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20-460: Panama Department may refer to: Isthmus Department , of Gran Columbia (1824–1831) Panama Department, of Panama State (1855–1886) Panama Department (1886) of modern Colombia (1886-1903) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

40-803: A hostile reception from its Hispanic neighbours due to its ongoing war with Argentina over modern Uruguay. The isolationist Paraguay (which refused previous delegates from Bolívar) was not invited. Simón Bolívar also agreed to invite two European countries as observers, because of the commercial interests they had in Latin America: the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The invitation to the British government sought to stimulate assistance from Argentina and Chile, which had their main trading partner in that country. The United Kingdom accepted

60-626: The Amphictyonic League of Ancient Greece ) was a congress organized by Simón Bolívar in 1826 with the goal of bringing together the new republics of Latin America to develop a unified policy towards the repudiated mother country Spain. Held in Panama City from 22 June to 15 July, it proposed creating a league of American republics, with a common military, a mutual defense pact, and a supranational parliamentary assembly. It

80-703: The Congress of Colombia ignored the requests for commercial franchises for the Isthmus, which frustrated Panamanian aspirations. Consequently, a separatist movement arose to turn Panama into a Hanseatic country, under the protection of the United Kingdom and the United States . The movement was, however, repressed by the Colombian military stationed on the Isthmus. Regarding concrete separations,

100-721: The Caribbean shoreline of present-day Costa Rica and Nicaragua . Control over this part of the Mosquito Coast was disputed with the British and the Federal Republic of Central America . 8°58′N 79°32′W  /  8.967°N 79.533°W  / 8.967; -79.533 Congress of Panama The Congress of Panama (also referred to as the Amphictyonic Congress , in homage to

120-697: The Spanish Empire and Panama's decision to voluntarily join Gran Colombia was officially proclaimed. Several factors influenced the final decision to join Panama to Gran Colombia, instead of Peru , its main trading partner during the Spanish colonial era. Of these, the most important to join Gran Colombia was the figure of Simón Bolívar , who at that time was at the height of his glory and popularity. Up until this point, Panama had remained within

140-679: The Spanish monarchy and had avoided the troubles afflicting the rest of the Viceroyalty of New Granada . On November 28, 1821 Panama was voluntarily annexed to Gran Colombia under the Constitution of Cúcuta , which had been promulgated on August 30, 1819. On February 9, 1822, by Executive Decree of the Vice President of Gran Colombia , Francisco de Paula Santander , the Isthmus Department was provisionally created until

160-598: The department was subdivided into provinces. According to the laws of Gran Colombia, the civil government of the department was headed by an intendant and the military authority was represented by the General Commander of the department. According to the provisions of the Law of Division of Colombia of June 25, 1824, the department consisted of two provinces and 10 cantons: Outside of these provinces, it also notionally included coastal territories farther northward along

180-609: The disintegration of Central America, and the emergence of nationalism. The Congress of Panama also had political ramifications in the United States. President John Quincy Adams and Secretary of State Henry Clay wanted the US to attend the congress, to which they had only been invited due to pressure on Bolívar. Since Hispanic America had mostly outlawed slavery, politicians from the Southern United States held up

200-405: The first was carried out under the leadership of General José Domingo Espinar  [ es ] , who separated the Isthmus on September 26, 1830. However, he returned to reintegrate it to Gran Colombia on December 11 of the same year. The second attempt was made by Colonel Juan Eligio Alzuru  [ es ] on July 9, 1831, following the example of Venezuela and Ecuador. But the movement

220-596: The influence of the United States to build the Panama Canal the former Department of Gran Colombia separated from Colombia and became the Republic of Panama . The region of Panama was part of the Spanish Empire during the wars of independence against the Spanish . On November 28, 1821, Panama proclaimed its independence from Spain. Independence was achieved without bloodshed and with the participation of

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240-485: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panama_Department&oldid=1230868707 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Isthmus Department After the Thousand Days' War and

260-558: The mission by not approving funds or confirming the delegates. Despite their eventual departure, one of the two US delegates, Richard Clough Anderson Jr. , died en route to Panama; and the other, John Sergeant , arrived only after the Congress had concluded its discussions. The United Kingdom managed to acquire many favorable trade deals with Latin American countries at the Congress. This South American history -related article

280-519: The most prominent men of the country, who through their financial contributions neutralized the Spanish army that guarded the Isthmus. Panama's independence movement began on November 10, 1821 with the independence of the Villa de Los Santos  [ es ] led by Segundo Villarreal ; eighteen days later, on November 28, after the patriot victory at the Battle of Carabobo , there was emancipation from

300-503: The necessary accreditation. Added to this was the fact that the Dutch monarchy had not recognized the independence of any Spanish-American republic, which is why the Dutch delegate was received only as an individual. The grandly titled "Treaty of Union, League, and Perpetual Confederation" that emerged from the congress was ultimately ratified only by Gran Colombia, and Bolívar's dream soon foundered irretrievably with civil war in that nation,

320-455: The next meeting of Congress, with the same rights granted to the original departments created by the law of October 2, 1821. He also divided it into two provinces: Panamá and Veraguas . The Isthmus was characterized by a strong tendency towards autonomism, as an early antecedent we have the tenacious opposition of its political class, against the adoption of the Bolivian constitution that

340-522: The proposal and sent an observer, Edward James Dawkins, but with precise orders from Minister George Canning : limit themselves to seeking trade agreements and dissuade Greater Colombia and Mexico from supporting expeditions to the islands of Cuba or Puerto Rico to make them independent of Spain. The observer for the Netherlands, Jan van Veer, was sent to propose Dutch mediation between the Spanish American republics and Spain, but he did not have

360-544: Was attended by representatives of Gran Colombia (comprising the modern-day nations of Colombia , Ecuador , Panama , and Venezuela ), Peru , the United Provinces of Central America ( Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica ), and Mexico . Chile and the United Provinces of South America ( Argentina ) declined to attend, out of mistrust of Bolívar's enormous influence. The Empire of Brazil did not send delegates, because it expected

380-481: Was intended to be implemented in Gran Colombia, despite all the efforts of the special envoy of Simón Bolívar and the pressure exerted by the intendant and military chief in the Isthmus. In 1826, the same year in which the Isthmus rejected the Bolivian constitution, the Congress of Panama was held in the capital of the department. But this remarkable event was not an obstacle for the first attempt of separation from Colombia to take place in that year. It so happened that

400-602: Was suffocated and its leaders executed on August 29 of that year by orders of General Tomás de Herrera . The department of the Isthmus was constituted with the territory of the current Republic of Panama, the north of the current department of Chocó , and the Costa Rican southern Pacific (from Punta Burica to the Golfo Dulce ). In 1824, by means of the Law of Territorial Division of the Republic of Colombia [ es ],

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