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42-465: The district is located on the eastern end of the state. It is bordered by Dahod district to the north-east & east, Vadodara district to the southwest and Chhota Udaipur district to southeast, Kheda district to the west and Mahisagar district to the north. Panch-mahal is a Hindustani or Gujarati word derived from Panch ("five") and Mahal which adopted from its original usage in Arabic for

84-411: A literacy rate of 72.32%. The divided district has a population of 1,642,268, of which 278,408 (16.95%) lived in urban areas. The divided district had a sex ratio of 948 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 66,529 (4.05%) and 374,413 (22.80%) of the population respectively. Hindus are 1,507,636 while Muslims are 125,235. Languages of Panchmahal district (2011) At

126-443: A dark green, sometimes with a reddish tinge, as they mature. The leaves of some other varieties are green practically from the beginning, whereas in yet others a pigment masks the green color of all the chlorophyll -bearing parts, leaves, stems and young fruit, so that they remain a dramatic purple-to-reddish-brown throughout the life of the plant. Plants with the dark leaves can be found growing next to those with green leaves, so there

168-590: A decoction of them in wine, with polenta and saffron , is good for inflammations of various kinds. Boiled by themselves, and applied to the face for three successive days, they improve the complexion." In Haiti it is called maskreti , where the plant is turned into a red oil that is then given to newborns as a purgative to cleanse the insides of their first stools. Castor seed and its oil have also been used in China for centuries, mainly prescribed in local medicine for internal use or use in dressings. Castor oil

210-476: A height of 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft) in a year. In areas prone to frost it is usually shorter, and grown as if it were an annual . However, it can grow well outdoors in cooler climates, at least in southern England, and the leaves do not appear to suffer frost damage in sheltered spots, where it remains evergreen. It was used in Edwardian times in the parks of Toronto, Canada. Although not cultivated there,

252-498: A laxative, purgative , and cathartic in Unani , Ayurvedic , siddha and other ethnomedical systems. Traditional Ayurvedic and siddha medicine considers castor oil the king of medicinals for curing arthritic diseases . It is regularly given to children to treat infections with parasitic worms. The ancient Romans had a variety of medicinal/cosmetic uses for both the seeds and the leaves of Ricinus communis . The naturalist Pliny

294-603: A place or type of building, later adopted in Hindi to refer to a province, district or its division, an estate etc. The district was originally called the Pavagadh Panch Mahals, because it consisted of five mahals administered from Pavagadh: Godhra , Kalol , Halol , Dahod , and Jhalod . The history of the Panchmahals district revolves around the city of Champaner and the nearby Pavagadh Hill . Champaner

336-472: A range of cultivars for leaf and flower colours, and for oil production. It is a fast-growing, suckering shrub that can reach the size of a small tree, around 12 metres (39 feet), but it is not cold hardy . The glossy leaves are 15–45 centimetres (6–18 inches) long, long-stalked, alternate and palmate with five to twelve deep lobes with coarsely toothed segments. In some varieties they start off dark reddish purple or bronze when young, gradually changing to

378-462: A replacement for castoreum , a perfume base made from the dried perineal glands of the beaver ( castor in Latin). It has another common name, palm of Christ , or Palma Christi , that derives from castor oil's reputed ability to heal wounds and cure ailments. Ricinus communis is the host plant of the common castor butterfly ( Ariadne merione ), the eri silkmoth ( Samia cynthia ricini ), and

420-414: A suitable climate, castor establishes itself easily where it can become an invasive plant and can often be found on wasteland. It is also used extensively as a decorative plant in parks and other public areas, particularly as a "dot plant" in traditional bedding schemes . If sown early, under glass, and kept at a temperature of around 20 °C (68 °F) until planted out, the castor oil plant can reach

462-445: A yellow nodule full of fats one end of the seed that are nutritious for young ants. After hauling their harvest into their nests and pulling off the delicious part, ants discard the rest of the seed into their trash pile, where the future plant starts to grow. Although Ricinus communis is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin , Eastern Africa , and India, today it is widespread throughout tropical regions. In areas with

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504-527: Is around two million tons per year. Leading producing areas are India (with over three-quarters of the global yield), China and Mozambique, and it is widely grown as a crop in Ethiopia. There are several active breeding programmes. Other modern uses of natural, blended, or chemically altered castor products include: Castor seeds have been found in Egyptian tombs dating back to 4000 BC; the slow-burning oil

546-496: Is considered to be four to eight seeds, reports of actual poisoning are relatively rare. According to the Guinness World Records , this is the world's most poisonous common plant. If ricin is ingested, symptoms commonly begin within two to four hours, but may be delayed by up to 36 hours. These include a burning sensation in mouth and throat, abdominal pain, purging and bloody diarrhea. Within several days there

588-534: Is most likely only a single gene controlling the production of the pigment in some varieties. The stems and the spherical, spiny seed capsules also vary in pigmentation. The fruit capsules of some varieties are more showy than the flowers. The flowers lack petals and are unisexual (male and female) where both types are borne on the same plant ( monoecious ) in terminal panicle -like inflorescences of green or, in some varieties, shades of red. The male flowers are numerous, yellowish-green with prominent creamy stamens ;

630-586: Is rich in forestry resources. In 2011, 23.26% of the total land area of the Panchmahal district was covered by forest . 97.80% of the forested area in Panchmahal was classified as reserved forest . Common trees in the forests of Panchmahal include mahuda , teak , and khakhra . Since 1989, the Forest Department has planted new trees throughout the district in order to increase the total forest area and counter deforestation . Panchmahal district

672-399: Is severe dehydration, a drop in blood pressure and a decrease in urine. Unless treated, death can be expected to occur within 3–5 days; however, in most cases a full recovery can be made. Poisoning occurs when animals, including humans, ingest broken castor beans or break the seed by chewing: intact seeds may pass through the digestive tract without releasing the toxin. The toxin provides

714-500: Is the largest producer of quartz , trap , and quartzite in Gujarat, for use as road material. Manganese ore is also commercially mined in Panchmahal; quartz and manganese are the two largest mineral resources in the district, with total production of the two combined exceeding 400,000 tonnes in 2011. Panchmahal also has the most extensive graphite deposits in the state of Gujarat, and there are granite quarries in several parts of

756-536: Is the source of castor oil , which has a wide variety of uses. The seeds contain between 40% and 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides , mainly ricinolein . The seed also contains ricin , a highly potent water-soluble toxin , which is also present in lower concentrations throughout the plant . The plant known as "false castor oil plant", Fatsia japonica , is not closely related. Ricinus communis can vary greatly in its growth habit and appearance. The variability has been increased by breeders who have selected

798-551: The 2011 census , Panchmahal district has a population of 2,390,776, roughly equal to the nation of Latvia or the US state of New Mexico . This gives it a ranking of 187th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 458 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,190/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 17.92%. PanchMahal has a sex ratio of 945 females for every 1000 males, and

840-466: The Mirat-i Sikandari , writing in 1611, spoke high praise of the mangoes of the region, calling them the best in the kingdom, and said that sandalwood grew abundantly here and was used to build houses. Throughout the 1600s, the forests around Dahod and Champaner were used as hunting grounds for wild elephants . In October 1997, Dahod was split off as a new district with headquarters at

882-428: The castor bean or castor oil plant , is a species of perennial flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae . It is the sole species in the monotypic genus , Ricinus , and subtribe , Ricininae . The evolution of castor and its relation to other species are currently being studied using modern genetic tools. It reproduces with a mixed pollination system which favors selfing by geitonogamy but at

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924-469: The larvae of muga and endi silkworms . Castor oil is an effective motor lubricant and has been used in internal combustion engines , including those of World War I airplanes, some racing cars and some model airplanes . It has historically been popular for lubricating two-stroke engines due to high resistance to heat compared to petroleum-based oils. It does not mix well with petroleum products, particularly at low temperatures, but mixes better with

966-477: The Elder cited the poisonous qualities of the seeds, but mentioned that they could be used to form wicks for oil lamps (possibly if crushed together), and the oil for use as a laxative and lamp oil. He also recommends the use of the leaves as follows: "The leaves are applied topically with vinegar for erysipelas , and fresh-gathered, they are used by themselves for diseases of the mamillæ [breasts] and de- fluxions;

1008-626: The Italian poet and Fascist supporter, during the First World War . Extract of Ricinus communis exhibited acaricidal and insecticidal activities against the adult of Haemaphysalis bispinosa ( Acarina : Ixodidae ) and hematophagous fly Hippobosca maculata ( Diptera : Hippoboscidae ). Members of the Bodo tribe of Bodoland in Assam , India, use the leaves of the plant to feed

1050-460: The Panchmahal district in 2011, almost entirely in ponds and artificial tanks due to the lack of major year-round rivers in the area. Industry is concentrated in Godhra, Kalol, and Halol. The largest manufacturing categories in the district in 2011 included Rubber and Plastic Products, Basic Metal Industries, Machinery and Parts Except Electrical, and Mining and Quarrying . According to

1092-428: The castor oil plant with some degree of natural protection from insect pests such as aphids . Ricin has been investigated for its potential use as an insecticide . Commercially available cold-pressed castor oil is not toxic to humans in normal doses, whether internal or external. Castor oil and the plant's roots and leaves are used in the ancient Indian medicinal system of Ayurveda . Global castor seed production

1134-414: The castor semi-looper moth ( Achaea janata ). It is also used as a food plant by the larvae of some other species of Lepidoptera , including Hypercompe hambletoni and the nutmeg ( Discestra trifolii ). A jumping spider Evarcha culicivora has an association with R. communis . They consume the nectar for food and preferentially use these plants as a location for courtship. Each castor seed has

1176-468: The dispersal of the seed by ants (myrmecochory). Three terpenoids and a tocopherol -related compound have been found in the aerial parts of Ricinus . Compounds named (3 E ,7 Z ,11 E )-19-hydroxycasba-3,7,11-trien-5-one, 6α-hydroxy-10β-methoxy-7α,8α-epoxy-5-oxocasbane-20,10-olide, 15α-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-one, and (2 R ,4a R ,8a R )-3,4,4a,8a-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxy-2,6,7,8a-tetramethyl-2-(4,8, 12-trimethyltridecyl)-2 H -chromene-5,8-dione were isolated from

1218-469: The district. Agriculture is the main source of employment for the people of Panchmahal: 75.88% of the district's total working population was employed in agriculture in 2011, compared with 49.61% for the state as a whole. The main crops are rice , maize , tur , gram , castor , cotton , and wheat . Of these, the most widely cultivated are rice, maize, wheat, castor, and tur, in that order, owing to their relative profitability and ease of cultivation. In

1260-430: The female flowers, borne at the tips of the spikes, lie within the immature spiny capsules, are relatively few in number and have prominent red stigmas . The fruit is a spiny, greenish (to reddish-purple) capsule containing large, oval, shiny, bean-like, highly poisonous seeds with variable brownish mottling. Castor seeds have a warty appendage called the caruncle , which is a type of elaiosome . The caruncle promotes

1302-577: The hillier eastern parts of the district, gram is grown as a second crop, after rice and maize are harvested; its widespread cultivation is particularly characteristic of Panchmahal. The main livestock animals in Panchmahal are buffaloes , particularly of the Mehsani and Surati breeds, cattle , and goats . Many animals are kept for dairy products , and dairy farms have traditionally been an important source of employment for many rural families. Additionally, around 3,000 people were employed in fishing in

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1344-400: The lungs, triggering allergic reactions. The sap of the plant causes skin rashes. People who are allergic to the plant can also develop rashes from touching the leaves, flowers, or seeds. They can also have cross-allergic reactions to latex sap from the related Hevea brasiliensis plant. The toxicity of raw castor beans is due to the presence of ricin . Although the lethal dose in adults

1386-453: The methanol extracts of Ricinus communis by chromatographic methods. Partitioned h-hexane fraction of Ricinus root methanol extract resulted in enrichment of two triterpenes: lupeol and urs-6-ene-3,16-dione (erandone). Crude methanolic extract, enriched n-hexane fraction and isolates at doses 100 mg/kg p.o. exhibited significant (P < 0.001) anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema model. Carl Linnaeus used

1428-413: The methanol-based fuels used in glow model engines . In total-loss-lubrication applications, it tends to leave carbon deposits and varnish within the engine. It has been largely replaced by synthetic oils that are more stable and less toxic. Jewellery can be made of castor beans, particularly necklaces and bracelets. Holes must not be drilled into the castor beans as the shell protects the wearer from

1470-436: The name Ricinus because it is a Latin word for tick ; the seed is so named because it has markings and a bump at the end that resemble certain ticks. The genus Ricinus also exists in zoology, and designates insects (not ticks) which are parasites of birds; this is possible because the names of animals and plants are governed by different nomenclature codes . The common name "castor oil" probably comes from its use as

1512-624: The plant grows wild in the US, notably Griffith Park in Los Angeles. Cultivars have been developed by breeders for use as ornamental plants (heights refer to plants grown as annuals) and for commercial production of castor oil. Ricinus is extremely allergenic, and has an OPALS allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10. The plant is also a very strong trigger for asthma, and allergies to Ricinus are commonplace and severe. The castor oil plant produces abundant amounts of very light pollen, which easily become airborne and can be inhaled into

1554-450: The same time can be an out-crosser by anemophily (wind pollination) or entomophily (insect pollination). Its seed is the castor bean, which despite the term is not a bean (as it is not the seed of a member of the family Fabaceae ). Castor is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin , East Africa , and India , but is widespread throughout tropical regions (and widely grown elsewhere as an ornamental plant). Castor seed

1596-608: The time of the 2011 Census of India , 95.44% of the population in the district spoke Gujarati , 2.28% Urdu and 1.48% Hindi as their first language. Dahod district Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 199240826 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:38:20 GMT Castor oil plant Ricinus communis ,

1638-553: The town of the same name. The district is the site of Godhra , where the 2002 Gujarat riots were incited from. In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Panchmahal one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640 ). It is one of the six districts in Gujarat currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). The Panchmahal district

1680-644: Was established in the 7th century (647) in the territory of King Vanraj Chavda of Chavda dynasty . In the 13th century, the Delhi Sultanate under Alauddin Khalji took the city from the Chauhan rulers. Their rule continued until 1484 when Sultan Mahmud Begada of Gujarat captured the city. Thereafter Godhra became the center of the district under the Mughal Empire (1575 to 1727). The author of

1722-518: Was mostly used to fuel lamps. Herodotus and other Greek travellers noted the use of castor seed oil for lighting, body ointments, and improving hair growth and texture. Cleopatra is reputed to have used it to brighten the whites of her eyes. The Ebers Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian medical treatise believed to date from 1552 BC. Translated in 1872, it describes castor oil as a laxative . The use of castor bean oil ( eranda ) in India has been documented since 2000 BC in lamps and in local medicine as

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1764-556: Was used as an instrument of coercion by the paramilitary Blackshirts under the regime of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and by the Spanish Civil Guard in Francoist Spain. Dissidents and regime opponents were forced to ingest the oil in large amounts, triggering severe diarrhea and dehydration , which could ultimately cause death. This punishment method was originally thought of by Gabriele D'Annunzio ,

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