118-517: The Pandora Papers are 11.9 million leaked documents with 2.9 terabytes of data that the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) published beginning on 3 October 2021. The leak exposed the secret offshore accounts of 35 world leaders, including current and former presidents, prime ministers, and heads of state as well as more than 100 business leaders, billionaires, and celebrities. The news organizations of
236-569: A British Virgin Islands company; had the property been acquired directly, £312,000 would have been payable in stamp duty . Tony Blair's name appears in a statement of joint income for the associated mortgage. The papers also reveal how an office block owned by Azerbaijan 's ruling Aliyev family was sold to the Crown Estate , the UK sovereign's public estate, for £66 million in 2018, netting
354-658: A plagiarist according to Western standards. One book from which he copied entire paragraphs is the Russian-language edition of King and Cleland 's Strategic Planning and Policy (1978). Balzer wrote on the Putin thesis and Russian energy policy and concludes along with Olcott that "The primacy of the Russian state in the country’s energy sector is non-negotiable", and cites the insistence on majority Russian ownership of any joint-venture, particularly since BASF signed
472-529: A 'grand bargain' with them. This bargain allowed the oligarchs to maintain most of their powers, in exchange for their explicit support for—and alignment with—Putin's government. The Moscow theater hostage crisis occurred in October 2002. Many in the Russian press and in the international media warned that the deaths of 130 hostages in the special forces' rescue operation during the crisis would severely damage President Putin's popularity. However, shortly after
590-406: A breach is made known to the company holding the data, post-breach efforts commonly include containing the breach, investigating its scope and cause, and notifications to people whose records were compromised, as required by law in many jurisdictions. Law enforcement agencies may investigate breaches, although the hackers responsible are rarely caught. Many criminals sell data obtained in breaches on
708-566: A breach, cyber insurance , and monitoring the dark web for stolen credentials of employees. In 2024, the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) issued a special publication, "Data Confidentiality: Identifying and Protecting Assets Against Data Breaches". The NIST Cybersecurity Framework also contains information about data protection. Other organizations have released different standards for data protection. The architecture of
826-498: A company's systems plays a key role in deterring attackers. Daswani and Elbayadi recommend having only one means of authentication , avoiding redundant systems, and making the most secure setting default. Defense in depth and distributed privilege (requiring multiple authentications to execute an operation) also can make a system more difficult to hack. Giving employees and software the least amount of access necessary to fulfill their functions ( principle of least privilege ) limits
944-411: A customer does not end up footing the bill for credit card fraud or identity theft, they have to spend time resolving the situation. Intangible harms include doxxing (publicly revealing someone's personal information), for example medication usage or personal photos. There is little empirical evidence of economic harm from breaches except the direct cost, although there is some evidence suggesting
1062-439: A data breach can be used for extortion . Consumers may suffer various forms of tangible or intangible harm from the theft of their personal data, or not notice any harm. A significant portion of those affected by a data breach become victims of identity theft . A person's identifying information often circulates on the dark web for years, causing an increased risk of identity theft regardless of remediation efforts. Even if
1180-618: A data breach, although only around 5 percent of those eligible take advantage of the service. Issuing new credit cards to consumers, although expensive, is an effective strategy to reduce the risk of credit card fraud . Companies try to restore trust in their business operations and take steps to prevent a breach from reoccurring. After a data breach, criminals make money by selling data, such as usernames, passwords, social media or customer loyalty account information, debit and credit card numbers, and personal health information (see medical data breach ). Criminals often sell this data on
1298-518: A furor among the German press corps. When asked about the incident in a January 2016 interview with Bild , Putin claimed he was not aware of her phobia, adding, "I wanted to make her happy. When I found out that she did not like dogs, I of course apologized." Merkel later told a group of reporters, "I understand why he has to do this – to prove he's a man. He's afraid of his own weakness. Russia has nothing, no successful politics or economy. All they have
SECTION 10
#17327726357401416-611: A lack of free and fair elections . Russia has consistently received very low scores on Transparency International 's Corruption Perceptions Index , The Economist Democracy Index , Freedom House 's Freedom in the World index, and the Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index . Putin was born on 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia),
1534-409: A law in 2018) have their own general data breach notification laws. Measures to protect data from a breach are typically absent from the law or vague. Filling this gap is standards required by cyber insurance , which is held by most large companies and functions as de facto regulation . Of the laws that do exist, there are two main approaches—one that prescribes specific standards to follow, and
1652-504: A member of the Saint Petersburg city government, was one of the suspects, was dropped. On 30 December 2000, yet another case against the prosecutor general was dropped "for lack of evidence", despite thousands of documents having been forwarded by Swiss prosecutors. On 12 February 2001, Putin signed a similar federal law which replaced the decree of 1999. A case regarding Putin's alleged corruption in metal exports from 1992
1770-637: A potential successor. Following the September 1999 Russian apartment bombings and the invasion of Dagestan by mujahideen , including the former KGB agents, based in the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria , Putin's law-and-order image and unrelenting approach to the Second Chechen War soon combined to raise his popularity and allowed him to overtake his rivals. While not formally associated with any party, Putin pledged his support to
1888-555: A private taxi driver to earn extra money, or considered such a job. On 28 June 1991, Putin became head of the Committee for External Relations of the Mayor's Office , with responsibility for promoting international relations and foreign investments and registering business ventures. Within a year, Putin was investigated by the city legislative council led by Marina Salye . It was concluded that he had understated prices and permitted
2006-492: A product that works entirely as intended, virtually all software and hardware contains bugs. If a bug creates a security risk, it is called a vulnerability . Patches are often released to fix identified vulnerabilities, but those that remain unknown ( zero days ) as well as those that have not been patched are still liable for exploitation. Both software written by the target of the breach and third party software used by them are vulnerable to attack. The software vendor
2124-492: A risk of data breach if that company has lower security standards; in particular, small companies often lack the resources to take as many security precautions. As a result, outsourcing agreements often include security guarantees and provisions for what happens in the event of a data breach. Human causes of breach are often based on trust of another actor that turns out to be malicious. Social engineering attacks rely on tricking an insider into doing something that compromises
2242-434: A system by exploiting software vulnerabilities , and social engineering attacks such as phishing where insiders are tricked into disclosing information. Although prevention efforts by the company holding the data can reduce the risk of data breach, it cannot bring it to zero. The first reported breach was in 2002 and the number occurring each year has grown since then. A large number of data breaches are never detected. If
2360-418: A temporary, short-term decline in stock price . Other impacts on the company can range from lost business, reduced employee productivity due to systems being offline or personnel redirected to working on the breach, resignation or firing of senior executives, reputational damage , and increasing the future cost of auditing or security. Consumer losses from a breach are usually a negative externality for
2478-601: Is a contested matter. It is disputed what standard should be applied, whether it is strict liability, negligence , or something else. Vladimir Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who has served as President of Russia since 2012, having previously served from 2000 to 2008. Putin also served as Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000 and again from 2008 to 2012. At 24 years, 10 months and 28 days, he
SECTION 20
#17327726357402596-426: Is also possible for malicious web applications to download malware just from visiting the website ( drive-by download ). Keyloggers , a type of malware that records a user's keystrokes, are often used in data breaches. The majority of data breaches could have been averted by storing all sensitive information in an encrypted format. That way, physical possession of the storage device or access to encrypted information
2714-600: Is legitimate?" Kenyatta and six members of his family have been linked to 13 offshore companies. The leaked list also includes transnational criminal organization leaders, such as Raffaele Amato , boss of the Amato-Pagano clan , a clan within the Camorra , dedicated to international drug trafficking. Amato used a shell company in the UK to buy land and real estate in Spain. Other global names mentioned include Shakira , who
2832-472: Is not based on promises." Putin was barred from a third consecutive term by the Constitution . First Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev was elected his successor. In a power-switching operation on 8 May 2008 , only a day after handing the presidency to Medvedev, Putin was appointed Prime Minister of Russia , maintaining his political dominance. Putin has said that overcoming the consequences of
2950-422: Is not identifying its source for the documents. The ICIJ estimates that the total global amount of money held offshore (outside the country where the money was made) is between US$ 5.6 trillion and US$ 32 trillion. In total, 35 current and former national leaders appear in the leak, alongside 400 public officials from nearly 100 countries and more than 100 billionaires. Some of the activities were legal according to
3068-452: Is often the responsibility of a dedicated computer security incident response team , often including technical experts, public relations , and legal counsel. Many companies do not have sufficient expertise in-house, and subcontract some of these roles; often, these outside resources are provided by the cyber insurance policy. After a data breach becomes known to the company, the next steps typically include confirming it occurred, notifying
3186-417: Is only cents to a few dollars per victim. Legal scholars Daniel J. Solove and Woodrow Hartzog argue that "Litigation has increased the costs of data breaches but has accomplished little else." Plaintiffs often struggle to prove that they suffered harm from a data breach. The contribution of a company's actions to a data breach varies, and likewise the liability for the damage resulting for data breaches
3304-406: Is rarely legally liable for the cost of breaches, thus creating an incentive to make cheaper but less secure software. Vulnerabilities vary in their ability to be exploited by malicious actors. The most valuable allow the attacker to inject and run their own code (called malware ), without the user being aware of it. Some malware is downloaded by users via clicking on a malicious link, but it
3422-620: Is required by law, and only personal information is covered by data breach notification laws . The first reported data breach occurred on 5 April 2002 when 250,000 social security numbers collected by the State of California were stolen from a data center. Before the widespread adoption of data breach notification laws around 2005, the prevalence of data breaches is difficult to determine. Even afterwards, statistics per year cannot be relied on because data breaches may be reported years after they occurred, or not reported at all. Nevertheless,
3540-479: Is stored on personal devices of employees. Via carelessness or disregard of company security policies, these devices can be lost or stolen. Technical solutions can prevent many causes of human error, such as encrypting all sensitive data, preventing employees from using insecure passwords, installing antivirus software to prevent malware, and implementing a robust patching system to ensure that all devices are kept up to date. Although attention to security can reduce
3658-433: Is that the laws are poorly enforced, with penalties often much less than the cost of a breach, and many companies do not follow them. Many class-action lawsuits , derivative suits , and other litigation have been brought after data breaches. They are often settled regardless of the merits of the case due to the high cost of litigation. Even if a settlement is paid, few affected consumers receive any money as it usually
Pandora Papers - Misplaced Pages Continue
3776-603: Is the longest-serving Russian or Soviet leader since the 30-year tenure of Joseph Stalin . Putin worked as a KGB foreign intelligence officer for 16 years, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel . He resigned in 1991 to begin a political career in Saint Petersburg. In 1996, he moved to Moscow to join the administration of President Boris Yeltsin . He briefly served as the director of the Federal Security Service (FSB) and then as secretary of
3894-846: Is this." In a speech in February 2007 at the Munich Security Conference , Putin complained about the feeling of insecurity engendered by the dominant position in geopolitics of the United States and observed that a former NATO official had made rhetorical promises not to expand into new countries in Eastern Europe. On 14 July 2007, Putin announced that Russia would suspend implementation of its Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe obligations, effective after 150 days, and suspend its ratification of
4012-419: Is useless unless the attacker has the encryption key . Hashing is also a good solution for keeping passwords safe from brute-force attacks , but only if the algorithm is sufficiently secure. Many data breaches occur on the hardware operated by a partner of the organization targeted—including the 2013 Target data breach and 2014 JPMorgan Chase data breach . Outsourcing work to a third party leads to
4130-622: The Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty , which treaty was shunned by NATO members abeyant Russian withdrawal from Transnistria and the Republic of Georgia . Moscow continued to participate in the joint consultative group, because it hoped that dialogue could lead to the creation of an effective, new conventional arms control regime in Europe. Russia did specify steps that NATO could take to end
4248-523: The European Union 's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) took effect. The GDPR requires notification within 72 hours, with very high fines possible for large companies not in compliance. This regulation also stimulated the tightening of data privacy laws elsewhere. As of 2022 , the only United States federal law requiring notification for data breaches is limited to medical data regulated under HIPAA , but all 50 states (since Alabama passed
4366-589: The Federal Security Service (FSB), the primary intelligence and security organization of the Russian Federation and the successor to the KGB. In 1999, Putin described communism as "a blind alley, far away from the mainstream of civilization". On 9 August 1999, Putin was appointed one of three first deputy prime ministers, and later on that day, was appointed acting prime minister of the Government of
4484-481: The International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for Putin for war crimes related to his alleged criminal responsibility for illegal child abductions during the war . In April 2021, after a referendum , he signed into law constitutional amendments that included one allowing him to run for reelection twice more, potentially extending his presidency to 2036. In March 2024, he
4602-433: The Mayor of Leningrad . Putin claims that he resigned with the rank of lieutenant colonel on 20 August 1991, on the second day of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt against Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev . Putin said: "As soon as the coup began, I immediately decided which side I was on", although he noted that the choice was hard because he had spent the best part of his life with "the organs". In May 1990, Putin
4720-689: The Permanent Arbitration Court in The Hague . On 7 October 2006, Anna Politkovskaya , a journalist who exposed corruption in the Russian army and its conduct in Chechnya , was shot in the lobby of her apartment building, on Putin's birthday. The death of Politkovskaya triggered international criticism, with accusations that Putin had failed to protect the country's new independent media. Putin himself said that her death caused
4838-658: The Presidential Staff , a post which he retained until May 1998, and chief of the Main Control Directorate of the Presidential Property Management Department (until June 1998). His predecessor in this position was Alexei Kudrin and his successor was Nikolai Patrushev , both future prominent politicians and Putin's associates. On 3 April 1997, Putin was promoted to 1st class Active State Councillor of
Pandora Papers - Misplaced Pages Continue
4956-545: The Security Council of Russia before being appointed prime minister in August 1999. Following Yeltsin's resignation, Putin became acting president and, in less than four months, was elected to his first term as president. He was reelected in 2004 . Due to constitutional limitations of two consecutive presidential terms, Putin served as prime minister again from 2008 to 2012 under Dmitry Medvedev . He returned to
5074-734: The Siege of Leningrad by Nazi Germany 's forces in World War II . Putin's mother was a factory worker, and his father was a conscript in the Soviet Navy , serving in the submarine fleet in the early 1930s. During the early stage of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union , his father served in the destruction battalion of the NKVD . Later, he was transferred to the regular army and
5192-540: The Syrian civil war , ultimately securing permanent naval bases in the Eastern Mediterranean . In February 2022, during his fourth presidential term, Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine , which prompted international condemnation and led to expanded sanctions . In September 2022, he announced a partial mobilization and forcibly annexed four Ukrainian oblasts into Russia . In March 2023,
5310-403: The dark web . Thus, people whose personal data was compromised are at elevated risk of identity theft for years afterwards and a significant number will become victims of this crime. Data breach notification laws in many jurisdictions, including all states of the United States and European Union member states , require the notification of people whose data has been breached. Lawsuits against
5428-451: The dark web —parts of the internet where it is difficult to trace users and illicit activity is widespread—using platforms like .onion or I2P . Originating in the 2000s, the dark web, followed by untraceable cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin in the 2010s, made it possible for criminals to sell data obtained in breaches with minimal risk of getting caught, facilitating an increase in hacking. One popular darknet marketplace, Silk Road ,
5546-420: The reasonableness approach. The former is rarely used due to a lack of flexibility and reluctance of legislators to arbitrate technical issues; with the latter approach, the law is vague but specific standards can emerge from case law . Companies often prefer the standards approach for providing greater legal certainty , but they might check all the boxes without providing a secure product. An additional flaw
5664-493: The 15th anniversary party of Gazprom , its employees threatened Ukraine with a stoppage of flow. On 4 April 2008 at the NATO Bucharest summit , invitee Putin told George W. Bush and other conference delegates: "We view the appearance of a powerful military bloc on our border as a direct threat to the security of our nation. The claim that this process is not directed against Russia will not suffice. National security
5782-1015: The Aliyevs a £31 million profit. Another office block worth £33 million was sold to the Aliyev family in 2009, and was gifted to the 11-year-old son of Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev , Heydar. According to Las Vegas Sun , "Members of the inner circle of Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan are accused of hiding millions of dollars in wealth in secret companies or trusts". Supporters of former Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko accused his successor Zelensky, who came to power on an anti-corruption campaign, of tax evasion. Elsewhere, close associates of Russian president Vladimir Putin , like Svetlana Krivonogikh and Gennady Timchenko , were revealed to have secret assets in Monaco , and Czech prime minister Andrej Babiš , who had campaigned on promising to crack down on corruption and tax evasion , did not declare
5900-607: The BBC’s Panorama . The following media organisations worked on the investigation: Data breach A data breach , also known as data leakage , is "the unauthorized exposure, disclosure, or loss of personal information ". Attackers have a variety of motives, from financial gain to political activism , political repression , and espionage . There are several technical root causes of data breaches, including accidental or intentional disclosure of information by insiders, loss or theft of unencrypted devices, hacking into
6018-711: The CEO of Channel One Russia , Konstantin Ernst . Miguel Bosé , Pep Guardiola and Julio Iglesias are also named. The leaked files come from 14 offshore service providers that help clients establish companies in secrecy jurisdictions. An ICIJ report focused on the Panamanian law firm of Alemán, Cordero, Galindo & Lee, or Alcogal, saying it was the "law firm of the Latin American elite", having created at least 14,000 shell companies and trusts in tax havens . Alcogal
SECTION 50
#17327726357406136-615: The East German communist regime commended Putin with a bronze medal for "faithful service to the National People's Army ". Putin has publicly conveyed delight over his activities in Dresden, once recounting his confrontations with anti-communist protestors of 1989 who attempted the occupation of Stasi buildings in the city. "Putin and his colleagues were reduced mainly to collecting press clippings , thus contributing to
6254-816: The Gazprom Nord Stream - Yuzhno-Russkoye deal in 2004 with a 49–51 structure, as opposed to the older 50–50 split of British Petroleum 's TNK-BP project. In 1975, Putin joined the KGB and trained at the 401st KGB School in Okhta, Leningrad . After training, he worked in the Second Chief Directorate ( counterintelligence ), before he was transferred to the First Chief Directorate , where he monitored foreigners and consular officials in Leningrad. In September 1984, Putin
6372-608: The German Democratic Republic or of the USSR. He explained that many documents were left to Germany only because the furnace burst but many documents of the KGB villa were sent to Moscow. After the collapse of the Communist East German government , Putin was to resign from active KGB service because of suspicions aroused regarding his loyalty during demonstrations in Dresden and earlier, although
6490-616: The ICIJ described the document leak as their most expansive exposé of financial secrecy yet, containing documents, images, emails and spreadsheets from 14 financial service companies, in nations including Panama, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates. The size of the leak surpassed their previous release of the Panama Papers in 2016, which had 11.5 million confidential documents and 2.6 terabytes of data. The ICIJ said it
6608-624: The KGB and the Soviet Army still operated in eastern Germany. He returned to Leningrad in early 1990 as a member of the "active reserves", where he worked for about three months with the International Affairs section of Leningrad State University , reporting to Vice-Rector Yuriy Molchanov , while working on his doctoral dissertation. There, he looked for new KGB recruits, watched the student body, and renewed his friendship with his former professor, Anatoly Sobchak , soon to be
6726-533: The KGB villa in Dresden for the official authorities of the would-be united Germany to prevent demonstrators, including KGB and Stasi agents, from obtaining and destroying them. He then supposedly burnt only the KGB files, in a few hours, but saved the archives of the Soviet Cultural Center for the German authorities. Nothing is told about the selection criteria during this burning; for example, concerning Stasi files or about files of other agencies of
6844-515: The Kremlin. Khodorkovsky was arrested, Yukos was bankrupted, and the company's assets were auctioned at below-market value, with the largest share acquired by the state company Rosneft . The fate of Yukos was seen as a sign of a broader shift of Russia towards a system of state capitalism . This was underscored in July 2014, when shareholders of Yukos were awarded $ 50 billion in compensation by
6962-616: The RAF in West Germany. Klaus Zuchold, who claimed to be recruited by Putin, said that Putin handled a neo-Nazi , Rainer Sonntag, and attempted to recruit an author of a study on poisons. Putin reportedly met Germans to be recruited for wireless communications affairs together with an interpreter. He was involved in wireless communications technologies in South-East Asia due to trips of German engineers, recruited by him, there and to
7080-550: The Russian Federation by President Yeltsin . Yeltsin also announced that he wanted to see Putin as his successor. Later on that same day, Putin agreed to run for the presidency. On 16 August, the State Duma approved his appointment as prime minister with 233 votes in favor (vs. 84 against, 17 abstained), while a simple majority of 226 was required, making him Russia's fifth prime minister in fewer than eighteen months. On his appointment, few expected Putin, virtually unknown to
7198-688: The Russian Federation —the highest federal state civilian service rank . On 27 June 1997, at the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute , guided by rector Vladimir Litvinenko , Putin defended his Candidate of Science dissertation in economics, titled Strategic Planning of the Reproduction of the Mineral Resource Base of a Region under Conditions of the Formation of Market Relations . This exemplified
SECTION 60
#17327726357407316-472: The Saint Petersburg branch of the pro-government Our Home – Russia political party, the liberal party of power founded by Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin . In 1995, he managed the legislative election campaign for that party, and from 1995 through June 1997, he was the leader of its Saint Petersburg branch. In June 1996, Sobchak lost his bid for re-election in Saint Petersburg, and Putin, who had led his election campaign, resigned from his positions in
7434-569: The US, for the first time since the downfall of the USSR. In December 2007, United Russia —the governing party that supports the policies of Putin—won 64.24% of the popular vote in their run for State Duma according to election preliminary results. United Russia's victory in the December 2007 elections was seen by many as an indication of strong popular support of the then Russian leadership and its policies. On 11 February 2008, while Putin addressed
7552-649: The United States, breaches may be investigated by government agencies such as the Office for Civil Rights , the United States Department of Health and Human Services , and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Law enforcement agencies may investigate breaches although the hackers responsible are rarely caught. Notifications are typically sent out as required by law. Many companies offer free credit monitoring to people affected by
7670-541: The West. However, a 2023 investigation by Der Spiegel reported that the anonymous source had never been an RAF member and is "considered a notorious fabulist" with "several previous convictions, including for making false statements". According to Putin's official biography, during the fall of the Berlin Wall that began on 9 November 1989, he saved the files of the Soviet Cultural Center (House of Friendship) and of
7788-492: The age of 12, he began to practice sambo and judo. In his free time, he enjoyed reading the works of Karl Marx , Friedrich Engels , and Lenin. Putin attended Saint Petersburg High School 281 with a German language immersion program. He is fluent in German and often gives speeches and interviews in that language. Putin studied law at the Leningrad State University named after Andrei Zhdanov (now Saint Petersburg State University ) in 1970 and graduated in 1975. His thesis
7906-421: The business. Some experts have argued that the evidence suggests there is not enough direct costs or reputational damage from data breaches to sufficiently incentivize their prevention. Estimating the cost of data breaches is difficult, both because not all breaches are reported and also because calculating the impact of breaches in financial terms is not straightforward. There are multiple ways of calculating
8024-443: The city administration. He moved to Moscow and was appointed as deputy chief of the Presidential Property Management Department headed by Pavel Borodin . He occupied this position until March 1997. He was responsible for the foreign property of the state and organized the transfer of the former assets of the Soviet Union and the CPSU to the Russian Federation. On 26 March 1997, President Boris Yeltsin appointed Putin deputy chief of
8142-478: The commission for the preparation of agreements on the delimitation of the power of the regions and head of the federal center attached to the president, replacing Sergey Shakhray . After Putin's appointment, the commission completed no such agreements, although during Shakhray's term as the head of the Commission 46 such agreements had been signed. Later, after becoming president, Putin cancelled all 46 agreements. On 25 July 1998, Yeltsin appointed Putin director of
8260-603: The company is using a continuous integration/continuous deployment model where new versions are constantly being rolled out. The principle of least persistence —avoiding the collection of data that is not necessary and destruction of data that is no longer necessary—can mitigate the harm from breaches. The challenge is that destroying data can be more complex with modern database systems. A large number of data breaches are never detected. Of those that are, most breaches are detected by third parties; others are detected by employees or automated systems. Responding to breaches
8378-690: The company that was breached are common, although few victims receive money from them. There is little empirical evidence of economic harm to firms from breaches except the direct cost, although there is some evidence suggesting a temporary, short-term decline in stock price . A data breach is a violation of "organizational, regulatory, legislative or contractual" law or policy that causes "the unauthorized exposure, disclosure, or loss of personal information ". Legal and contractual definitions vary. Some researchers include other types of information, for example intellectual property or classified information . However, companies mostly disclose breaches because it
8496-429: The company's contractual obligations. Gathering data about the breach can facilitate later litigation or criminal prosecution, but only if the data is gathered according to legal standards and the chain of custody is maintained. Database forensics can narrow down the records involved, limiting the scope of the incident. Extensive investigation may be undertaken, which can be even more expensive than litigation . In
8614-426: The cost to businesses, especially when it comes to personnel time dedicated to dealing with the breach. Author Kevvie Fowler estimates that more than half the direct cost incurred by companies is in the form of litigation expenses and services provided to affected individuals, with the remaining cost split between notification and detection, including forensics and investigation. He argues that these costs are reduced if
8732-1164: The country's tax laws. Some files were showing the date of 1970, but they were actually created between the years 1996 to 2020. The data included 130 billionaires listed by Forbes, over 330 politicians, celebrities, members of royal families and religious leaders. Among those names are former British prime minister Tony Blair , Chilean president Sebastián Piñera , former Kenyan president Uhuru Kenyatta , Montenegrin president Milo Đukanović , Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy , Qatari emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani , United Arab Emirates prime minister and Dubai ruler Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , Gabonese president Ali Bongo Ondimba , Lebanese prime minister Najib Mikati , Ecuadorian president Guillermo Lasso , family members of former Argentine president Mauricio Macri and his spin-doctor , Ecuadorian Jaime Durán Barba , and Cypriot president Nicos Anastasiades . More than 100 billionaires, 29,000 offshore accounts, 30 current and former leaders, and 336 politicians were named in
8850-533: The custom in Russia whereby a young rising official would write a scholarly work in mid-career. Putin's thesis was plagiarized . Fellows at the Brookings Institution found that 15 pages were copied from an American textbook. On 25 May 1998, Putin was appointed First Deputy Chief of the Presidential Staff for the regions, in succession to Viktoriya Mitina . On 15 July, he was appointed head of
8968-429: The cybercriminal. Two-factor authentication can prevent the malicious actor from using the credentials. Training employees to recognize social engineering is another common strategy. Another source of breaches is accidental disclosure of information, for example publishing information that should be kept private. With the increase in remote work and bring your own device policies, large amounts of corporate data
9086-636: The establishment of the Parliamentary elections and a Regional Government. Throughout the Second Chechen War , Russia severely disabled the Chechen rebel movement; however, sporadic attacks by rebels continued to occur throughout the northern Caucasus. On 14 March 2004, Putin was elected to the presidency for a second term, receiving 71% of the vote. The Beslan school hostage crisis took place on 1–3 September 2004; more than 330 people died, including 186 children. The near 10-year period prior to
9204-520: The export of metals valued at $ 93 million in exchange for foreign food aid that never arrived. Despite the investigators' recommendation that Putin be fired, Putin remained head of the Committee for External Relations until 1996. From 1994 to 1996, he held several other political and governmental positions in Saint Petersburg. In March 1994, Putin was appointed as first deputy chairman of the Government of Saint Petersburg . In May 1995, he organized
9322-559: The first leaks on 3 October 2021. King Abdullah II of Jordan is one of the main figures named in the papers, with documents showing he had invested over US$ 100 million in property across the US and UK, including houses in Malibu, California , Washington, D.C. , London and Ascot . A UK company controlled by Cherie Blair was shown to have acquired a £6.45 million property in London by purchasing Romanstone International Limited,
9440-570: The first reported data breach in April 2002, California passed a law requiring notification when an individual's personal information was breached. In the United States, notification laws proliferated after the February 2005 ChoicePoint data breach , widely publicized in part because of the large number of people affected (more than 140,000) and also because of outrage that the company initially informed only affected people in California. In 2018,
9558-402: The fix is working as expected. If malware is involved, the organization must investigate and close all infiltration and exfiltration vectors, as well as locate and remove all malware from its systems. If data was posted on the dark web , companies may attempt to have it taken down. Containing the breach can compromise investigation, and some tactics (such as shutting down servers) can violate
9676-429: The four alliance members outside the original treaty, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Slovenia, join it." In early 2007, " Dissenters' Marches " were organized by the opposition group The Other Russia , led by former chess champion Garry Kasparov and national-Bolshevist leader Eduard Limonov . Following prior warnings, demonstrations in several Russian cities were met by police action, which included interfering with
9794-423: The general public, to last any longer than his predecessors. He was initially regarded as a Yeltsin loyalist; like other prime ministers of Boris Yeltsin , Putin did not choose ministers himself, his cabinet was determined by the presidential administration. Yeltsin's main opponents and would-be successors were already campaigning to replace the ailing president, and they fought hard to prevent Putin's emergence as
9912-467: The government more problems than her writings. In January 2007, Putin met with German Chancellor Angela Merkel at his Black Sea residence in Sochi , two weeks after Russia switched off oil supplies to Germany. Putin brought his black Labrador Konni in front of Merkel, who has a noted phobia of dogs and looked visibly uncomfortable in its presence, adding, "I'm sure it will behave itself", causing
10030-518: The hackers are paid large sums of money. The Pegasus spyware —a no-click malware developed by the Israeli company NSO Group that can be installed on most cellphones and spies on the users' activity—has drawn attention both for use against criminals such as drug kingpin El Chapo as well as political dissidents, facilitating the murder of Jamal Khashoggi . Despite developers' goal of delivering
10148-558: The law is violated. Notification laws increase transparency and provide a reputational incentive for companies to reduce breaches. The cost of notifying the breach can be high if many people were affected and is incurred regardless of the company's responsibility, so it can function like a strict liability fine. As of 2024 , Thomas on Data Breach listed 62 United Nations member states that are covered by data breach notification laws. Some other countries require breach notification in more general data protection laws . Shortly after
10266-457: The likelihood and damage of breaches. Several data breaches were enabled by reliance on security by obscurity ; the victims had put access credentials in publicly accessible files. Nevertheless, prioritizing ease of use is also important because otherwise users might circumvent the security systems. Rigorous software testing , including penetration testing , can reduce software vulnerabilities, and must be performed prior to each release even if
10384-399: The mountains of useless information produced by the KGB", Russian-American Masha Gessen wrote in their 2012 biography of Putin. His work was also downplayed by former Stasi spy chief Markus Wolf and Putin's former KGB colleague Vladimir Usoltsev. Journalist Catherine Belton wrote in 2020 that this downplaying was actually cover for Putin's involvement in KGB coordination and support for
10502-609: The newly formed Unity Party , which won the second largest percentage of the popular vote (23.3%) in the December 1999 Duma elections , and in turn supported Putin. On 31 December 1999, Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned and, according to the Constitution of Russia , Putin became Acting President of the Russian Federation . On assuming this role, Putin went on a previously scheduled visit to Russian troops in Chechnya. The first presidential decree that Putin signed on 31 December 1999
10620-450: The organization has invested in security prior to the breach or has previous experience with breaches. The more data records involved, the more expensive a breach typically will be. In 2016, researcher Sasha Romanosky estimated that while the mean breach cost around the targeted firm $ 5 million, this figure was inflated by a few highly expensive breaches, and the typical data breach was much less costly, around $ 200,000. Romanosky estimated
10738-550: The period preceding Putin's rule. In 2005, the National Priority Projects were launched to improve Russia's health care , education , housing , and agriculture . The continued criminal prosecution of the wealthiest man in Russia at the time, president of Yukos oil and gas company Mikhail Khodorkovsky , for fraud and tax evasion was seen by the international press as a retaliation for Khodorkovsky's donations to both liberal and communist opponents of
10856-435: The presidency in 2012, following an election marked by allegations of fraud and protests , and was reelected in 2018 . During Putin's initial presidential tenure, the Russian economy grew on average by seven percent per year, driven by economic reforms and a fivefold increase in the price of oil and gas. Additionally, Putin led Russia in a conflict against Chechen separatists , reestablishing federal control over
10974-509: The region. While serving as prime minister under Medvedev, he oversaw a military conflict with Georgia and enacted military and police reforms . In his third presidential term, Russia annexed Crimea and supported a war in eastern Ukraine through several military incursions, resulting in international sanctions and a financial crisis in Russia . He also ordered a military intervention in Syria to support his ally Bashar al-Assad during
11092-475: The response team, and attempting to contain the damage. To stop exfiltration of data, common strategies include shutting down affected servers, taking them offline, patching the vulnerability, and rebuilding . Once the exact way that the data was compromised is identified, there is typically only one or two technical vulnerabilities that need to be addressed in order to contain the breach and prevent it from reoccurring. A penetration test can then verify that
11210-479: The rise of Putin after the dissolution of Soviet rule was a time of upheaval in Russia. In a 2005 Kremlin speech, Putin characterized the collapse of the Soviet Union as the "greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the twentieth century". Putin elaborated, "Moreover, the epidemic of disintegration infected Russia itself." The country's cradle-to-grave social safety net was gone and life expectancy declined in
11328-611: The risk of data breach, it cannot bring it to zero. Security is not the only priority of organizations, and an attempt to achieve perfect security would make the technology unusable. Many companies hire a chief information security officer (CISO) to oversee the company's information security strategy. To obtain information about potential threats, security professionals will network with each other and share information with other organizations facing similar threats. Defense measures can include an updated incident response strategy, contracts with digital forensics firms that could investigate
11446-545: The security is above average. More organized criminals have more resources and are more focused in their targeting of particular data . Both of them sell the information they obtain for financial gain. Another source of data breaches are politically motivated hackers , for example Anonymous , that target particular objectives. State-sponsored hackers target either citizens of their country or foreign entities, for such purposes as political repression and espionage . Often they use undisclosed zero-day vulnerabilities for which
11564-465: The siege had ended, the Russian president enjoyed record public approval ratings—83% of Russians declared themselves satisfied with Putin and his handling of the siege. In 2003, a referendum was held in Chechnya , adopting a new constitution which declares that the Republic of Chechnya is a part of Russia; on the other hand, the region did acquire autonomy. Chechnya has been gradually stabilized with
11682-644: The statistics show a continued increase in the number and severity of data breaches that continues as of 2022 . In 2016, researcher Sasha Romanosky estimated that data breaches (excluding phishing ) outnumbered other security breaches by a factor of four. According to a 2020 estimate, 55 percent of data breaches were caused by organized crime , 10 percent by system administrators , 10 percent by end users such as customers or employees, and 10 percent by states or state-affiliated actors. Opportunistic criminals may cause data breaches—often using malware or social engineering attacks , but they will typically move on if
11800-484: The suspension. "These include [NATO] members cutting their arms allotments and further restricting temporary weapons deployments on each NATO member's territory. Russia also want[ed] constraints eliminated on how many forces it can deploy in its southern and northern flanks. Moreover, it is pressing NATO members to ratify a 1999 updated version of the accord, known as the Adapted CFE Treaty , and demanding that
11918-402: The system's security, such as revealing a password or clicking a link to download malware. Data breaches may also be deliberately caused by insiders. One type of social engineering, phishing , obtains a user's credentials by sending them a malicious message impersonating a legitimate entity, such as a bank, and getting the user to enter their credentials onto a malicious website controlled by
12036-517: The terrorist Red Army Faction , whose members frequently hid in East Germany with the support of the Stasi. Dresden was preferred as a "marginal" town with only a small presence of Western intelligence services. According to an anonymous source who claimed to be a former RAF member, at one of these meetings in Dresden the militants presented Putin with a list of weapons that were later delivered to
12154-416: The total annual cost to corporations in the United States to be around $ 10 billion. The law regarding data breaches is often found in legislation to protect privacy more generally, and is dominated by provisions mandating notification when breaches occur. Laws differ greatly in how breaches are defined, what type of information is protected, the deadline for notification, and who has standing to sue if
12272-526: The travel of the protesters and the arrests of as many as 150 people who attempted to break through police lines. On 12 September 2007, Putin dissolved the government upon the request of Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov . Fradkov commented that it was to give the President a "free hand" in the run-up to the parliamentary election. Viktor Zubkov was appointed the new prime minister. On 19 September 2007, Putin's nuclear-capable bombers commenced exercises near
12390-713: The use of an offshore investment company in the purchase of eight properties, including two villas, in Mougins on the French Riviera for £12 million. As a result of the Pandora Papers, more information emerged about Russia-linked, allegedly Kremlin-linked, donations to the Tories. Uhuru Kenyatta was also mentioned, despite being quoted in 2018 as stating, "Every public servant's assets must be declared publicly so that people can question and ask – what
12508-428: The youngest of three children of Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin (1911–1999) and Maria Ivanovna Putina ( née Shelomova ; 1911–1998). His grandfather, Spiridon Putin (1879–1965), was a personal cook to Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin . Putin's birth was preceded by the deaths of two brothers: Albert, born in the 1930s, died in infancy, and Viktor, born in 1940, died of diphtheria and starvation in 1942 during
12626-401: Was reelected to another term. Under Putin's rule , the Russian political system has been transformed into an authoritarian dictatorship with a personality cult . His rule has been marked by endemic corruption and widespread human rights violations , including the imprisonment and suppression of political opponents , intimidation and censorship of independent media in Russia , and
12744-427: Was appointed as an advisor on international affairs to the mayor of Leningrad Anatoly Sobchak . In a 2017 interview with Oliver Stone , Putin said that he resigned from the KGB in 1991, following the coup against Mikhail Gorbachev, as he did not agree with what had happened and did not want to be part of the intelligence in the new administration. According to Putin's statements in 2018 and 2021, he may have worked as
12862-581: Was brought back by Marina Salye , but she was silenced and forced to leave Saint Petersburg. While his opponents had been preparing for an election in June 2000, Yeltsin's resignation resulted in the presidential elections being held on 26 March 2000; Putin won in the first round with 53% of the vote. The inauguration of President Putin occurred on 7 May 2000. He appointed the minister of finance , Mikhail Kasyanov , as prime minister. The first major challenge to Putin's popularity came in August 2000, when he
12980-449: Was criticized for the alleged mishandling of the Kursk submarine disaster . That criticism was largely because it took several days for Putin to return from vacation, and several more before he visited the scene. Between 2000 and 2004, Putin set about the reconstruction of the impoverished condition of the country, apparently winning a power-struggle with the Russian oligarchs , reaching
13098-511: Was incorporating new offshore entities while going on trial for tax evasion; model Claudia Schiffer ; Indian cricket player Sachin Tendulkar ; Indian billionaire Anil Ambani ; fugitive diamantaire Nirav Modi ’s sister Purvi Modi; Alexandre Cazes , the founder of the dark web site AlphaBay , used to deal in illegal drugs; Pakistani finance minister , Shaukat Fayaz Ahmed Tarin , and several of family members of Pakistan's top generals; and
13216-658: Was influential in Putin's career in Moscow. In 1997, Putin received a degree in economics ( kandidat ekonomicheskikh nauk ) at the Saint Petersburg Mining University for a thesis on energy dependencies and their instrumentalisation in foreign policy. His supervisor was Vladimir Litvinenko , who in 2000 and again in 2004 managed his presidential election campaigns in St Petersburg. Igor Danchenko and Clifford Gaddy consider Putin to be
13334-626: Was on "The Most Favored Nation Trading Principle in International Law". While there, he was required to join the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU); he remained a member until it ceased to exist in 1991. Putin met Anatoly Sobchak , an assistant professor who taught business law , and who later became the co-author of the Russian constitution . Putin was influential in Sobchak's career in Saint Petersburg, and Sobchak
13452-597: Was sent to Moscow for further training at the Yuri Andropov Red Banner Institute . From 1985 to 1990, he served in Dresden , East Germany , using a cover identity as a translator. While posted in Dresden, Putin worked as one of the KGB's liaison officers to the Stasi secret police and was reportedly promoted to lieutenant colonel . According to the official Kremlin presidential site,
13570-545: Was severely wounded in 1942. Putin's maternal grandmother was killed by the German occupiers of Tver region in 1941, and his maternal uncles disappeared on the Eastern Front during World War II. On 1 September 1960, Putin started at School No. 193 at Baskov Lane, near his home. He was one of a few in his class of about 45 pupils who were not yet members of the Young Pioneer ( Komsomol ) organization. At
13688-442: Was shut down in 2013 and its operators arrested, but several other marketplaces emerged in its place. Telegram is also a popular forum for illegal sales of data. This information may be used for a variety of purposes, such as spamming , obtaining products with a victim's loyalty or payment information, identity theft , prescription drug fraud , or insurance fraud . The threat of data breach or revealing information obtained in
13806-556: Was thus mentioned more than any other offshore provider in the leaked documents. For the uncovering of the papers, the ICIJ worked with journalists from 91 media outlets in 117 countries including news organizations such as The Washington Post , L'Espresso , Le Monde , El País , Süddeutsche Zeitung , the PBS program Frontline , the Australian Broadcasting Corporation , The Guardian , and
13924-480: Was titled "On guarantees for the former president of the Russian Federation and the members of his family". This ensured that "corruption charges against the outgoing President and his relatives" would not be pursued. This was most notably targeted at the Mabetex bribery case in which Yeltsin's family members were involved. On 30 August 2000, a criminal investigation (number 18/238278-95) in which Putin himself, as
#739260