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86-591: Extensive pan-Slavism began much like Pan-Germanism : both of these movements flourished from the sense of unity and nationalism experienced within ethnic groups after the French Revolution and the consequent Napoleonic Wars against traditional European monarchies. As in other Romantic nationalist movements, Slavic intellectuals and scholars in the developing fields of history , philology , and folklore actively encouraged Slavs' interest in their shared identity and ancestry. Pan-Slavism co-existed with

172-498: A Greater Germany . This notion also led the way for an even more expansive state to be envisioned, the Greater Germanic Reich, which Nazi Germany tried to establish. This pan-Germanic empire was expected to assimilate practically all of Germanic Europe into an enormously expanded Greater Germanic Reich. Territorially speaking, this encompassed the already-enlarged Reich itself (consisting of pre-1938 Germany plus

258-528: A Greater Yugoslavia thus uniting all south Slavic-speaking nations into one state. The idea was abandoned after the split between Josip Broz Tito and Joseph Stalin in 1948. This led to some bitter sentiment between the people of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria in the aftermath. At the end of the Second World War, the Partisans' mixed heritage leader Josip Broz Tito became Yugoslav president, and

344-617: A multi-ethnic state, but the German-speaking people there did not have an absolute numerical majority; its re-shaping into the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one result of the growing nationalism of other ethnicities—especially the Hungarians . Under Prussian leadership, Otto von Bismarck would ride on the coat-tails of nationalism to unite all of the northern German lands. After Bismarck excluded Austria and

430-532: A "Southern-Slavic nation of three faiths". Austria feared that Pan-Slavists would endanger the empire. In Austria-Hungary Southern Slavs were distributed among several entities: Slovenes in the Austrian part ( Carniola , Styria , Carinthia , Gorizia and Gradisca , Trieste , Istria ), Croats and Serbs in the Hungarian part within the autonomous Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and in the Austrian part within

516-769: A "pull towards the East" ( Drang nach Osten ) where that could be found and colonized , in a model that the Nazis explicitly derived from the American Manifest Destiny in the Far West and its clearing of native inhabitants. As the foreign volunteers of the Waffen-SS were increasingly of non-Germanic origin, especially after the Battle of Stalingrad , among the organization's leadership (e.g. Felix Steiner )

602-588: A Czech nationalist, Karol Libelt (1817–1861), a Polish writer and politician, and others, pressed for a close alliance with the revolutionary-democratic movement going on in Germany and Hungary in 1848. A national rebirth in the Hungarian "Upper Land" (now Slovakia ) awoke in a completely new light, both before the Slovak Uprising in 1848 and after. The driving force of this rebirth movement were Slovak writers and politicians who called themselves Štúrovci,

688-670: A German province but to instead become an allied seafaring partner of the Germans. The eastern Reichskommissariats in the vast stretches of Ukraine and Russia were also intended for future integration, with plans for them stretching to the Volga or even beyond the Urals . They were deemed of vital interest for the survival of the German nation, as it was a core tenet of Nazi ideology that it needed "living space" ( Lebensraum ), creating

774-582: A distinct interest from the Germans. The Austroslav , František Palacký , presided over the event. Most of the delegates were Czech and Slovak. Palacký called for the co-operation of the Habsburgs and had also endorsed the Habsburg monarchy as the political formation most likely to protect the peoples of central Europe . When the Germans asked him to declare himself in favour of their desire for national unity, he replied that he would not as this would weaken

860-861: A fellow confederation . In the 20th century the German Nazi Party sought to create a Greater Germanic Reich that would include most of the Germanic peoples of Europe within it under the leadership of Germany, including peoples such as the Danes , the Dutch , the Swedes , the Norwegians , and the Flemish within it. Anti-German Scandinavism surged in Denmark in the 1930s and 1940s in response to

946-631: A heavy Polish accent. In the historical grand strategy games of Crusader Kings II and Europa Universalis IV , the player is able to unite Slavonic territories via political alliances and multi-ethnic kingdoms. The real-time strategy games Ancestors Legacy and the HD edition of Age of Empires II feature fictionalised versions of the early Slavs that incorporate and fuse elements from different Slavic nations. Pan-Germanism Pan-Germanism ( German : Pangermanismus or Alldeutsche Bewegung ), also occasionally known as Pan-Germanicism ,

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1032-644: A speech given in April 1943 to the officers of the 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler , the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich and the 3rd SS Division Totenkopf : We do not expect you to renounce your nation. [...] We do not expect you to become German out of opportunism. We do expect you to subordinate your national ideal to a greater racial and historical ideal, to the Germanic Reich. The defeat of Germany in World War II brought about

1118-691: A whole Slavonic people with purely Slavonic faces and of purely Slavonic character." After World War I the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , under Serbian royalty of the Karađorđević dynasty , united most Southern Slavic-speaking nations regardless of religion and cultural background. The only ones they did not unite with were the Bulgarians. Still, in the years after the Second World War , there were proposals to incorporate Bulgaria into

1204-709: Is a pan-nationalist political idea . Pan-Germanists originally sought to unify all the German-speaking people – and possibly also non-German Germanic-speaking peoples – in a single nation-state known as the Greater Germanic Reich ( German : Großgermanisches Reich ), fully styled the Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation ( German : Großgermanisches Reich der Deutschen Nation ). Pan-Germanism

1290-548: Is considered a modern form of Austro-Slavist and Neo-Slavist movements. Their origins date back to the middle of the 19th century, being first proposed by Czech liberal politician Karel Havlíček Borovský in 1846, when it was refined into a provisional political program by Czech politician František Palacký and completed by the first President of Czechoslovakia Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk in his work New Europe: Slavic Viewpoint . While Pan-Slavism remains popular in moderate and extremist political circles, its popularity subsided in

1376-487: Is mainly limited to a few nationalist groups, mainly on the political far right in Germany and Austria. The word pan is a Greek word element meaning "all, every, whole, all-inclusive". The word "German" in this context derives from Latin "Germani" originally used by Julius Caesar referring to tribes or a single tribe in northeastern Gaul . In the Late Middle Ages , it acquired a loose meaning referring to

1462-620: The Alldeutsche Bewegung , a political movement which sought to unite all German speaking people in one country, whereas "Pangermanismus" can refer to both the pursuit of uniting all the German-speaking people and movements which sought to unify all speakers of Germanic languages. The origins of Pan-Germanism began with the birth of Romantic nationalism during the Napoleonic Wars , with Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and Ernst Moritz Arndt being early proponents. Germans , for

1548-661: The Austrian Empire . Pan-Germanism was widespread among the revolutionaries of 1848 , notably among Richard Wagner and the Brothers Grimm . Writers such as Friedrich List and Paul Anton Lagarde argued for German hegemony in Central and Eastern Europe, where German domination in some areas had begun as early as the 9th century AD with the Ostsiedlung , Germanic expansion into Slavic and Baltic lands. For

1634-856: The Austro-Hungarian Empire . There was also a rejection of Roman Catholicism with the Away from Rome! movement (ca 1900 onwards) calling for German-speakers to identify with Lutheran or Old Catholic churches. The Pan-German Movement gained an institutional format in 1891, when Ernst Hasse , a professor at the University of Leipzig and a member of the Reichstag , organized the Pan-German League , an ultra-nationalist political-interest organization which promoted imperialism , antisemitism , and support for ethnic German minorities in other countries. The organization achieved great support among

1720-501: The Austrofascist Federal State of Austria which imposed a distinct Austrian national identity and in accordance said that Austrians were "better Germans." Kurt Schuschnigg adopted a policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany and called Austria the "better German state", but he still struggled to keep Austria independent. With " Anschluss " of Austria in 1938, the historic aim of Austria's German nationalists

1806-765: The Belt ", i.e. as including East Prussia and South Tyrol . Reflecting upon the First Schleswig War in 1848, Karl Marx noted in 1853 that "by quarrelling amongst themselves, instead of confederating, Germans and Scandinavians, both of them belonging to the same great race, only prepare the way for their hereditary enemy, the Slav ." Defunct Defunct There is, in political geography, no Germany proper to speak of. There are Kingdoms and Grand Duchies, and Duchies and Principalities, inhabited by Germans, and each separately ruled by an independent sovereign with all

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1892-582: The European Union . The concept seeks to resist strong multicultural tendencies from Western Europe , the dominant position of Germany , opposes Slavophilia , and typically encourages democracy and democratic values. Many Euroslavists believe it is possible to unite Slavic communities without exclusion of Russia from the European cultural area , but are also opposed to Russophilia and concepts of Slavs under Russian domination and irredentism . It

1978-739: The German entry into World War I , Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg authorized the Septemberprogramm proposing that the German Empire use the First World War to seek territorial annexations similar to the ones demanded by pan-German nationalists. The West German historian Fritz Fischer argued in his 1962 thesis Germany's Aims in the First World War that this and other documents indicated that Germany

2064-620: The Low Countries , and Scandinavia . Although Bismarck had excluded Austria and the German Austrians from his creation of the Kleindeutschland state in 1871, integrating the German Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of both Austria and Germany. The most radical Austrian pan-German Georg Schönerer (1842–1921) and Karl Hermann Wolf (1862–1941) articulated Pan-Germanist sentiments in

2150-467: The North Germanic -speaking Scandinavians into a Pan-German state, sometimes referred to as Pan-Germanicism , was promoted alongside mainstream pan-German ideas. Jacob Grimm adopted Munch's anti-Danish Pan-Germanism and argued that the entire peninsula of Jutland had been populated by Germans before the arrival of the Danes and that thus it could justifiably be reclaimed by Germany, whereas

2236-568: The Norwegian independence movement . Prominent supporters included Peter Andreas Munch , Christopher Bruun , Knut Hamsun , Henrik Ibsen and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson . Bjørnson, who wrote the lyrics for the Norwegian national anthem , proclaimed in 1901: I'm a Pan-Germanist, I'm a Teuton , and the greatest dream of my life is for the South Germanic peoples and the North Germanic peoples and their brothers in diaspora to unite in

2322-434: The Pan-German League , had adopted openly ethnocentric and racist ideologies, and ultimately gave rise to the foreign policy Heim ins Reich pursued by Nazi Germany under Austrian-born Adolf Hitler from 1938, one of the primary factors leading to the outbreak of World War II . As a result of the Second World War, there was a clear backlash against Pan-Germanism and other related ideologies. Today, pan-Germanism

2408-600: The Pan-German Society demanded the annexation of all German-speaking territories under the rule of the Habsburg monarchy to the German Empire, and fervently rejected Austrian nationalism and a pan-Austrian identity. Schönerer's völkisch and racist German nationalism was an inspiration to Adolf Hitler 's Nazi ideology . In 1933, Austrian Nazis and the national-liberal Greater German People's Party formed an action group, fighting together against

2494-744: The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas , in which the liberal nationalistic revolutionaries advocated the Greater German solution, the Austrian defeat in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) with the effect that Austria was now excluded from Germany, and increasing ethnic conflicts in the multinational Habsburg monarchy , a German national movement evolved in Austria. Led by the radical German nationalist and Austrian antisemite Georg Ritter von Schönerer , organisations such as

2580-512: The Russian Empire would be excluded from such an entity. After Poland regained its independence (from Germany, Austria and Russia) in 1918, no internal faction considered Pan-Slavism as a serious alternative, viewing Pan-Slavism as Russification . During Poland's communist era, the USSR used Pan-Slavism as a propaganda tool to justify its control over the country. The issue of Pan-Slavism

2666-654: The Russian National Unity party advocate for a Russian-dominated 'Slavic Union'. The authentic idea of the unity of the Slavic people was all but gone after World War I when the maxim " Versailles and Trianon have put an end to all Slavisms". During the Cold War , all Slavic peoples were in union under the dominance of the USSR, but pan-Slavism was rejected as reactionary to Communist ideals, and this unity

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2752-809: The Southern Slavic drive towards independence. Commonly used symbols of the Pan-Slavic movement were the Pan-Slavic colours (blue, white and red) and the Pan-Slavic anthem, Hey, Slavs . The first pan-Slavists were the 16th-century Croatian writer Vinko Pribojević , the Dalmatian Aleksandar Komulović (1548–1608), the Croat Bartol Kašić (1575–1650), the Ragusan Ivan Gundulić (1589–1638) and

2838-542: The areas annexed into the Großdeutsche Reich ), the Netherlands , Belgium , areas in north-eastern France considered to be historically and ethnically Germanic, Denmark , Norway , Sweden , Iceland , at least the German-speaking parts of Switzerland , and Liechtenstein . The most notable exception was the predominantly Anglo-Saxon United Kingdom, which was not projected as having to be reduced to

2924-482: The reconstitution of their existing country —particularly since France was a mutual enemy of Austria, Prussia, and also Russia. Russia's Pan-Slavic rhetoric had alarmed the Poles. Pan-Slavism was not fully embraced among Poles after the early period. Poland did nevertheless express solidarity with those of its fellow Slavic nations that had suffered oppression and were seeking independence. While Pan-Slavism as an ideology

3010-502: The 2014 turn-based strategy 4X game Civilization: Beyond Earth there is a playable faction called the Slavic Federation – a science fiction vision of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, reformed into a powerful unified state with a focus on aerospace, technological research, and terrestrial engineering. Its leader, a former cosmonaut named Vadim Kozlov voiced by Mateusz Pawluczuk, speaks a mixture of Russian and Ukrainian with

3096-683: The Austrian Empire called "Slovenský kraj" which would be eventually led by a Serbian prince. This act of ignorance from the Emperor convinced the Slovak and the Czech elite who proclaimed the concept of Austroslavism as dead. Disgusted by the Emperor's policy, in 1849, Ľudovít Štúr, the person who codified the first largely used Slovak language , wrote a book he would name Slavdom and the World of

3182-635: The Austrians, but not sufficiently. The shortage of manpower proved to be decisive as well. During the war, the Slovak National Council brought its demands to the young Austrian Emperor, Franz Joseph I , who seemed to take a note of it and promised support for the Slovaks against the revolutionary radical Hungarians. However the moment the revolution was over, Slovak demands were forgotten. These demands included an autonomous land within

3268-402: The Croatian Catholic missionary Juraj Križanić ( c.  1618 – 1683). Scholars such as Tomasz Kamusella have attributed early manifestations of Pan-Slavic thought within the Habsburg monarchy to the Slovaks Adam Franz Kollár (1718–1783) and Pavel Jozef Šafárik (1795–1861). The Pan-Slavism movement grew rapidly following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. In the aftermath of

3354-562: The First World War, with vast portions of eastern Germany directly annexed by the Soviet Union and Poland . The scale of the Germans' defeat was unprecedented; Pan-Germanism became taboo because it had been tied to racist concepts of the " master race " and Nordicism by the Nazi party . However, the reunification of Germany in 1990 revived the old debates. 18th century and before 19th century 20th century Notes Further reading Austria-hungary#Ethnic relations Too Many Requests If you report this error to

3440-405: The Future . This book served as a manifesto where he noted that Austroslavism was not the way to go anymore. He also wrote a sentence that often serves as a quote until this day: "Every nation has its time under God's sun, and the linden [a symbol of the Slavs] is blossoming, while the oak [a symbol of the Teutons] bloomed long ago." He expressed confidence in the Russian Empire however, as it

3526-419: The German Austrians from Germany in the German war of 1866 and (following a few other events over the next few years), the unification of Germany , established the Prussian-dominated German Empire in 1871 with the proclamation of Wilhelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states , while disregarding millions of its non-German subjects who desired self-determination from German rule. After World War I

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3612-411: The Germanic Reich of the German Nation would be racist and nationalist . Rather than a return to the values of the Middle Ages, its establishment was to be " a push forward to a new golden age , in which the best aspects of the past would be combined with modern racist and nationalist thinking". The historical borders of the Holy Roman Empire were also used as grounds for territorial revisionism by

3698-421: The Habsburg state: “Truly, if it were not that Austria had long existed, it would be necessary, in the interest of Europe , in the interest of humanity itself, to create it.” The Pan-Slav congress met during the revolutionary turmoil of 1848. Young inhabitants of Prague had taken to the streets and in the confrontation, a stray bullet had killed the wife of Field Marshal Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz ,

3784-408: The NSDAP, laying claim to modern territories and states that were once part of it. Even before the war, Hitler had dreamed of reversing the Peace of Westphalia , which had given the territories of the Empire almost complete sovereignty. On November 17, 1939, Reich Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels wrote in his diary that the "total liquidation" of this historic treaty was the "great goal" of

3870-437: The Nazi regime, and that since it had been signed in Münster , it would also be officially repealed in the same city. Final solution Parties The Heim ins Reich ("Back Home to the Reich") initiative was a policy pursued by the Nazis which attempted to convince the ethnic Germans living outside of Nazi Germany (such as in Austria and Sudetenland ) that they should strive to bring these regions "home" into

3956-408: The Pan-Germanist philosophy changed drastically during Adolf Hitler's rise to power . Pan-Germanists originally sought to unify all the German-speaking populations of Europe in a single nation-state known as Großdeutschland (Greater Germany), where "German-speaking" was sometimes taken as synonymous with Germanic-speaking , to the inclusion of the Frisian - and Dutch -speaking populations of

4042-405: The Pan-Germanists, this movement was seen as a Drang nach Osten , in which Germans would be naturally inclined to seek Lebensraum by moving eastwards to reunite with the German minorities there. The Deutschlandlied ("Song of Germany"), written in 1841 by Hoffmann von Fallersleben , in its first stanza defines Deutschland as reaching "From the Meuse to the Memel / From the Adige to

4128-412: The Slav proportion of the population (Poles, Ruthenians, Ukrainians, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Serbs, Bosniaks and Croats) together formed a substantial—if not the largest—ethnic grouping. The First Pan-Slav congress was held in Prague , Bohemia , in June 1848, during the revolutionary movement of 1848 . The Czechs had refused to send representatives to the Frankfurt Assembly feeling that Slavs had

4214-401: The autonomous Kingdom of Dalmatia , and in Bosnia and Herzegovina , under direct control from Vienna. Owing to a different position within Austria-Hungary, several different goals were prominent among the Southern Slavs of Austria-Hungary. A strong alternative to Pan-Slavism was Austroslavism , especially among the Croats and Slovenes. Because the Serbs were dispersed among several regions, and

4300-432: The basic pan-German visions with the Pan-German League , but differences in political style led the two groups to open rivalry. The German Workers Party of Bohemia cut its ties to the pan-German movement, which was seen as being too dominated by the upper classes, and joined forces with the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler , which later became the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party, NSDAP) that

4386-399: The commander of the Austrian forces in Prague. Enraged, Windischgrätz seized the city, disbanded the congress, and established martial law throughout Bohemia. The first Pan-Slavic convention was held in Prague on June 2 through 16, 1848. The delegates at the Congress were specifically both anti-Austrian and anti-Russian . Still "the Right"—the moderately liberal wing of the Congress—under

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4472-509: The countries with Slavic origins. The political parties which include Pan-Slavism as part of their program usually live on the fringe of the political spectrum, or are part of controlled and systemic opposition in Belarus , Russia and occupied territories , as part of an irredentist pan-slavist campaign by Russia . A political concept of Euro-Slavism evolved from the idea that European integration will solve issues of Slavic peoples and promote peace, unity and cooperation on equal terms within

4558-427: The country become a socialist republic, with the motto of " Brotherhood and Unity " between its various Slavic peoples. With the exception of Russia, the Polish nation has the distinction among other Slavic peoples of having enjoyed independence as a part of various entities for several centuries prior to the advent of Pan-Slavism. After 1795, Revolutionary and Napoleonic France had influenced many Poles who sought

4644-451: The decline of Pan-Germanism, much as World War I had led to the demise of Pan-Slavism . Parts of Germany itself were devastated, and the country was divided, firstly into Soviet, French, American, and British zones and then into West Germany and East Germany . Austria was separated from Germany and the German identity in Austria was also weakened. The end of World War II in Europe brought even larger territorial losses for Germany than

4730-414: The educated middle and upper class; it promoted German nationalist consciousness, especially among ethnic Germans outside Germany . In his three-volume work, "Deutsche Politik" (1905–07), Hasse called for German imperialist expansion in Europe. The Munich professor Karl Haushofer , Ewald Banse , and Hans Grimm (author of the novel Volk ohne Raum ) preached similar expansionist policies. During

4816-478: The fact that they had ties to the independent nation state of Kingdom of Serbia , they were among the strongest supporters of independence of South-Slavs from Austria-Hungary and uniting into a common state under Serbian monarchy. When in 1863 the Association of Serbian Philology commemorated the death of Cyril a thousand years earlier, its president Dimitrije Matić talked of the creation of an "ethnically pure" Slavonic people, "With God’s help, there should be

4902-445: The followers of Ľudovít Štúr . As the Slovak nobility was Magyarized and most Slovaks were merely farmers or priests, this movement failed to attract much attention. Nonetheless, the campaign was successful as brotherly cooperation between the Croats and the Slovaks brought its fruit throughout the war. Most of the battles between Slovaks and Hungarians however, did not turn out in favor for the Slovaks who were logistically supported by

4988-421: The initiative of the Russian Empire. Pan-Slavism has some supporters among Czech and Slovak politicians, especially among the nationalistic and far-right ones, such as People's Party – Our Slovakia. During World War I , captured Slavic soldiers were asked to fight against "oppression in the Austrian Empire". Consequently, some did. (see Czechoslovak Legions ) The creation of an independent Czechoslovakia made

5074-411: The land south of the Lechs. However, the Russian Empire often claimed Pan-Slavism as a justification for its aggressive moves in the Balkan Peninsula of Europe against the Ottoman Empire, which conquered and held the land of Slavs for centuries. This eventually led to the Balkan campaign of the Russian Empire, which resulted in the entire Balkan being liberated from the Ottoman Empire, with the help and

5160-423: The leadership of František Palacký (1798–1876), a Czech historian and politician, and Pavol Jozef Šafárik (1795–1861), a Slovak philologist, historian and archaeologist, favored autonomy of the Slav lands within the framework of Austrian (Habsburg) monarchy. In contrast "the Left"—the radical wing of the Congress—under the leadership of Karel Sabina (1813–1877), a Czech writer and journalist, Josef Václav Frič ,

5246-446: The legacy of this medieval empire in German history were both celebrated and derided by the Nazi government . Hitler admired the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne for his "cultural creativity", his powers of organization, and his renunciation of the rights of the individual . He criticized the Holy Roman Emperors however for not pursuing an Ostpolitik ( Eastern Policy ) resembling his own, while being politically focused exclusively on

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5332-415: The machinery of State. Yet there is a natural undercurrent tending to a national feeling and toward a union of the Germans into one great nation, ruled by one common head as a national unit. By the 1860s Prussia and Austria had become the two most powerful states dominated by German-speaking elites. Both sought to expand their influence and territory. The Austrian Empire—like the Holy Roman Empire —was

5418-405: The most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation , when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states following the end of the Thirty Years' War with the Peace of Westphalia . Advocates of the Großdeutschland (Greater Germany) solution sought to unite all the German-speaking people in Europe , under the leadership of the German Austrians from

5504-456: The name "German Austria" was forbidden by the Treaty of St. Germain and the name had to be changed back to Austria. It was in the Weimar Republic that the Austrian-born Adolf Hitler , under the influence of the stab-in-the-back myth , first took up German nationalist ideas in his Mein Kampf . Hitler met Heinrich Class in 1918, and Class provided Hitler with support for the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch . Hitler and his supporters shared most of

5590-399: The old ideals of Pan-Slavism anachronistic. Relations with other Slavic states varied, sometimes being so tense it escalated into an armed conflict, such as with the Second Polish Republic where border clashes over Silesia resulted in a short hostile conflict, the Polish–Czechoslovak War . Even tensions between Czechs and Slovaks had appeared before and during World War II. Pan-Slavism in

5676-437: The pan-Germanic ambitions of Nazi Germany. World War I became the first attempt to carry out the Pan-German ideology in practice, and the Pan-German movement argued forcefully for expansionist imperialism. Following the defeat in World War I , the influence of German-speaking elites over Central and Eastern Europe was greatly limited. At the Treaty of Versailles , Germany was substantially reduced in size. Alsace-Lorraine

5762-415: The population could be not only Russified , but also converted into the rite of Orthodoxy , religion originally spread by Cyril and Methodius during the times of Great Moravia , which served as an opposition to the Catholic missionaries from the Franks . After the Hungarian invasion of Pannonia , Hungarians converted into Catholicism , which effectively influenced the Slavs living in Pannonia and in

5848-418: The proposition for a Greater Germanic Empire gave way to a concept of a European union of self-governing states, unified by German hegemony and the common enemy of Bolshevism . The Waffen-SS was to be the eventual nucleus of a common European army where each state would be represented by a national contingent. Himmler himself, however, gave no concession to these views, and held on to his Pan-Germanic vision in

5934-458: The protest of farmers in multiple European countries. Similarities of Slavic languages inspired many to create zonal auxiliary Pan-Slavic languages for all Slavic people to communicate with one another. Several such languages were constructed in the past, but many more were created in the Internet Age . The most prominent modern example is Interslavic . Pan-Slavic countries, organisations, and alliances appear in various works of fiction. In

6020-459: The public. After the failure of Yugoslavism and Czechoslovakism , nationalism in Slavic nations now focus on self-definition and non-ethnic relations (like Hungary and Poland ). The Russo-Ukrainian War had a divisive role, and pro-Russian sentiment became less popular. Tensions also rose on the Ukrainian side, and for economic reasons Ukrainian grain exports had to be banned for a time in multiple Slavic countries such as Poland and Slovakia, after

6106-436: The regalia was thus done to both legitimize Hitler's Germany as the successor of the "Old Reich", but also weaken Vienna, the former imperial residence. After the 1939 German occupation of Bohemia , Hitler declared that the Holy Roman Empire had been "resurrected", although he secretly maintained his own empire to be better than the old "Roman" one. Unlike the "uncomfortably internationalist Catholic empire of Barbarossa ",

6192-416: The rest of Denmark should be incorporated into Sweden . This line of thinking was countered by Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae , an archaeologist who had excavated parts of Danevirke , who argued that there was no way of knowing the language of the earliest inhabitants of Danish territory. He also pointed out that Germany had more solid historical claims to large parts of France and England, and that Slavs —by

6278-467: The same reasoning—could annex parts of Eastern Germany . Regardless of the strength of Worsaae's arguments, pan-Germanism spurred on the German nationalists of Schleswig and Holstein and led to the First Schleswig War in 1848. In turn, this likely contributed to the fact that Pan-Germanism never caught on in Denmark as much as it did in Norway. Pan-Germanic tendencies were particularly widespread among

6364-757: The south . After the Anschluss , Hitler ordered the old imperial regalia (the Imperial Crown , Imperial Sword , the Holy Lance and other items) residing in Vienna to be transferred to Nuremberg , where they were kept between 1424 and 1796. Nuremberg, in addition to being the former unofficial capital of the Holy Roman Empire, was also the place of the Nuremberg rallies . The transfer of

6450-570: The south, largely advocated by Serbs , would often turn to Russia for support. The Southern Slavic movement advocated the independence of the Slavic peoples in the Austro-Hungarian Empire , Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire . Most Serbian intellectuals sought to unite all of the Southern, Balkan Slavs, whether Catholic ( Croats , Slovenes ), Muslim ( Bosniaks , Pomaks ), or Orthodox ( Serbs , Macedonians , Bulgarians ) as

6536-417: The speakers of Germanic languages some of whom spoke dialects ancestral to modern German . In English, "Pan-German" was first attested in 1892. In German various concepts can be included under the heading of Pan-Germanism, though often with slight or significant differences in meaning. For example adjectives such as "alldeutsch" or "gesamtdeutsch", which can be translated as "pan-german", typically refer to

6622-473: The wars, the leaders of Europe sought to restore the pre-war status quo . At the Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815, Austria's representative, Prince von Metternich , detected a threat to this status quo in the Austrian Empire through nationalists' demands for independence from the empire. While Vienna's subjects included numerous ethnic groups (such as Germans, Italians , Romanians , Hungarians , etc.),

6708-483: Was achieved. After the end of Nazi Germany and the events of World War II in 1945, the ideas of pan-Germanism and an Anschluss fell out of favour due to their association with Nazism and allowed Austrians to develop their own national identity. Nevertheless, such notions were revived with the German national camp in the Federation of Independents and the early Freedom Party of Austria . The idea of including

6794-496: Was also influenced by the Francization after it returned to France. Austria-Hungary was split up. A rump Austria, which to a certain extent corresponded to the German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary (a complete split into language groups was impossible due to multi-lingual areas and language-exclaves) adopted the name " German Austria " (German: Deutschösterreich ) in hope for union with Germany . Union with Germany and

6880-438: Was highly influential in German politics in the 19th century during the unification of Germany when the German Empire was proclaimed as a nation-state in 1871 but without Habsburg Austria , Luxembourg and Liechtenstein (Kleindeutsche Lösung/Lesser Germany) and the first half of the 20th century in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the German Empire. From the late 19th century, many Pan-Germanist thinkers, since 1891 organized in

6966-591: Was inimical to Austro-Hungarian interests, Poles instead embraced the wide autonomy within the state and assumed a loyalist position towards the Habsburgs. Within the Austro-Hungarian polity, they were able to develop their national culture and preserve the Polish language , both of which were under threat in both German and Russian Empires. A Pan-Slavic federation was proposed, but on the condition that

7052-506: Was largely put to rest with the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in the late 1980s, leading to the breakup of federal states such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia . Varying relations between the Slavic countries exist nowadays; they range from mutual respect on equal footing and sympathy towards one another through traditional dislike and enmity, to indifference. No forms, other than culture and heritage oriented organizations, are currently considered forms of rapprochement among

7138-650: Was not part of current mainstream politics and is widely seen as an ideology of Russian imperialism . During the time of the Soviet Union , Bolshevik teachings viewed Pan-Slavism as a reactionary element associated to the Russian Empire . As a result, Bolsheviks viewed it as contrary to their Marxist ideology. Pan-Slavists even faced persecution during the Stalinist repressions in the Soviet Union (see Slavists case ). Nowadays, ultranationalist parties like

7224-553: Was responsible for World War I and intended to fulfill pan-German aims, although other historians have since disputed this conclusion. After Naval Minister Alfred von Tirpitz resigned from the Cabinet under pressure from Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg over Tirpitz's push to introduce unrestricted submarine warfare , Tirpitz united pan-German nationalists under the German Fatherland Party in the Reichstag . After

7310-456: Was the only country of Slavs that was not dominated by anybody else, yet it was one of the most powerful nations in the world. He often symbolized Slavs as being a tree, with "minor" Slavic nations being branches while the trunk of the tree was Russian. His Pan-Slavic views were unleashed in this book, where he stated that the land of Slovaks should be annexed by the Tsar's empire and that eventually,

7396-916: Was to be headed by Adolf Hitler from 1921. Nazi propaganda also used the political slogan Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer ("One people, one Reich, one leader"), to enforce pan-German sentiment in Austria for an " Anschluss ". The chosen name for the projected empire was a deliberate reference to the Holy Roman Empire (of the German Nation) that existed in the Middle Ages , known as the First Reich in Nazi historiography. Different aspects of

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