil in Ludhiana district. It has 181 villages. Also, there are seven sub-tehsils in Ludhiana district: - Communal violence United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime includes any conflict and form of violence between communities of different religious groups, different sects or tribes of same religious group, clans, ethnic origins or national origin as communal violence. However, this excludes conflict between two individuals or two families. Communal violence

396-1034: Is found in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania. The term "communal violence" was coined by European colonial authorities as they wrestled to manage outbreaks of violence between religious, ethnic and disparate groups in their colonies, particularly Africa and South Asia, in early 20th century. Communal violence, in different parts of the world, is alternatively referred to as ethnic violence , religious violence , non-State conflict, violent civil disorder , minorities unrest, mass racial violence, inter-communal violence and ethno-religious violence. Human history has experienced numerous episodes of communal violence. For example, in medieval Europe, Protestants clashed with Catholics, Christians clashed with Muslims, and Christians perpetuated violence against Jews and Roma . In 1561, Huguenots in Toulouse took out in

440-562: Is one of the 23 districts in the Indian state of Punjab . It is Punjab's largest district by both area and population. Ludhiana , the largest city in Punjab, is the district headquarters. The main industries are bicycle parts and hosiery. Ludhiana is a hub of ladies footwear manufacturing, with around 10,000 small-scale units. The district is made up of seven tehsils , seven sub- tehsils and twelve development blocks. Ludhiana district has

484-476: Is the MP from Ludhiana and Dr. Amar Singh is current MP from Fatehgarh Sahib , they both are member of Indian National Congress . Amrinder Singh Raja Warring is MP since 2024 and Dr. Amar Singh is MP since 2019 . There are total 14 assembly constituencies in Ludhiana district . Following is a list of the assembly constituencies in the district. (in 2024) For the administrative purpose, Ludhiana district

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528-552: The Belfast Pogrom . The Horn of Africa and the rest of Western Africa have a similar history of communal violence. Nigeria has seen centuries of communal violence between different ethnic groups particularly between Christian south and Islamic north. In 1964, after receiving independence from British rule, there were widespread communal violence in the ethnically diverse state of Zanzibar . The violent groups were Arabs and Africans, that expanded along religious lines, and

572-509: The Buddha Nala , constitute the chief hydrographic features of the district. A brief description of these is as follows. According to the 2011 census , Ludhiana district has a population of 3,498,739 roughly equal to the nation of Panama or the US state of Connecticut . Ludhiana district has a total of 2,560,225 literates which constitutes 73.5% of the population, of which male literary

616-731: The Cape Colony , in early 20th century. The 4th Earl of Minto was called the father of communal electorates for legalising communalism by the Morley-Minto Act in 1909. The All-India Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha represented such communal interests, and the Indian National Congress represented an overarching "nationalist" vision. In the runup to independence in 1947, communalism and nationalism came to be competing ideologies and led to

660-584: The British colonial administration mention communal violence between Hindus and Muslims, as well as Sunni and Shia sects of Islam, particularly during processions related to respective religious celebrations. The frequency of communal violence in South Asia increased after the first partition of Bengal in 1905 , where segregation, unequal political and economic rights were imposed on Hindus and Muslims by Lord Curzon, based on religion. The colonial government

704-569: The British, which confined his activities to the right bank of the Sutlej. British troops were permanently stationed in Ludhiana and the Cis-Sutlej states came under British protection. According to the 1901 census, Hindus numbered 269,076, or 40% of the total; Muslims, 235,937, or 35%; and Sikhs, 164,919, or 24%. The majority of the Muslim population within the district migrated to Pakistan as

748-569: The Middle East, South Russia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. The Indian law defines communal violence as, "any act or series of acts, whether spontaneous or planned, resulting in injury or harm to the person and or property, knowingly directed against any person by virtue of his or her membership of any religious or linguistic minority, in any State in the Union of India, or Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes within

792-511: The Mughals, which allowed the Rais to take control of Ludhiana town in 1760. During the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh , Ludhiana became an important British cantonment . Initially, in 1805, Ranjit Singh occupied Ludhiana. However, in 1809, the British decided to curb his advance eastward and sent troops to confront him. Ranjit Singh was forced to sign the treaty of 'perpetual friendship' with

836-565: The Patiala Division. It lies between north latitude 30°-34' and 31°-01' and east longitude 75°-18' and 76°-20'. It is bounded on the north by the Satluj River , which separates it from Jalandhar district . The river forms its northern boundary with Hoshiarpur district . On other sides it shares common boundaries with Rupnagar district in the east, Moga district in the west, and Barnala , Sangrur and Patiala districts in

880-669: The aftermath of the Battle of Chamkaur and Uch-da-Peer (meaning "saint of Uch") episode of the tenth Guru's life, when the Mughal armies were in hot pursuit of the religious leader. In thanks for this, the Guru gifted Ganga Sagar (a metal surahi ) and a sword with an inscribed blade to the Rai dynasty of Raikot, known as the Raikot sword . In the latter period of Mughal rule the western part of

924-448: The age of 5 years, in Ludhiana, as of year 2020. The table below shows the district nutrition profile of Ludhiana of women between the ages of 15 to 49 years, as of year 2020. The table below shows the current use of family planning methods by currently married women between the age of 15 and 49 years, in Ludhiana district. The table below shows the number of road accidents and people affected in Ludhiana district by year. The district

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968-475: The city is in the compound of the Civil Surgeon's Office to the west of Ludhiana. Weather records here data back to 1 August 1868. The rainfall in the district increases from the southwest toward the northeast. About 70% of the rainfall is received during the period of July through September. The rainfall between December and March accounts for 16% of the rainfall; the remaining 14% rainfall is received in

1012-652: The communal violence ultimately led to the overthrow of the Sultan of Zanzibar. Local radio announced the death of tens of thousands of "stooges", but later estimates for deaths from Zanzibar communal violence have varied from hundreds to 2,000-4,000 to as many as 20,000. In late 1960s and early 1970s, there were widespread communal violence against Kenyans and Asians in Uganda with waves of theft, physical and sexual violence, followed by expulsions by Idi Amin . Idi Amin mentioned his religion as justification for his actions and

1056-687: The communities. Communalism is a significant social issue in India , Bangladesh , Pakistan and Sri Lanka . Communal conflicts between religious communities in India , especially Hindus and Muslims have occurred since the period of British colonial rule , occasionally leading to serious inter-communal violence. The term communalism was coined by the British colonial government as it wrestled to manage Hindu-Muslim riots and other violence between religious, ethnic and disparate groups in its colonies, particularly in British West Africa and

1100-485: The district was leased to the Rais of Raikot . By the early eighteenth century, they had become semi-independent of the Mughals. The villages in Ludhiana district remained independent and under the rule of local powerful village Sikh chieftains, from 1707 to 1835. In 1747 Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded and battled the imperial army near Khanna . Although the Mughals were able to stop Ahmad Shah, his subsequent invasions weakened

1144-626: The division of British India into Pakistan and the Republic of India . British historians have attributed the cause of the partition to the communalism of Jinnah and the political ambitions of the Indian National Congress. East, South and Southeast Asia have recorded numerous instances of communal violence. For example, Singapore suffered a wave of communal violence in 20th century between Malays and Chinese. In Indian subcontinent, numerous 18th through 20th century records of

1188-641: The effect of segregation on the incidence of violence across 700 localities in Rift Valley Province of Kenya after the contested 2007–2008 general election, Kimuli Kahara finds that local ethnic segregation increases communal violence by decreasing interethnic trust rather than by making it easier to organize violence. Even if a small minority of individuals prefer to live in ethnically homogenous settings due to fear of other ethnic groups or otherwise, it can result in high degrees of ethnic segregation. Kahara argues that such ethnic segregation decreases

1232-535: The empirical data and sequence of events during communal violence in South Africa, Palestinian Territories and Northern Ireland, that communal violence typically follows when there is degradation of rule of law, the state fails to or is widely seen as unable to provide order, security and equal justice, which then leads to mass mobilization, followed by radicalization of anger among one or more communities, and ultimately violent mobilization. Targeted mass violence by

1276-496: The end of June is the hot season. July, August and half of September constitute the southwest monsoon. The period of mid-September to about the middle of November may be termed as a post-monsoon or transitional period. June is generally the hottest month. Hot and scorching dust-laden winds blow during the summer season. December and January are the coldest months. Ludhiana on average sees roughly 809.3 millimetres (31.86 in) of precipitation annually. The official weather station for

1320-519: The flood plain of the Satluj and the upland plain. Ludhiana features a semi-arid climate under the Köppen climate classification , with three defined seasons; summer, monsoon, and winter. This climate is characterised by dryness except for a brief spell of monsoon season, a very hot summer, and a bracing winter. The cold season is from mid-November to the early part of March. The succeeding period until

1364-676: The following cities – Paris, Aix, Bordeaux, Bourges, Lyon, Meaux, Orleans, Rouen, Toulouse, and Troyes. In Switzerland, communal violence between the Reformation movement and Catholics marked the 16th century. Ireland has a long history of communal violence with the period between July 1920 and July 1922 being particularly violent. This period of time saw the partition of Ireland and the establishment of Northern Ireland . The violence that occurred during this time in several towns/cities within Northern Ireland has been referred to as

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1408-690: The highest HDI in Punjab at 0.761 (2004 UNDP). Ludhiana gets its name from the Lodhi Dynasty , which is believed to have founded the city in 1480. During the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar , the area formed part of the Sarkar of Sirhind . Chakar, Talwandi Rai in 1478 AD, Raikot in 1648 AD and Jagraon in 1688 AD were founded by the Rai family of Raikot . It is said that one of the Rai rulers of Raikot, named Rai Kalha ( chaudhary of Raikot and Jagraon), gave sanctuary to Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 in

1452-549: The meaning of clauses (24) and (25) of Article 366 of the Constitution of India" In Indonesia, communal violence is defined as that is driven by a sense of religious, ethnic or tribal solidarity. The equivalence of tribalism to ethnicity was referred locally as kesukuan . Communal violence in Indonesia includes numerous localized conflicts between various social groups found on its islands. In Kenya, communal violence

1496-444: The nearest major towns/cities of Mullanpur Dakha , Dehlon and Ludhiana . Just like all of Punjab , almost all the business in Pamal is based on agriculture . Dakha and Mullanpur village is very near to Pamal, Isewal, Phagla, Basimi, Birmi, Malakpur Bet , Humabran, Chack, Jangpur and so many others. Pamali, less than 2 km to the south of Pamal, is Pamal's sister village. Ludhiana district Ludhiana district

1540-594: The other months. Ludhiana has one of the worst air pollution problems in India, with particulate matter being over six times the World Health Organization recommended standard, making it the 13th most polluted city in the world in the year 2014. Industrial water pollution is also of significant concern in portions of Ludhiana, notably along the Budha Dariya . The Sutlej and its tributary,

1584-412: The population of different religions in absolute numbers in the urban and rural areas of Ludhiana district. Languages of Ludhiana district (First Language) (2011) At the time of the 2011 census 79.65% of the population spoke Punjabi and 18.19% Hindi as their first language. Hindi is spoken mainly in urban areas. The table below shows the data from the district nutrition profile of children below

1628-466: The possibility of positive contact across ethnic lines. Integration and the resultant positive interethnic contact reduces prejudice by allowing individuals to correct false beliefs about members of other ethnic groups, improving intergroup relations consequently. Thus, segregation is correlated with low levels of interethnic trust. This widespread mistrust along ethnic lines explains the severity of communal violence by implying that when underlying mistrust

1672-578: The post-colonial era, communal riots between the Hindus and the Muslims contributed to the making of Muslim ghettos in those cities that had witnessed sustained communal mobilizations. It has furthermore been shown that the communalized real estate market, urban planning, and communal mobilizations often come to constitute each other in developing spatial majoritarianism. The 20th century witnessed inter-religious, intra-religious and ethnic communal violence in

1716-467: The south and southeast, respectively. The topography of the district is a typical representative of an alluvial plain . It owes its origin to the aggravation work of the Satluj River. The alluvium deposited by the river has been worked over by the wind, which gave rise to a number of small dunes and sand mounds. Most of these dunes have been levelled by farmers. The district can be divided into

1760-525: The statue around town. Local Protestants would year after year disrupt the festivities by throwing stones at the Catholics. In 1566, when the Catholic procession reached a Protestant neighborhood, the Protestants chanted "kill, kill, kill !!" and days of communal violence with numerous fatalities followed. In 1572, thousands of Protestants were killed by Catholics during communal violence in each of

1804-413: The total workforce of the district, 18.7% are engaged in the agriculture sector, 5.6% are working in the household industry, and the rest are employed in other sectors/industries. The table below shows the sex ratio of Ludhiana district through decades. The table below shows the child sex ratio of children below the age of 6 years in the rural and urban areas of Ludhiana district. The table below shows

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1848-564: The violence. Coptic Christians have suffered communal violence in Egypt for decades, with frequency and magnitude increasing since 1920s. Communalism is a term historically used to denote attempts to construct religious or ethnic identity, incite strife between people identified as different communities, and to foment communal violence between those groups, particularly in Asia. It derives from history, differences in beliefs, and tensions between

1892-501: The worst communal violence of 20th century, where waves of riots and violence killed between 100,000 and a million people, from Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Jain religions, particularly in cities and towns near the modern borders of India-Pakistan and India-Bangladesh. Examples of these communal violence include the so-called Direct Action Day , Noakhali riots and the Partition riots in Rawalpindi . It has recently been argued that in

1936-675: Was viewed by each side as favoring the other side, resulting in a wave of communal riots and 1911 reversal of Bengal partition and its re-unification. In 1919, after General Dyer ordered his soldiers to fire on unarmed protestors inside a compound in Amritsar, killing 380 civilians, communal violence followed in India against British migrants . There were hundreds of incidents of communal violence between 1905 and 1947, many related to religious, political sovereignty questions including partition of India along religious lines into East Pakistan, West Pakistan and India. The 1946 to 1947 period saw some of

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