90-744: The Panagbenga Festival ( Kankanaey pronunciation: [pʌnʌɡ̚ˈbɨŋʌ] ; Ilocano pronunciation: [pɐnɐgˈbɯŋa] ), also called the Baguio Flower Festival , is a month-long annual flower occasion in Baguio , Philippines. The festival, held in February, was created as a tribute to the city's flowers and as a way to rise from devastation of the 1990 Luzon earthquake . The festival includes floats that are covered mostly with flowers. The festival also includes street dancing, presented by dancers clad in flower-inspired costumes, that
180-581: A chartered city and nicknamed the "Summer Capital of the Philippines". The succeeding period saw further developments of and in Baguio with the construction of Wright Park in honor of Governor-General Luke Edward Wright , Burnham Park in honor of Burnham, Governor Pack Road , and Session Road . Prior to World War II , Baguio was the summer capital of the Commonwealth of the Philippines , and
270-494: A key part of Baguio's cultural landscape. Several retail outlets and dining outlets are situated along Bonifacio Street, Session Road , Teacher's Camp , Mines View Park and Baguio Fastfood Center near the market. The areas of Session Road , Harrison Road, Magsaysay Avenue and Abanao Street, comprise the city's trade center, where commercial and business structures such as cinemas, hotels, restaurants, department stores, and shopping centers are concentrated. The City Market offers
360-572: A large retail industry, with shoppers coming to the city to take advantage of the diversity of competitively priced commercial products on sale. The city is also popular with bargain hunters; some of the most popular bargaining areas include Baguio Market and Maharlika Livelihood Center . The city is home to numerous shopping centers and malls catering to increasing commercial and tourist activity; these include: SM City Baguio , Baguio Center Mall, Abanao Square, and Tiong San. Various food and retail businesses run by local residents proliferate, forming
450-830: A million speakers), was allowed to be used as a medium of instruction until the second grade. It is recognized by the Commission on the Filipino Language as one of the major languages of the Philippines . Constitutionally, Ilocano is an auxiliary official language in the regions where it is spoken and serves as auxiliary media of instruction therein. In 2009, the Department of Education instituted Department Order No. 74, s. 2009 stipulating that "mother tongue-based multilingual education" would be implemented. In 2012, Department Order No. 16, s. 2012 stipulated that
540-829: A non-English language at home speak Ilocano, making it the most spoken non-English language in the state. In September 2012, the province of La Union became the first in the Philippines to pass an ordinance recognizing Ilocano (Iloko) as an official provincial language, alongside Filipino and English. This ordinance aims to protect and revitalize the Ilocano language, although other languages, such as Pangasinan , Kankanaey , and Ibaloi , are also spoken in La Union. The modern Ilokano alphabet consists of 29 letters: Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, LLll, Mm, Nn, Ññ, NGng, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, and Zz Pre-colonial Ilocano people of all classes wrote in
630-601: A pivotal role in preserving and publishing Ilocano literary works, including the earliest known text of Biag ni Lam-ang . While there is no official dialectology for Ilocano, the usually agreed dialects of Ilocano are two, which are differentiated only by the way the letter e is pronounced. In the Amianan (Northern) dialect, there exist only five vowels while the older Abagatan (Southern) dialect employs six. Reduplicate vowels are not slurred together, but voiced separately with an intervening glottal stop: The letter in bold
720-500: A punitive expedition, which resulted in the mission being burned to the ground. During Spanish rule in 1846, the Spaniards established a command post or a comandancia in the nearby town of La Trinidad , and organized Benguet into 31 rancherías , one of which was Kafagway, a wide grassy area where the present Burnham Park is situated. Kafagway was then a minor rancheria consisting of only about 20 houses; most of
810-609: A significant reputation as a tourism venue and earning significantly from tourism even though it ceased to be the official "Summer Capital of the Philippines" in 1976. In the wake of the Snap Presidential elections of 1986 , antidictatorship organizers were based largely in the Azotea Building midway up Session Road, and in Cafe Amapola further up Session, on its intersection with Governor Pack Road. Because
900-644: A spray of indigenous sunflowers from an artwork submitted by Trisha Tabangin, a student of the Baguio City National High School. Panagbenga festivities were cancelled in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . On March 6, 2022, the festival returned with limited events that were exclusively funded by private donors, as government funds were directed towards ongoing COVID relief. By 2023, all festival events, including street dancing and float parades, resumed. The Grand Float Parade of
990-555: A strain on the city's budget. In early 2018, the city government started using its garbage transfer station in the city outskirts near Marcos Highway , drawing protests from residents of the nearby town of Tuba , who cited the facility poses health hazards to their communities. As of 2019, the Philippine National Oil Company has offered to test a waste-to-energy technology as a possible solution to its garbage woes. Baguio's waste water treatment plant
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#17327975978701080-557: A syllabic system known as Baybayin prior to European arrival. They used a system that is termed as an abugida , or an alphasyllabary. It was similar to the Tagalog and Pangasinan scripts, where each character represented a consonant-vowel, or CV, sequence. The Ilocano version, however, was the first to designate coda consonants with a diacritic mark – a cross or virama – shown in the Doctrina Cristiana of 1621, one of
1170-522: A syllable onset or coda . The phoneme /h/ is a borrowed sound (except in the negative variant haan ) and rarely occurs in coda position. Although the Spanish word reloj 'clock' would have been heard as [re.loh] , the final /h/ is dropped resulting in /re.lo/ . However, this word also may have entered the Ilokano lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced /re.loʒ/ , with
1260-429: A translation of St. Vincent Ferrer’s sermons by Fr. Antonio Mejia. The 19th century witnessed the rise of Leona Florentino , who has been recognized as the " National Poetess of the Philippines ," although her sentimental poetry received criticism from modern readers for lacking depth and structure. The early 20th century brought forth notable Ilocano writers such as Manuel Arguilla , whose prose effectively captured
1350-462: A vast mountain zone with lush highland forests, teeming with various wildlife such as the indigenous deer, cloud rats , Philippine eagles , Philippine warty pigs , and numerous species of flora. The area was a hunting ground of the indigenous peoples, notably the Ibalois and other Igorot ethnic groups. When the Spanish arrived in the Philippines, the area was never fully subjugated by Spain due to
1440-517: A vibrant reflection of the rich cultural heritage and history of the Ilocano people, tracing its origins to their animistic past. It encompasses a profound backdrop of mythology, folklore, and superstition, all rooted in a tradition of oral history shaped by cultural evolution. Key narratives include creation myths featuring figures such as Aran, Angalo, and Namarsua, the Creator, alongside tales of benevolent and malevolent spirits that are integral to
1530-513: A wide array of locally sourced goods and products, usually from Benguet province, which includes colorful woven fabrics and hand-strung beads to primitive wood carvings, cut flowers, strawberries and "Baguio" vegetables. The term 'Baguio vegetables' often denotes vegetable types that thrive in the cooler growing climate. Strawberries and string beans —referred to as Baguio beans across the Philippines—are shipped to major urban markets across
1620-715: Is laud /la.ʔud/ ('west'). Also, u in final stressed syllables can be pronounced [o], like [dɐ.ˈnom] for danum ('water'). The two vowels are not highly differentiated in native words due to fact that /o/ was an allophone of /u/ in the history of the language. In words of foreign origin, notably Spanish, they are phonemic . Example: uso 'use'; oso 'bear' Unlike u and o , i and e are not allophones, but i in final stressed syllables in words ending in consonants can be [ɛ] , like ubíng [ʊ.ˈbɛŋ] ('child'). The two closed vowels become glides when followed by another vowel. The close back rounded vowel /u/ becomes [w] before another vowel; and
1710-535: Is Masjid Al-Maarif , which is a centre of Islamic studies in the Philippines. The city also has smaller numbers of Buddhists and atheists , along with members of other faiths. Poverty incidence of Baguio Source: Philippine Statistics Authority As a melting pot of different peoples and cultures in the Cordillera Administrative Region , numerous investments and business opportunities are lured to Baguio. Baguio has
1800-538: Is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Cordillera Administrative Region , Philippines . It is known as the "Summer Capital of the Philippines", owing to its cool climate since the city is located approximately 4,810 feet (1,470 meters) above mean sea level, often cited as 1,540 meters (5,050 feet) in the Luzon tropical pine forests ecoregion , which also makes it conducive for the growth of mossy plants, orchids and pine trees, to which it attributes its other moniker as
1890-407: Is a predominantly Christian city, as of 2015; Roman Catholics at 74% (254,716), Evangelicals ( Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches ) at 7% (24,236), National Council of Churches in the Philippines at 5% (17,968), and Iglesia ni Cristo at 4% (13,897). As of 2015, Muslims comprise 1% (3,269) of the city's total population. The largest mosque in the area
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#17327975978701980-466: Is also eyed for an expansion as it has been unable to fully cater to the city's needs; wastewater which the plant could not accommodate were dumped in the Balili River , leading to its high coliform levels —even higher than that of Manila Bay 's. Baguio is also a planned city. American Architect and Urban Planner Daniel Burnham was commissioned to design the new capital; his design for the city
2070-425: Is an allophone of /u/ in final syllables. Thus, apúy ('fire') may be pronounced /ɐ.ˈpoi/ and baboy ('pig') may be pronounced /ˈba.bui/ . As for the diphthong /au/ , the general rule is to use /aw/ for native words while /au/ will be used for spanish loanword such as the words autoridad, autonomia, automatiko. The same rule goes to the diphthong /ai/ . All consonantal phonemes except /h, ʔ/ may be
2160-557: Is composed of 129 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . A proposed merging of the city's 129 barangays had not been implemented since its inception in 2000. Several local officials stressed that many of the city's barangays did not comply with the minimum requirements in the Local Government Code of the Philippines that a highly urbanized city must have a certified population of least 5,000 inhabitants. According to Mayor Mauricio Domogan, in
2250-401: Is further celebrated through life rituals, festivities, and oral traditions , expressed in songs ( kankanta ), dances ( salsala ), poems ( dandaniw ), proverbs ( pagsasao ), and literary duels ( bucanegan ). These rich literary forms not only preserve Ilocano identity but also demonstrate its adaptability within the evolving Filipino cultural landscape. During the Spanish regime, Iloco poetry
2340-583: Is inspired by the Bendian, an Ibaloi dance of celebration that came from the Cordilleras . The term is of Kankanaey origin, meaning "season of blooming". In 1995, lawyer Damaso E. Bangaoet, Jr. (1940–2014), then a managing director for Camp John Hay , proposed a flower festival to the board of directors of John Hay Poro Point Development Corporation. The City of Baguio was known for its flowers, but most of these actually come from nearby La Trinidad ,
2430-440: Is mostly of contemporary architecture. Baguio's contemporary architecture is largely of American build, since Americans were the ones to establish a station here. A few examples include those built at Teacher's Camp and Camp John Hay, previous American installations in the city as well as the current Baguio City Hall. Some buildings are also influenced by Spanish building concepts, such as Porta Vaga Mall and La Azotea . One of
2520-540: Is one of the cities with the dirtiest air in the Philippines, according to a 2014 WHO report; a slight improvement in the city's air quality was cited in 2017 by the DENR 's Environmental Management Bureau. In a 2018 WHO report, the city was listed as having the most polluted air among 8 other local cities ( Cebu , Dagupan , Davao , Manila , San Carlos, Urdaneta and Zamboanga ). Eco-vehicles and Euro 4 compliant vehicles have been tested whether or not they are suited for
2610-963: Is primarily spoken in the Ilocos Region, the Babuyan Islands , the Cordillera Administrative Region , Cagayan Valley , and the northern and western parts of Central Luzon . It is also spoken in Batanes , parts of Mindoro and Palawan , and scattered areas in Mindanao , particularly in the Soccsksargen region. Internationally, it is spoken in the United States, with the largest concentrations in Hawaii and California , as well as in Canada . In Hawaii, 17% of those who speak
2700-481: Is the graphic (written) representation of the vowel. e /ɯ/ For a better rendition of vowel distribution, please refer to the IPA Vowel Chart . Unstressed /a/ is pronounced [ɐ] in all positions except final syllables, like madí [mɐˈdi] ('cannot be') but ngiwat ('mouth') is pronounced [ˈŋiwat] . Unstressed /a/ in final-syllables is mostly pronounced [ɐ] across word boundaries. Although
2790-614: Is the weekly magazine Bannawag . The following are two versions of the Lord's Prayer. The one on the left is written using Spanish-based orthography, while the one on the right uses the Tagalog-based system. aldao aldaw day Notes With the implementation by the Spanish of the Bilingual Education System of 1897, Ilocano, together with the other seven major languages (those that have at least
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2880-610: The Augustinian Fray Pedro de Vivar established a mission in Tonglo (Tongdo) outside Baguio. Before he was driven out the following year, this rancheria included 220 people, including several baknang families. The Spanish tried to regain the mission in 1759, but were ambushed. This prompted the Governor General Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban to send Don Manuel Arza de Urrutia on
2970-527: The Balangao language and certain eastern dialects of Bontoc . The Ilocano people historically utilized an indigenous writing system known as kur-itan . There have been proposals to revive this script by incorporating its instruction in public and private schools within Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur , where Ilocano is predominantly spoken. Iloco (Ilocano) like all Philippine languages, belongs to
3060-586: The Cordillera Central mountain range in northern Luzon . While the downtown core ranges from 1400 to 1500 meters above sea level, elevations within Baguio's administrative boundaries extend from about 900 meters (along the Bued River ) to almost 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) (around the Busol watershed). Mountain peaks on the outskirts of Baguio reach over 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) above sea level,
3150-455: The Doctrina , is celebrated as the " Father of Ilocano Poetry and Literature ," credited for composing the epic Biag ni Lam-ang ("Life of Lam-ang"). This poem, which narrates the extraordinary adventures of the Ilocano hero Lam-ang, encapsulates core values of the Ilocano people, such as courage, loyalty, and respect for familial and ancestral ties. A study of Iloco poetry can also be found in
3240-506: The Gramatica Ilokana , published in 1895, which is based on Lopez's earlier work, Arte de la Lengua Iloca , published in 1627 but likely written before 1606. In the 18th century, missionaries played a crucial role in promoting literacy and religious education among the Ilocano population through the publication of both religious and secular texts, including Sumario de las Indulgencias de la Santa Correa by Fr. Jacinto Rivera and
3330-559: The Imperial Japanese Army used Camp John Hay , an American installation in Baguio, as a military base. The nearby Philippine Constabulary base, Camp Holmes , was used as an internment camp for about 500 civilian enemy aliens, mostly Americans, between April 1942 and December 1944. President José P. Laurel of the Second Philippine Republic , a puppet state established in 1943, departed
3420-536: The Spanish–American War , Baguio was selected to become the summer capital of the then Philippine Islands . American zoologist Dean Conant Worcester headed an expedition in 1900 after convincing U.S. Secretary of State Elihu Root to order an expedition to a cool place in the northern mountains of the Philippines. Governor-General William Taft , on his first visit in 1901, noted the "air as bracing as Adirondacks or Murray Bay ..." On November 11, 1901,
3510-683: The close front unrounded vowel /i/ , [j] . Example: kuarta /kwaɾ.ta/ 'money'; paria /paɾ.ja/ 'bitter melon' In addition, dental / alveolar consonants become palatalized before /i/ . (See Consonants below). Unstressed /i/ and /u/ are pronounced [ɪ] and [ʊ] except in final syllables, like pintás ('beauty') [pɪn.ˈtas] and buténg ('fear') [bʊ.ˈtɛŋ, bʊ.ˈtɯŋ] but bangir ('other side') and parabur ('grace/blessing') are pronounced [ˈba.ŋiɾ] and [pɐ.ˈɾa.buɾ] . Unstressed /i/ and /u/ in final syllables are mostly pronounced [ɪ] and [ʊ] across word boundaries. The letter ⟨e⟩ represents two vowels in
3600-452: The dallot , an improvised long poem delivered in a melodic manner. A significant work within this literary tradition is the epic Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang), which stands as one of the few indigenous narratives to have survived colonial influence. While it has assimilated foreign elements over time, it continues to embody essential values such as courage, loyalty, and the importance of familial and ancestral bonds. Ilocano culture
3690-533: The orthography , vowels in sequence such as uo and ai , do not coalesce into a diphthong, rather, they are pronounced with an intervening glottal stop, for example, buok 'hair' /bʊ.ʔok/ and dait 'sew' /da.ʔit/ . The diphthong /ei/ is a variant of /ai/ in native words. Other occurrences are in words of Spanish and English origin. Examples are reyna /ˈɾei.na/ (from Spanish reina , 'queen') and treyner /ˈtɾei.nɛɾ/ ('trainer'). The diphthongs /oi/ and /ui/ may be interchanged since /o/
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3780-575: The "City of Pines". Baguio was established as a hill station by the United States in 1900 at the site of an Ibaloi village known as Kafagway . It was the United States' only hill station in Asia. Baguio is classified as a highly urbanized city (HUC). It is the largest city in Benguet , serving as the provincial capital from 1901 to 1916, but has since been administered independently from
3870-507: The 2020 census, Baguio has a population of 366,358. Baguio was called Kafagway by indigenous peoples. The name Baguio originated in the American period and is derived from the Ibaloi word bagiw ( moss ), which was then Hispanicized as Baguio. A demonym for natives of the city, Ibagiw, is also derived from it. It is also the name for the city's annual arts festival. Baguio used to be
3960-694: The 28th year of the Festival on February 25, 2024 included a record of 34 flower floats from Session Road to the Melvin Jones Grandstand in Burnham Park with 29 competitors in various categories amid estimated 32,000 local and foreign tourists. Lucban Elementary School and Tribu Rizal ( Rizal, Kalinga ) are winners in the Grand Street Dance Competition. Everlasting ( Xerochrysum bracteatum ) and sunflower are
4050-553: The American colonial government expropriated lands in Baguio owned by the Ibaloi people, who were forced to sell their lands. In 1903, Filipinos , Japanese and Chinese workers were hired to build Kennon Road , the first road directly connecting Baguio with the lowlands of La Union and Pangasinan . Before this, the only road to Benguet was Naguilian Road , and it was largely a horse trail at higher elevations. Camp John Hay
4140-695: The Austronesian language family, which is believed to have originated in Taiwan . It constitutes its own branch within the Philippine Cordilleran subfamily and is spoken as a first language by approximately seven million people. As a lingua franca of Northern Luzon and several areas of Central Luzon, Ilocano is also spoken as a second language by over two million people, including native speakers of Ibanag , Ivatan , Pangasinan , Sambal , and other regional languages. The Ilocano language
4230-612: The City Hall as a national heritage site. The construction of the City Hall park was finished in May 2019 as was said to define the city's new moniker as a creative center for crafts and folk arts. The original inhabitants of Baguio are the Ibaloi people (natively pronounced as "Ivadoi"). When the Americans established the city in the early 1900s, early settlers in the city included members of other Igorot tribes ( Igudut in Ibaloi ),
4320-450: The Ilocano worldview. Shaped by centuries of interaction with diverse influences, Ilocano literature encompasses a wide array of literary forms, including epic poetry, folk tales, proverbs, riddles, religious documents, and songs. Central themes include resilience, familial loyalty, honor, and a deep connection to both the natural and spiritual realms. Ancient Ilocano poets articulated their expressions through folk and war songs, as well as
4410-540: The Spaniards as Baguio . During the Philippine Revolution in July 1899, Filipino revolutionary forces under Pedro Paterno liberated La Trinidad from the Spaniards and took over the government, proclaiming Benguet as a province of the new Philippine Republic . Baguio was converted into a "town", with Mateo Cariño being the presidente (mayor). When the United States occupied the Philippines after
4500-454: The Spanish system and the Tagalog system. In the Spanish system words of Spanish origin kept their spellings. Native words, on the other hand, conformed to the Spanish rules of spelling. Most older generations of Ilocanos use the Spanish system. In the alphabet system based on that of Tagalog there is more of a phoneme-to-letter correspondence, which better reflects the actual pronunciation of
4590-859: The United States' Armed Forces Radio and Television Network station at Camp John Hay was transmitting news from Manila, they learned early on that the People Power Revolution had begun in Manila. Deciding that their locations were too unsafe, they encamped in the courtyard of the Baguio Cathedral , which was located on higher ground. They were later joined by Lt. Benjamin Magalong , of the Philippine Constabulary detachment in Buguias, Benguet, who had defected from
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#17327975978704680-520: The archipelago. Ilocano language Iloco (also Ilokano ; / iː l oʊ ˈ k ɑː n oʊ / ; Ilocano: Pagsasao nga Iloko ) is an Austronesian language predominantly spoken in the Philippines by the Ilocano people. It ranks as the third most widely spoken native language in the country and serves as a lingua franca in Northern Luzon, particularly among the Igorot people and
4770-596: The city on March 22 and reached Taiwan eight days later, on March 30. The remainder of the Second Republic government, along with Japanese civilians, were ordered to evacuate Baguio on March 30. General Tomoyuki Yamashita and his staff then relocated to Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya . By late March 1945, Baguio was within range of the American and Filipino military artillery . Between March 4 and 10, United States Fifth Air Force planes dropped 933 tons of bombs and 1,185 gallons of napalm on Baguio, reducing much of
4860-633: The city to rubble. A major offensive to capture Baguio did not occur until April 1945, when the USAFIP-NL 's 1st Battalion of the 66th Infantry, attached with the United States Army's 37th Infantry Division , the USAFIP-NL's 2nd Battalion of 66th Infantry, attached with the US 33rd Infantry Division , and the USAFIP-NL's 3rd Battalion of the 66th Infantry, converged on Baguio. By April 27, 1945,
4950-533: The city was liberated and the joint force proceeded to liberate the La Trinidad valley. In September 1945, the Japanese forces in the Philippines, headed by General Yamashita and Vice Admiral Okochi, formally surrendered at Camp John Hay's American Residence in the presence of lieutenant generals Arthur Percival and Jonathan Wainwright . With the end of World War II, Baguio recovered quickly, earning
5040-445: The city's population has swelled to 366,358 persons as of May 2020. The city has a very young age structure as 65.5 percent of its total population is below thirty years old. Females comprise 51.3 percent of the population as against 48.7 percent for males. The household population comprises 98 percent of the total population, or 245,000 persons. With an average of 4.6 members per household, a total of 53,261 households are gleaned. During
5130-473: The city's steep slopes in line with efforts to modernize its Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs). PUVs, specifically jeepneys , have been pushed for its modernization, in line with President Duterte 's PUV modernization initiative . Another problem that plagues Baguio is its garbage and waste disposal. The city has been dumping its garbage in a landfill in Urdaneta City, but rising costs are putting
5220-611: The city’s official flowers. The month-long festival starts on the first day of February with an opening parade. Activities celebrated throughout the month include a landscape competition and cultural shows; street dancing and float parades during the last week of February draw huge crowds. After the parade, Session Road is closed for a week for the Session Road in Bloom activity which hosts a variety of stalls showcasing products locally and from other provinces. The festival concludes in
5310-521: The earliest surviving Ilokano publications. Before the addition of the virama, writers had no way to designate coda consonants. The reader, on the other hand, had to guess whether a consonant not succeeding a vowel is read or not, for it is not written. Vowel apostrophes interchange between e or i , and o or u . Due to this, the vowels e and i are interchangeable, and letters o and u , for instance, tendera and tindira ('shop-assistant'). In recent times, there have been two systems in use:
5400-415: The fallen buildings were built on or near fault lines; local architects later admitted structural building codes should have been followed more religiously, particularly regarding concrete and rebar standards, and "soft stories." Baguio has been rebuilt with aid from the national government and international donors such as Japan , Singapore and the United States . Baguio is a highland city nestled within
5490-506: The festival be renamed Panagbenga , a Kankanaey term that means "a season of blossoming, a time for flowering". Subsequent editions of the festival started bearing the new name by 1997. The Bases Conversion Development Authority (BCDA), in collaboration with the John Hay Poro Point Development Corporation's (JPDC) annual Camp John Hay Art Contest, gave its official logo from one of the entries:
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#17327975978705580-512: The first weekend in March with a grand fireworks display. Baguio Baguio ( UK : / ˈ b æ ɡ i oʊ / BAG -ee-oh , US : / ˈ b ɑː ɡ i oʊ , ˌ b ɑː ɡ i ˈ oʊ / BAH -ghee-oh, - OH , Tagalog: [ˈbaɡjo] ), officially the City of Baguio ( Ibaloi : Siudad ne Bagiw ; Ilocano : Siudad ti Baguio ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Baguio ),
5670-494: The government, gone to the nearby Central Police Station in Baguio, and disarmed its personnel to prevent any untoward incidents while Baguio residents continued to gather at the cathedral to protest the abuses of the Marcos administration . The Baguio Cathedral, and Session Road adjacent to it, thus became the center of the People Power revolution in Baguio - paralleling similar protests in Cebu , Davao , Bacolod , Manila , and other major Philippine cities, eventually leading to
5760-495: The highest being Mount Santo Tomas in Tuba . Enclosed by the province of Benguet , the city covers a small area of 57.5 square kilometres (22.2 sq mi). Most of the developed part of the city is built on uneven, hilly terrain of the northern section. When Daniel Burnham drew plans for the city, he made the City Hall a reference point where the city limits extend 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi) from east to west and 7.2 kilometres (4.5 mi) from north to south. Baguio
5850-411: The historic buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated or otherwise left to deteriorate. The 1990 Luzon earthquake further devastated Baguio's old buildings, which include 28 collapsed buildings such as hotels, factories, government and university buildings, and many private homes and establishments. Baguio's current landscape
5940-424: The home of the Philippine Military Academy . As such, it was very important in military and political terms. Philippine President Manuel Quezon was even in Baguio when the war began. On December 8, 1941, 17 Japanese bombers attacked Camp John Hay , as part of the first Japanese air raid on Luzon. Baguio was declared an open city in December 27. Following the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941,
6030-455: The inadequate honorarium of barangay officials. As a city with varying terrain, Baguio features a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen climate classification : Am ) and a subtropical highland climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cwb ), depending on the local elevation. The city is known for its mild climate owing to its generally high elevation. The temperature in the city is usually about 7 to 10 °C (13 to 18 °F) cooler than
6120-428: The indigenous settlers of Cagayan Valley . As an Austronesian language, Ilocano shares linguistic roots with other Philippine languages and is related to Malay (both Indonesian and Malaysian), Tetum , Chamorro , Fijian , Māori , Hawaiian , Samoan , Tahitian , Paiwan , and Malagasy . It exhibits close ties with several Austronesian languages in Northern Luzon and has some degree of mutual intelligibility with
6210-402: The intensive defense tactics of the indigenous Igorots of the Cordilleras . Igorot oral history states the Benguet upper class, baknang , was founded between 1565 and the early 1600s, by the marriage of a gold trader, Amkidit, and a Kankanaey maiden gold panning in Acupan. Their son, Baruy, discovered a gold deposit in the area, which he developed with hired workers and slaves. In 1755,
6300-403: The lands in Kafagway were owned by a prominent Ibaloi, Mateo Cariño , who served as its chieftain. The Spanish presidencia , which was located at Bag-iw at the vicinity of Guisad Valley was later moved to Cariño's house where the current city hall stands. Bag-iw was the Ibaloi toponym of the town, an Ibaloi term for "moss" which was historically abundant in the area. This name was spelled by
6390-464: The lowland temperatures near sea level. Average temperature ranges from 15 to 23 °C (59 to 73 °F), with the lowest temperatures occurring between November and February. The lowest recorded temperature was 6.3 °C (43.3 °F) on January 18, 1961; in contrast, the all-time high of 30.4 °C (86.7 °F) was recorded on March 15, 1988, during the 1988 El Niño season. The temperature seldom exceeds 26 °C (78.8 °F) even during
6480-440: The lowlander Ilocanos ( Iduko ), Americans ( Merikano ), and mestizos . A significant number of Chinese (both Cantonese and Hokkien ) and Japanese laborers were also hired to build Kennon Road , many of whom later settled in the city. Baguio is an overpopulated city, having a population density of more than 6,000 people per square kilometer. Originally planned by Daniel Burnham to accommodate 25,000 to 30,000 people,
6570-584: The modern (Tagalog) writing system is largely phonetic, there are some notable conventions. In native morphemes , the close back rounded vowel /u/ is written differently depending on the syllable. If the vowel occurs in the ultima of the morpheme, it is written o ; elsewhere, u . Example: Instances such as masapulmonto , ' You will manage to find it, to need it', are still consistent. Note that masapulmonto is, in fact, three morphemes: masapul (verb base), -mo (pronoun) and -(n)to (future particle). An exception to this rule, however,
6660-480: The more modern buildings in the city is SM City Baguio , established in 2003. Moves by various groups with the goal to preserve these buildings have been made. As a historic building, the Baguio City Hall has faced opposition to renovation of its grounds, since that may be against laws on national cultural heritage sites; the renovations, however, continued as there has been no documentation supporting
6750-604: The mother tongue-based multilingual system was to be implemented for Kindergarten to Grade 3 Effective School Year 2012–2013. Ilocano is used in public schools mostly in the Ilocos Region and the Cordilleras. It is the primary medium of instruction from Kindergarten to Grade 3 (except for the Filipino and English subjects) and is also a separate subject from Grade 1 to Grade 3. Thereafter, English and Filipino are introduced as mediums of instruction. Ilocano literature serves as
6840-525: The non-nuclear dialects (areas outside the Ilocos provinces) [ɛ ~ e] in words of foreign origin and [ɯ] in native words, and only one in the nuclear dialects of the Ilocos provinces, [ɛ ~ e] . Diphthongs are combination of a vowel and /i/ or /u/. In the orthography, the secondary vowels (underlying /i/ or /u/) are written with their corresponding glide, y or w , respectively. Of all the possible combinations, only /aj/ or /ej/, /iw/, /aw/ and /uj/ occur. In
6930-646: The ouster of President Ferdinand Marcos on February 25, 1986. On July 15, 1987, President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order 220 which created the Cordillera Administrative Region, and made the highly urbanized city of Baguio its seat of government. Various attempts at legally turning the Cordillera Administrative Region into an autonomous region have been pursued, but failed to gather enough public support in two separate autonomy plebiscites . The 1990 Luzon earthquake ( M s = 7.7) destroyed some parts of Baguio and
7020-559: The past, benefits granted to local governments were based on the number of existing barangays; this led former local officials to create as many barangays as possible in the city in order to acquire additional benefits from the national government. The proposed merger, which will reduce the barangays from 130 to about 40 to 50 by merging adjacent ones, is believed to solve several issues concerning barangay boundary disputes, seemingly biased allocation of funds for larger barangays in relation to barangays with lesser area and population, as well as
7110-500: The peak of the annual tourist influx, particularly during the Lenten period , transients triple the population. Crime in Baguio is concentrated in theft and vehicular accidents. Crime in the city is also directly related to its changing demographics and unique criminal justice system. The illegal drug trade is also a problem of the city as 24 of its 129 barangays are considered as drug affected as of December 2017. In 2018, Baguio
7200-493: The province following its conversion into a chartered city. Baguio is geographically located within the province of Benguet by the Philippine Statistics Authority for its geographical and statistical purposes only. The city is the center of business, commerce, and education in northern Luzon, as well as the most populous and seat of government of the Cordillera Administrative Region . According to
7290-479: The provincial capital of the province of Benguet . The festival was set in February to boost tourism as it was considered as a time of inactivity between the busy days of the Christmas season , Holy Week , and the summer season. The first edition of the festival, once known as the Baguio Flower Festival , was formally launched in February 1996. By the end of 1996, archivist and curator Ike Picpican suggested that
7380-470: The summer to escape Manila's heat. The Mansion was designed by architect William E. Parsons based on preliminary plans by architect Daniel Burnham . Burnham, one of the earliest successful modern city planners , designed the mountain retreat following the tenets of the City Beautiful movement . In 1904, the rest of the city was planned out by Burnham. On September 1, 1909, Baguio was declared as
7470-485: The surrounding province of Benguet on the afternoon of July 16, 1990. A significant number of buildings and infrastructure were damaged, including the Hyatt Terraces Plaza, Nevada Hotel, Baguio Park Hotel, FRB Hotel and Baguio Hilltop Hotel; major highways were temporarily blocked due to landslides and pavement breakup; and a number of houses were leveled or severely shaken with numerous casualties. Some of
7560-593: The unique aspects of Ilocano culture during his time as a World War II guerrilla hero. Carlos Bulosan emerged as another prominent figure, with his novel America is in the Heart celebrated as a significant work in the Filipino-American literary canon. Other distinguished writers from this period include F. Sionil Jose, known for his epic sagas set in Pangasinan, and Isabelo de los Reyes , who played
7650-418: The warmest part of the year. Like many other cities with a subtropical highland climate , Baguio receives noticeably less precipitation during its dry season. However, the city has an extraordinary amount of precipitation during the rainy season from June to October. The city averages over 3,914 mm (154 in) of rainfall annually, the highest in the country. Baguio suffers from air pollution and
7740-442: The word. The letters ng constitute a digraph and count as a single letter, following n in alphabetization. As a result, numo ('humility') appears before ngalngal ('to chew') in newer dictionaries. Words of foreign origin, most notably those from Spanish, need to be changed in spelling to better reflect Ilocano phonology. Words of English origin may or may not conform to this orthography. A prime example using this system
7830-477: Was based on the City Beautiful movement , which features broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles. During the Second World War, Baguio was razed to the ground during the Japanese forces' invasion and the subsequent shelling by American forces during the liberation. After the liberation, rebuilding began and most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed. However, some of
7920-614: Was established in October 1903, after President Theodore Roosevelt signed an executive order setting aside land in Benguet for a military reservation for the United States Army to rest and recuperate from the lowland heat. It was named after Roosevelt's Secretary of State , John Milton Hay . The Mansion , built in 1908, served as the official residence of the American Governor-General during
8010-527: Was heavily influenced by Spanish literary forms, with the earliest written Iloco poems largely based on romances translated from Spanish by Francisco Lopez . In 1621, Lopez published the Doctrina Cristiana , the first book printed in Iloco , marking a significant milestone in the documentation of Ilocano literature. The 17th-century author Pedro Bucaneg , known for his collaboration with Lopez on
8100-507: Was listed as one of the safest cities both in the ASEAN region, ranking sixth with a crime index of 40.57 and safety index of 59.43. The Baguio City Police Office also has the highest crime solution efficiency nationwide of 84%, compared to the national 77% and the region's 70%. In May 2019 BCPO also reported a drop of 27% in crimes, from 1,150 in 2018 to 834 in 2019. The BCPO was awarded as the country's best city police station in 2018. Baguio
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