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16-901: In addition to the 12 official languages of South Africa, PanSALB also strives to create conditions for the use and development of all languages used by communities in the country including the Khoe , San , and Nama . PanSALB structures include: the Provincial Language Committees (PLCs), the National Language Bodies (NLBs), and the National Lexicography Units (NLUs). [1] In 2023, a collaborative project began between PanSALB, SADiLaR (the South African Centre for Digital Language Resources), and Wikimedia ZA to advance

32-469: A branch of a Khoisan language family, and were known as Central Khoisan in that scenario. Though Khoisan is now rejected as a family, the name is retained as a term of convenience. The most numerous and only well-known Khoi language is Khoikhoi (Nama/Damara) of Namibia . The rest of the family is found predominantly in the Kalahari Desert of Botswana . The languages are similar enough that

48-538: A decade. Along with the Tuu languages and Khoe languages , they are one of three language families indigenous to southern Africa, which are typologically similar due to areal effects. ǂʼAmkoe had previously been lumped in with the Tuu languages, perhaps over confusion with the dialect name ǂHȍȁn, but the only thing they have in common are typological features such as their bilabial clicks . Honken & Heine (2010) coined

64-567: A fair degree of communication is possible between Khoikhoi and the languages of Botswana. The Khoi languages were the first Khoisan languages known to European colonists and are famous for their clicks , though these are not as extensive as in other Khoisan language families. There are two primary branches of the family, Khoikhoi of Namibia and South Africa , and Tshu–Khwe of Botswana and Zimbabwe . Except for Nama, they are under pressure from national or regional languages such as Tswana . Tom Güldemann believes agro-pastoralist people speaking

80-629: Is a level of subjectivity involved in separating them. Counting each dialect cluster as a unit results in nine Khoe languages: Khoekhoe Eini Khoemana (Korana, Griqua) Shua Tsoa ? Tsʼixa Kxoe Naro ? ǂHaba (closest to Naro?) Gǁana Dozens of names are associated with the Tshu–Khwe languages, especially with the Eastern cluster. These may be place, clan or totem names, often without any linguistically identifiable data. Examples include Masasi, Badza, Didi, and Dzhiki . It

96-510: Is not presently possible to say which languages correspond to which names mentioned in the anthropological literature, though the majority will likely turn out to be Shua or Tshua. In most of the Eastern Kalahari Khoe languages, the alveolar and palatal clicks have been lost, or are in the process of being lost. For example, the northern dialect of Kua has lost palatal clicks, but the southern dialect retains them. In Tsʼixa ,

112-656: The Khoe–Kwadi proto-language entered modern-day Botswana about 2000 years ago from the northeast (that is, from the direction of the modern Sandawe ), where they had likely acquired agriculture from the expanding Bantu , at a time when the Kalahari was more amenable to agriculture. The ancestors of the Kwadi (and perhaps the Damara ) continued west, whereas those who settled in the Kalahari absorbed speakers of Juu languages . Thus,

128-568: The Damara and Haiǁom took place in the 16th century and later, at about the time of European contact and colonization. The nearest relative of the Khoe family may be the extinct Kwadi language of Angola . This larger group, for which pronouns and some basic vocabulary have been reconstructed, is called Khoe–Kwadi . However, because Kwadi is poorly attested, it is difficult to tell which common words are cognate and which might be loans. Beyond that,

144-604: The Kalahari peoples from absorption by the agricultural Bantu when they spread south. Those Khoe who continued southwestwards retained pastoralism and became the Khoekhoe . They mixed extensively with speakers of Tuu languages , absorbing features of their languages. This has resulted in Tuu and Kx'a substrata in the Khoekhoe languages. The expansion of the Nama people into Namibia and their absorption of client peoples such as

160-471: The Khoe family proper has a Juu influence. These immigrants were ancestral to the north-eastern Kalahari peoples (Eastern Tshu–Khwe branch linguistically), whereas Juu neighbours (or perhaps Kxʼa neighbours more generally) to the southwest who shifted to Khoe were ancestral to the Western Tshu–Khwe branch. Later desiccation of the Kalahari led to the adoption of a hunter-gatherer economy and preserved

176-666: The bilabial clicks of ǂʼAmkoe. They postulate that the ancestral bilabial clicks became dental in ǃKung. However, Starostin (2003) argues that the bilabial clicks are a secondary development in ǂʼAmkoe. He cites the ǂʼAmkoe words for 'one' and 'two', /ŋ͡ʘũ/ and /ʘoa/ , where no other Khoisan language has a labial consonant of any kind in its words for these numerals. Sands (2014) notes that ǂʼAmkoe bilabial clicks correspond to all clicks places in ǃKung except for palatal. She postulates that these reflect labialized clicks in Proto-Kxʼa: *ǀʷ *ǃʷ *‼ʷ *ǁʷ . These became bilabial in ǂʼAmkoe, while

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192-405: The change has created doublets with palatal clicks vs palatal plosives. Kx%27a languages The Kxʼa ( / ˈ k ɑː / KAH ) languages, also called Ju–ǂHoan ( / ˌ dʒ uː ˈ h oʊ æ n / joo- HOH -an ), is a language family established in 2010 linking the ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan) language with the ǃKung (Juu) dialect cluster, a relationship that had been suspected for

208-494: The entire board of PanSALB, after a report that between 2014 and 2015, the board's administrative expenditure had increased from 8 million to 11 million ZAR , while the expenditure on its mandate dropped to 17 million from 23 million ZAR, while its irregular expenditure was 28 million. Khoe languages The Khoe ( / ˈ k w eɪ / KWAY ) languages are the largest of the non- Bantu language families indigenous to Southern Africa. They were once considered to be

224-610: The nearest relative may be the Sandawe isolate; the Sandawe pronoun system is very similar to that of Khoe–Kwadi, but there are not enough known correlations for regular sound correspondences to be worked out. However, the relationship has some predictive value, for example if the back-vowel constraint , which operates in the Khoe languages but not in Sandawe, is taken into account. Language classifications may list one or two dozen Khoe languages. Because many are dialect clusters , there

240-553: The term Kxʼa for the family as a replacement for the rather inaccessible compound Ju–ǂHoan (easily confused with the Juǀʼhoan language), after the word [kxʼà] 'earth, ground', which is shared by the two branches of the family, though also by neighboring languages such as Kwadi . Honken & Heine (2010) reconstruct six places of click articulation for Proto-Kxʼa: the five coronal places that occur in Central ǃKung, plus

256-427: The use of vernacular language on Misplaced Pages as well as the presence of indigenous South African languages in cyberspace. The project is abbreviated as SWiP: combining the names of SADiLAR, Misplaced Pages, and PanSALB. Participants are introduced to Misplaced Pages and attend authorship training on how to add content, citations, and photographs. In January 2016, South African Minister of Arts and Culture , Nathi Mthethwa dissolved

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