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56-574: The first people to live in Pangani Bay were hunter-gatherers during the Palaeolithic era. They fashioned tools out of quartz river pebbles by hammering them with simple, forceful blows. Southwest of Bweni, the escarpment is covered in debris from the production and usage of stone tools. Lithic artefacts from more recent sites show that populations that used iron for agriculture continued to use (or even went back to) stone technologies after making

112-637: A Bantu ethnic group based in Muheza District and Pangani District of eastern Tanga Region in Tanzania . The Bondei speak Kibondei , Bantu language and are culturally related to the Shambaa ethnic group. The name "Bondei" was given to the people by the Kilindi dynasty after their conquest, who called them "WaBondei"- people of the valley. This was to describe the people who lived between

168-427: A mzimu , or spirit place, despite the fact that it is now covered in underbrush and shrubbery (a few of whom tend and harvest coconuts there). Outside and immediately northeast of the mosque, on the same low mound, are coral walls that appear to be residential buildings. Coral fragments are also found in other locations on the site, however it is unclear if these are wall fragments or other relics that could date to

224-403: A center for smuggling slaves across the narrow channel to Pemba, in evasion of Royal Navy warships. By the middle of the nineteenth century, large caravans were regularly transporting both slaves and ivory to Pangani Bay. Caravans "herded" (- fuga ) slaves to Pangani Town to work or be sent abroad, according to Mzee Mchande, a local elder. Large-scale production of coconuts , sugar , and sisal

280-412: A custom from a bygone era. Some tasks required the use of implements made of flaked stone. The locals lived off the produce from their farms and plantations, along with some seafood. In essence, the archaeological evidence points to a style of life focused on local issues with few interactions to the outside world. What is known about Muhembo (the old Pangani) contrasts sharply with the material culture of

336-504: A growing population). As an alternative, plantation enslavement might have hindered local food production and/or hunting opportunities. The plantations were worked by slave labor, and Pangani also became an important center of the slave trade, shipping captives taken in the wars attendant on the collapse of the Shambaa kingdom in the Usambara mountains to the plantations of Pemba and Zanzibar. Pangani's modern town came to prominence in

392-513: A monarch who could resolve otherwise insurmountable internal problems, but they did not gain much from the state. Kilindi who were thought to be too dangerous to control Usambara were punished by being transferred to the Bondei. Due to their distance from the city, the Bondei received no redistributed goods in exchange for the tribute they were required to pay. When they traveled to Vugha , they were regarded as foreigners and were not permitted to enter

448-450: A paper that was later published. From this trench, he extracted pottery, animal remains, and a few foreign artefacts, including glass beads. He also researched additional colonial sites, such as a German fort (on the promontory south of the river), European cemeteries, and infrastructure from colonial plantations, as well as other sections of the bay that were previously examined. However, he discovered Swahili ceramics and identified Muhembo as

504-446: A profit. This was never going to be an easy task because many crops did not adapt well to plantation cultivation, labour was still difficult to find and keep, and commodity prices fluctuated greatly. Unlike most, Lautherborn was more successful. He demonstrated the commercial viability of sisal, kept workers on the job during a labour shortage, and received praise from all quarters for his efficient plantation management. On 13 July 1916

560-661: A purported Roman ceramic (or Indic copy) points to communication with the larger Indian Ocean in the first millennium C.E. During the Swahili era (1250–1550 CE), interactions between indigenous tribes of the Pangani coast and communities in the Indian Ocean took place, but at a minor level. Thus, the "Golden Age" of the Swahili (1250/1350-1550 C.E., but especially the earlier centuries within this range) influenced littoral settlers in northeastern Tanzania, although not nearly to

616-880: A regional level. The southern Swahili coast (south of Tanga Town) is thought to have developed a different tradition from the northern coast (from Mombasa to the Lamu Archipelago in Kenya) before 1250 C.E. Due to a shift in Islamic influence (from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea) that brought people together and encouraged settlement growth and expansion, the northern shore dominated the economy during this time. on this model, resurrected leadership anchored on Islamic doctrine , iconography, and emulation increased trade monopolies and sparked close ties with other groups in

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672-625: A result of this area's long history of exploitation and more recent diaporas (related to the development of cash crops). During the eighteen years (1888–1906) of Christian Lautherborn's employment as a plantation manager for the German East Africa Company (DOAG), plantation agriculture was largely recognised as the most effective strategy for advancing the new colony. Indeed, one of the main justifications for colonial expansion in German East Africa and other places

728-472: A result, patterns in the consumption of shellfish over the past 750 years suggest that many non-Muslim Africans who had been living in the countryside between 1250 and 1550 C.E. eventually moved to larger locations' non-monumental areas during the Post-Swahili era. Muhembo has a view of both the Indian Ocean and an old river channel. The coralline promontory at the outlying waterfront (directly east) and

784-400: A time after the mosque. The debris mound just to the north of the remaining mihrab is covered with at least three tombs from recent decades. In the immediate neighbourhood of the ruins, there are a few plate fragments of blue-green Islamic monochrome (dating from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century), coiled and drawn glass beads, and animal remains that are found in low densities among

840-520: Is a Swahili monumental ruin that is National Historic Site located in northern part of Pangani town's Pangani Mashariki ward in Pangani District of Tanga Region , Tanzania . The site is home to damaged Medieval Swahili ruins that have yet to be excavated since 1981. Other minor sites in the viciinity of Muhembo include; Gombero, Mtakani, Muhembo, Mnyongeni, and Kumbamtoni. Archaeological exploration around Pangani Bay has shown that

896-649: The Lwengera Valley and the sea east of the usambaras. After the Kilindi Kingdom collapsed in 1868, the Bondei moved southwards from Magila near present day town of Muheza towards southern Muheza District and most of Pangani District. They also moved lands south of the Sigi River . However, due to rampant slave raiding after the collapse of the Kilindi kingdom, some Zigua migrants also became

952-414: The Bondei people for protection escaping to Magila. The Bondei population is roughly 100,000. Most of Bondei people reside in Pangani District where they engage in different activities, especially small-scale agriculture . Some Bondei also reside in east Muheza District . The first Bondei to go overseas was a man named Dr. Geldart Mhando in 1890. The Kiva insurrection of 1869, which had its roots in

1008-686: The Indian Ocean through trade. During this time, it is likely that a rigid, emic idea of the African hinterland developed as wealthy coastal Swahili town dwellers ( waungwana ) saw the need to set themselves apart from people who lived in the interior in order to consolidate their authority and safeguard expanding trade monopolies. Surface investigations revealed 18 Swahili sites, including Mnyongeni, Mtakani, and Kumbamtoni (1250–1550 C.E.). Villagers in Muhembo and Tongoni were constructing coral structures and going to mosques for prayer by 1400 C.E. These were

1064-476: The Middle East, but they are too damaged or incomplete to be positively identified. Chinese celadon represents the latter two examples. All of the recognisable pottery varieties may be found in pieces that are shaped like plates, open bowls, or even hemispherical bowls (the latter are Chinese) and date from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century. Together, these archaeological artefacts show that Muhembo

1120-481: The Pangani River (such as Kumbamtoni and Site 52a), whereas increased intake of shellfish (and a decline in species variety) occurred at larger sites with massive remains (such as Muhembo). The increase in shellfish consumption at big sites (Muhembo, excavation units 1 and 2; Tongoni, excavation units 2 and 3) was especially noticeable outside of coral structures. Shellfish are off-limits to orthodox Muslims . As

1176-699: The Red Sea during the Swahili eras is evidence of the old maritime trade history in Pangani Bay. The pottery in Zanjian and Swahili villages in Pangani Bay shared characteristics with that of sites on the East African coast ( Shanga , Kilwa , and Kaole ), as well as its hinterland ( Mombo ), in addition to the recognised internal cultural continuity. Such evidence suggests that the people of Pangani Bay are still connected to other communities in East Africa on

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1232-546: The Royal Navy monitor HMS  Severn bombarded Pangani. On 23 July the Germans surrendered the town to British land and naval forces. The Mauya plantations no longer grow sugar, but produce much coconut and betel-nut. Pangani was once a secondary center of the sisal industry, servicing sisal plantations to the north and south of town. Pangani also has a fishing industry. In recent years beach resorts north and south of

1288-467: The affluent minority that resided in stone and plaster towns elsewhere on the East African coast. A settlement hierarchy and more connection emerged between 1250 and 1450 C.E. A mosque with a "northern" aesthetic emerged at Muhembo at this time, heralding a future change in elite cultural affiliations to the northern coast. Strange, foreign pottery , including pieces from Asia and the interior of Africa, are widely distributed nearby and are most likely from

1344-485: The akida had to be transformed into an elected jumbe Mkuu (superior headman). The two candidates for the inaugural election in November 1925 were Geldart Mhina, a Christian Bondei clerk and the founder of TTACSA, and John Juma, the serving akida and the son of a Bondei man and a Kilindi woman. Despite the fact that everyone would have wanted John Juma to be an akida, 95% of the elders and headmen chose him, according to

1400-459: The area. Yet the realities of a complicated and frequently contentious scenario quickly caused this initially straightforward ambition to fail. In 1888, Pangani was the center of an armed movement to resist German colonial conquest of the mainland Tanzanian coast. The local leader of the resistance was Abushiri ibn Salim al-Harthi , a Swahili-speaker born in Zanzibar who owned a small estate at

1456-422: The bluffs just north of Pangani at Muhembo , According to the research, Pangani Bay's first inhabitant's Zanjian traditions served as the cradle of later Swahili culture . From the Zanjian to the Swahili periods, local people continued to practise the majority of their pottery, trading, and culinary practises. Minor alterations are also discernible, most likely due to ongoing interactions with bordering groups along

1512-455: The breakdown of the Shambaa state spurred on by long-distance trade, was the fourth and most significant popular movement. The insurgents were Bondei people, who lived in the plains east of Usambara and were subdued and incorporated into the Shambaa kingdom around the beginning of the nineteenth century. The Bondei, who had previously been stateless, reaped personal benefits from allegiance to

1568-484: The coast was different after 1550 C.E. In contrast to Mombasa, the majority of coastal cities shrank in population, lost their once-dominant status, or even fell into ruin. By 1600 C.E. and 1850 C.E., respectively, pottery from Post-Swahili and Post-Post-Swahili settlements were widespread. The initial phase of these at Pangani was characterised by diffuse settlement. Compared to sites from earlier, Swahili times, those that included only Post-Swahili materials were found during

1624-455: The extent felt at Kilwa on the southern Swahili coast (where the gold trade flourished 1200-1350 C.E.) or at Mombasa and Malindi in Kenya. Late in this era, Tongoni as well as Swahili towns on Tanga Island (in the bay near Tanga Town) with monumental Swahili architecture began to grow in importance. Archaeologists have also found the remains of small 15th century Swahili settlements on

1680-442: The insurrection was ultimately hanged by the Germans. The British established indirect rule following World War I. Residents still living there have memories connected to these unique interactions, exploitations, and acts of violence that shape their legacy. Within months of Lautherbonrn's arrival, a coastal uprising (1888–1890) broke out, driving him and the other Europeans out of Pangani. Lautherborn relocated to Bagamoyo , one of

1736-419: The location of old Pangani was different from where it is today as early as the 15th century . It may be presumed that the settlement during this time was modest and relatively impoverished by historical standards until more thorough excavations are conducted. Except for the lowest trinkets, local pottery was typically utilised instead of imported luxury goods from other countries and imported vessels. maintaining

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1792-515: The mid 19th century, when, under nominal Zanzibari rule, it was a major terminus of caravan routes to the deep interior. From the 1860s onward townspeople established large plantations of sugar and coconut in Mauya, along the banks of the river just west of town. After Sultan Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar signed treaties with Great Britain outlawing the ocean-going trade in slaves in 1873, Pangani became

1848-599: The middle to late middle of the second millennium C.E. The population decreased and/or scattered after 1550 CE (and up until 1750 CE), possibly in response to the Portuguese and/or internal conflicts and changes. The increased number of sites and various signs of contact show that communities living at the bay grew once more in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Residents of coastal areas were drawn to larger settlements like Muhembo after 1550 C.E. This explanation explains why shellfish eating declined at sites near

1904-418: The murram pit also suggest occupation at a time comparable to somewhat earlier than the project excavations. Despite likely consuming a large portion of their calories from agricultural items ( millet , rice , and bananas ), the inhabitants of the site were reliant on shellfish and other aquatic remains. By Post-Swahili times, diets may have been under stress (for instance, teeth hypoplasia). It emerges from

1960-493: The occupied political hub. Increased foreign engagement is evidenced by the abundance of novel glass bead kinds and numerous pottery from India, China, and Europe found at Gombero. Villagers in Gombero and other locations along Tanzania's northeastern coast (such as Tongoni, Excavation Unit 3 and Mtakani, Site 51a, Excavation Unit 1) frequently ate mud whelks in recent centuries, possibly as a result of diminishing food supplies (and

2016-421: The palm trees and along a pathway. We found two fist-sized "biscuits" of slag at a location about 150 metres northeast of the ruins. To the north, Muhembo is bounded by a sizable murram pit. Since the 1970s, this coral borrow pit has produced road building materials, destroying a large portion of the site's northern section in the process, most likely including the location of Gramly's (1981) excavation trench, which

2072-439: The provincial commissioner. The losing party interpreted the selection of a part-Kilindi as a return of Kilindi hegemony. Bondei elders were unable to choose a jumbe Mkuu twice more between the wars, in 1930 and 1934, and were forced to accept the government's candidacy of persons with Kilindi ties. Bondei acquired the skill of presenting political assertions in terms of the past in the interim. While Geldart Mhina disputed that he

2128-474: The shift to an agricultural lifestyle, occasionally employing rare raw materials from upriver. By 600–1000 C.E., if not earlier, farming villages using iron began to appear in the region. They created TIW and dwelt near the Pangani River or atop escarpments with a view of the waterway. The famring peoples of Pangani Bay were the Bondei and Zigua . Early TIW found close to Kumbamtoni resembled coastal pottery from

2184-463: The shore. From the Zanjian to the Swahili periods, pottery with comparable form and ornamentation was employed. Shellfish evidence reveals patterns of food collecting by the first inhabitants and the kinds of foods that were consumed, suggesting both change and continuity. The discovery of Sasanian Islamic wares from the Persian Gulf during the Zanjian period and black-and-yellow ceramics from

2240-431: The site's surface is covered in mounds of debris that include the remains of a coral mosque and a few crumbling ruins. declared the mosque to be a "northern" kind. To the north of the mosque, a grove of trees also hides pillar tombs that are thought to date from the seventeenth to nineteenth century. Surface examinations revealed that the mound's contents are made up of wall and roof fall. Locals consider this area to be

2296-432: The site's surface. Beginning in the 1970s, the northern portion of the site was damaged by a murram pit dug to supply coral gravel for contemporary road development. The tombs at Bweni Ndogo (west of Bweni), which are south of the river, were built at the same time as Muhembo. Gramly, carried out reconnaissance around Pangani Bay. He excavated a small test trench at Muhembo, a Swahili site, and wrote about his findings in

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2352-442: The slope on which Muhembo is situated seem to shield it from the harshest monsoon winds. Muhembo's surface is devoid of obstruction-causing flora, with the exception of a few upslope areas in its northwesterly extension. The landscape is covered in enormous baobabs and coconut trees, notably in the northern and central regions. The principal ruins at Muhembo are located immediately west of the sheer cliff at Boza. A small area of

2408-522: The southern and central parts of the Swahili coast . Such pottery are accompanied with more than 20 disc beads made of sea shells in Kumbamtoni. Along the river bank, there are also a few Maore Ware sherds that come from the interior of the continent. At sites in Pangani Bay, there is no indication of foreign ceramics from before 1000 C.E., such as Sasanian Islamic variations. However, the discovery of

2464-590: The suburb that now bears his name. Abushiri was instrumental in coordinating resistance to German conquest along much of the coast. The Germans hanged him at Pangani in December 1889. In the 1890s, German troops quenched the Bushiri Rebellion, a local uprising, and the residents of Pangani Bay once more fell victim to outside intrusion. They attempted to exert authority over the interior of the continent and "pacify" coastal populations. The popular leader of

2520-402: The survey to be relatively smaller. On the other hand, findings from sites containing mostly Swahili artefacts are scarcely any Post-Swahili remains. The worldwide slave and ivory traffic grew more intense throughout the nineteenth century, and Omani (and European) plantation agriculture gained sway, compounding the pressures of earlier eras. The natives fled to hamlets far from Pangani Town,

2576-465: The town have brought tourists. The town is a district headquarters. Its hospital draws patients from many parts of the region. Funguni Secondary School is in Pangani Town and Boza Secondary School is a short distance north. [REDACTED] Media related to Pangani at Wikimedia Commons Bondei people Tanga Region ( Muheza District ) The Bondei People ( Swahili : Wabondei ) are

2632-535: The town. The Bondei were understandably terrified by the Kiva revolt, which allowed them to reclaim their freedom, and the restoration of the kingdom. The Bondei, a staunchly stateless people, were unable to recognize any one of their kind as leader since any family head would invariably spark opposition from all other families. The Germans and early British regimes both appointed foreign akidas to deal with this challenge, but because to Cameron's intense hate of akidas,

2688-688: The two biggest towns in their respective regions at the time. Other community members (from Muhembo and Tongoni) resided in distant wattle-and-daub homes. Foreign contacts, which may be seen in the archaeological record in the form of Asian ceramics and glass beads, had a significant impact on the formation of identity borders. For example, 62 of 81 (75.3%) of the beads found during excavations at these sites—92 of 108 (85.2%) at Muhembo (Site 37 in Survey Unit 4); and Tongoni—are of foreign (glass) provenance. Among other things, locals created iron tools, textiles, nonglass beads, and ceramics. The situation along

2744-443: The two surviving DOAG strongholds, during the uprising, took up guns, learned new skills as a builder, and created labour and management practises that would influence the rest of his stay in the area. In fact, he brought a large portion of his primarily Nyamwezi staff with him when he returned to Kikogwe, his sisal plantation south of Pangani. He started working on building a successful, modern plantation once more, one that produced

2800-414: The two traditions share several traits, such as ticks along vessel carinations, this might be expected. The upper site stratum may have been disturbed due to the sloping nature of the site and local coconut producers. Daub clusters suggest the inhabitants lived in wattle-and-daub houses east and northeast of the main coral rag ruins (and a lack of them in excavation units 3 and 4). Remains found beside

2856-624: The unearthed units that the inhabitants' meals mostly consisted of terrestrial and avian animals. Swahili open bowls with elaborate decorations may have been used in ceremonies, as seen at locations on Pemba Island . There are architectural remnants, brackish water fish and snail remains, an ivory artefact, a few chert and petrified wood artefacts, local and imported beads and ceramics, a ceramic bead grinder, and slag as proof of production and exchange at Muhembo. Swahili Ware, subsequent indigenous ceramics, animal remains, imported ceramics (Islamic monochromes), and drawn glass beads are all on display on

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2912-549: Was dug in the late 1970s. The surface of the disturbed area is covered in Post-Swahili ceramics and Swahili-associated remnants. The northern edge of the property is flanked by a gravel road that runs between Muheza and Pangani. A minor portion of the entire assemblage found at Muhembo is made up of beads and foreign ceramics. Less than 1.5% (n = 51) of the pottery that were excavated were foreign ceramics. There are ten types present there. Islamic monochromes with blue-green glaze make up five of these. Three further varieties are from

2968-628: Was first brought to the lower river basin after the 1880s through plantation initiatives at Mauya. Among others, Arabic -speaking Omani landowners created a "brutally rationalised form of plantation production" in earlier decades that abused slaves. Maroons (also known as watoro , or escaped slaves) established hideouts in remote locations. Slavery, servitude, and plantation labour have left behind structural remains that stand as reminders of violence. The diversified population of Pangani Bay includes residents from other places as well as people who self-identify as Zigua, Bondei, Digo, Iloikop , and Bena as

3024-435: Was inhabited from the fourteenth/fifteenth to the seventeenth/eighteenth centuries. This classification is supported by both the mosque type and Gramly's (1981) single radiocarbon date of 1449 C.E . Limited foreign ceramics and (mainly drawn) glass beads are present with Swahili and Post-Swahili pottery. The upper layers of excavation units 1 and 2 show some degree of overlap between Swahili and Post-Swahili artefacts. Given that

3080-472: Was the introduction of modern agriculture through European-run plantations. This task was taken seriously by Lautherborn since it served as the cornerstone of his sense of identity and self-worth. His letters to his family, sister, and brother-in-law, as well as to the readers of Vendsyssel Tidende, provide a window into the lives, ideas, and experiences of a pragmatic imperialist who was keen to modernise agricultural productivity and introduce "civilization" to

3136-542: Was the last surviving member of Bonde's old kings, his followers asserted that they were reminded of the Kilindi carnage during Kiva "every time we see a Kilindi on the throne." Strangely, their idea of a "pure Bondei" derived from those members of the Shambaa-Zigua language group who lived "in the valley." This article about a Tanzanian ethnicity is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Muhembo Muhembo ( Swahili Magofu ya Muhembo )

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