The Imperial University of Constantinople , sometimes known as the University of the Palace Hall of Magnaura ( Greek : Πανδιδακτήριον τῆς Μαγναύρας ), was an Eastern Roman educational institution that could trace its corporate origins to 425 AD, when the emperor Theodosius II founded the Pandidacterium ( Medieval Greek : Πανδιδακτήριον ).
31-565: The Pandidakterion was refounded in 1046 by Constantine IX Monomachos who created the Departments of Law (Διδασκαλεῖον τῶν Νόμων) and Philosophy (Γυμνάσιον). At the time various economic schools, colleges, polytechnics, libraries and fine arts academies also operated in the city of Constantinople. Byzantine society on the whole was an educated one. Primary education was widely available, sometimes even at village level and uniquely in that era for both sexes. Female participation in culture
62-527: A husband and co-emperor in 1042, although he had been exiled for conspiring against her previous husband, Emperor Michael IV the Paphlagonian . The couple shared the throne with Zoë's sister Theodora Porphyrogenita . Zoë died in 1050, and Constantine continued his collaboration with Theodora until his own death five years later. Constantine waged wars against groups which included the Kievan Rus' ,
93-740: A year before Constantine's death, the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches took place, culminating in Pope Leo IX excommunicating the Patriarch Michael Keroularios . Constantine, aware of the political and religious consequences of such a disunion, made unsuccessful efforts to prevent the breach. Constantine Monomachos was the son of Theodosios Monomachos, an important bureaucrat under Basil II and Constantine VIII , of
124-444: A établi l'"université de Constantinople", avec 31 professeurs rémunérés par l'État qui jouissaient du monopole des cours publics. Constantine IX Monomachos Constantine IX Monomachos ( Medieval Greek : Κωνσταντῖνος Μονομάχος , romanized : Kōnstantinos Monomachos ; c. 980 / c. 1000 – 11 January 1055) reigned as Byzantine emperor from June 1042 to January 1055. Empress Zoë Porphyrogenita chose him as
155-423: The pronoia system, a sort of Byzantine feudal contract in which tracts of land (or the tax revenue from it) were granted to particular individuals in exchange for contributing to and maintaining military forces. Constantine could be wasteful with the imperial treasury. On one occasion he is said to have sent an Arab leader 500,000 gold coins, over two tons of gold. In 1054 the centuries-old differences between
186-605: The Balkans and was about to defeat Constantine's army in battle, when he was wounded and died on the field, ending the crisis in 1043. Immediately after the victory, Constantine was attacked by a fleet from Kievan Rus' ; it is "incontrovertible that a Rus' detachment took part in the Maniakes rebellion". They too were defeated, with the help of Greek fire . As part of the peace negotiations, Constantine married his daughter, Anastasia (by his second wife or Maria Skleraina), to
217-560: The Balkans , and in 1048 the area was raided by the Pechenegs , who continued to plunder it for the next five years. The emperor's efforts to contain the enemy through diplomacy merely exacerbated the situation, as rival Pecheneg leaders clashed on Byzantine ground, and Pecheneg settlers were allowed to live in compact settlement in the Balkans, making it difficult to suppress their rebellion. Constantine seems to have taken recourse to
248-620: The Eastern and Western churches led to their final separation . Legates from Pope Leo IX excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Keroularios when Keroularios would not agree to adopt western church practices, and in return Keroularios excommunicated the legates. This sabotaged Constantine's attempts to ally with the Pope against the Normans , who had taken advantage of
279-554: The Fall of Constantinople in 1453, and was refounded as the Phanar Greek Orthodox College . The primary University of the city became a madrasa (now Istanbul University ), established by Mehmet II following the conquest of the city. Both of these institutions are still operational today. Matthaios Kamariotis , lecturer of the university, became the first director of Phanar Greek Orthodox College , which
310-610: The Pandidakterion was to educate civil servants for the administration of the state. The main content of higher education for most students was rhetoric, philosophy and law with the aim of producing competent, learned personnel to staff the bureaucratic postings of state and church. In this sense the university was the secular equivalent of the Theological Schools. The university maintained an active philosophical tradition of Platonism and Aristotelianism , with
341-628: The Pechenegs and, in the East, the rising Seljuq Turks . Despite the varying success of these campaigns, the Byzantine Empire largely retained the borders established after the conquests of Basil II ( r. 976–1025 ), even expanding eastwards when Constantine annexed the wealthy Armenian kingdom of Ani . Constantine accordingly may be considered the last effective emperor during the Macedonian Renaissance . In 1054,
SECTION 10
#1732772223556372-792: The Byzantines first came into contact with the Seljuk Turks . They met in battle in Armenia in 1048 and settled a truce the following year. Even if the Seljuk rulers were willing to abide by the treaty, their unruly Turcoman allies showed much less restraint. The Byzantine forces would suffer a cataclysmic defeat at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. Constantine began persecuting the Armenian Church , trying to force it into union with
403-648: The Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, which had been substantially destroyed in 1009 by Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah . Byzantine Emperor Romanos III had secured the right to undertake such a restoration in a treaty with al-Hakim's son al-Zahir , but it was Constantine who finally set the project in motion, funding the reconstruction of the Church and other Christian establishments in the Holy Land. Constantine
434-621: The Orthodox Church. In 1046, he refounded the University of Constantinople by creating the Departments of Law and Philosophy . In 1047, Constantine was faced by the rebellion of his nephew Leo Tornikios , who gathered supporters in Adrianople and was proclaimed emperor by the army. Tornikios was forced to retreat, failed in another siege, and was captured during his flight. The revolt had weakened Byzantine defenses in
465-479: The citizens of Constantinople in 1044, which came dangerously close to harming Constantine as he participated in a religious procession . The mob was only quieted by the appearance at a balcony of Zoë and Theodora, who reassured the people that they were not in any danger of regicide . In 1045, Constantine annexed the Armenian kingdom of Ani , but this expansion merely exposed the empire to new enemies. In 1046
496-535: The communities of masters and students that came to define the institutional character of European universities. Nonetheless, the Dictionnaire encyclopédique du Moyen Âge also identifies the Pandidakterion founded in 425 as a "university institution". Universities, Byzantine. The medieval Greek world knew no autonomous and continuing institutions of higher education comparable to the universities of
527-410: The disappearance of Maniakes to take over Southern Italy . Constantine tried to intervene, but he fell ill and died on 11 January of the following year. He was persuaded by his councillors, chiefly the logothetes tou dromou John, to ignore the rights of the elderly Theodora, daughter of Constantine VIII, and to pass the throne to the doux of Bulgaria, Nikephoros Proteuon . However, Theodora
558-459: The eye of Empress Zoë Porphyrogenita , he was exiled to Mytilene on the island of Lesbos by her second husband, Emperor Michael IV . The death of Michael IV and the overthrow of Michael V in 1042 led to Constantine being recalled from his place of exile and appointed as a judge in Greece . However, before he could commence his appointment, Constantine was summoned to Constantinople , where
589-503: The famous and noble Monomachos family . His mother and her name are unknown. Constantine was born around 980 or 1000 in Antioch . At some point Constantine's father Theodosios had been suspected of conspiracy, and his son's career suffered accordingly. Constantine's position improved after he married his second wife, sometimes called Helena or Pulcheria, a daughter of Basil Skleros , and niece of Emperor Romanos III Argyros . Catching
620-558: The former being the longest unbroken Platonic school, running for close to two millennia until the 15th century. The School of Magnaura was founded in the 9th century but did not last very long, and in the 11th new schools of philosophy and law were established at the Capitol School. The period of decline began with the Latin conquest of 1204 although the university survived as a non-secular institution under Church management until
651-442: The fragile working relationship between Michael V's successors, Empresses Zoë and Theodora Porphyrogenita , was breaking down. After two months of increasing acrimony between the two, Zoë decided to search for a new husband, thereby hoping to prevent her sister from increasing her popularity and authority. After her first preference displayed contempt for the empress and her second died under mysterious circumstances, Zoë remembered
SECTION 20
#1732772223556682-467: The future Prince Vsevolod I of Kiev , the son of his opponent Yaroslav I the Wise . Constantine's family name Monomachos ("one who fights alone") was inherited by Vsevolod and Anastasia's son, Vladimir II Monomakh . Constantine IX's preferential treatment of Maria Skleraina in the early part of his reign led to rumors that she was planning to murder Zoë and Theodora. This led to a popular uprising by
713-473: The handsome and urbane Constantine. The pair were married on 11 June, without the participation of Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople , who refused to officiate over a third marriage (for both spouses). Constantine was crowned on the following day. Constantine continued the purge instituted by Zoë and Theodora, removing the relatives of Michael V from the court. The new emperor was pleasure-loving and prone to violent outbursts on suspicion of conspiracy. He
744-496: The later Middle Ages in Western Europe . Le nom "université" désigne au Moyen Âge occidental une organisation corporative des élèves et des maîtres, avec ses fonctions et privilèges, qui cultive un ensemble d'études supérieures. L'existence d'une telle institution est fort contestée pour Byzance. Seule l'école de Constantinople sous Théodose Il peut être prise pour une institution universitaire. Par la loi de 425, l'empereur
775-447: Was established in 1454. The Pandidakterion refounded in 1046 is generally recognized as a " university " in that it was, like modern universities, an institution of higher learning with chairs in many fields of study, but some scholars have argued that it was not a "university" because it lacked the corporative structure of the medieval universities of Western Europe, which used the Latin term universitas magistrorum et scholarium for
806-537: Was heavily influenced by his controversial wife or mistress, Maria Skleraina , a relative of his second wife, and Maria's family. Constantine had another mistress, an " Alan princess", Gurandukht , likely the daughter of George I . In August 1042 Constantine relieved the general George Maniakes from his command in Italy , and Maniakes rebelled, declaring himself emperor in September. He transferred his troops into
837-687: Was high. Scholarship was fostered not only in Constantinople but also in institutions operated in such major cities as Antioch and Alexandria . The original school, named Pandidakterion , was founded in 425 by Emperor Theodosius II in the Capitolium of Constantinople with 31 chairs: 10 each for Greek and Latin grammar; two for law; one for philosophy; and eight chairs for rhetoric, with five taught in Greek and three in Latin. The sole purpose of
868-458: Was in his prime, before his limbs lost their virility, anyone who cared to look at him closely would surely have likened his head to the sun in its glory, so radiant was it, and his hair to the rays of the sun, while in the rest of his body he would have seen the purest and most translucent crystal. " Immediately upon ascending to the throne in 1042, Constantine IX set about restoring the Church of
899-558: Was praised for his justice and wisdom, the latter being displayed through his patronage of philosophy and rhetoric, as well as his legislation. Indeed, during his reign there was a "rennaisance" of interest in ancient Greek philosophy . His personality has been described as good-natured; he was easily amused and loved to laugh. He charmed practically everyone who knew him, especially Zoë, whom he enthralled immediately. Constantine spent money without restraints and liked to make several luxurious gifts to his associates. For example, he gave to
930-452: Was recalled from her retirement and named empress. The literary circle at the court of Constantine IX included the philosopher and historian Michael Psellos , whose Chronographia records the history of Constantine's reign. Psellos left a physical description of Constantine in his Chronographia : he was " ruddy as the sun, but all his breast, and down to his feet... [were] colored the purest white all over, with exquisite accuracy. When he
961-533: Was said to rival Achilles and Nireus in terms of beauty. He was described by Michael Psellos as " a marvel of beauty that Nature brought into being in the person of this man, so justly proportioned, so harmoniously fashioned, that there was no one in our time to compare to him ". Psellos described "the symmetry of the emperor's body, his perfect analogies, his ruddy hair which shone like rays of sunlight, [and] his white body which appeared like clear and translucent crystal". In addition to his beauty, Constantine