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52-745: The village was probably founded some time in the 14th century. In 1390, it was acquired by the Vilnius Bishopric and soon became the main supplier of bricks to the nearby city. It shared a common history with Vilnius. After the final Partition of Poland in 1795, it became a part of the Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire . During the November Uprising , on 19 June 1831, the Battle of Paneriai took place near

104-520: A Bernardine convent at Slonim with four septuagenarian nuns, a Franciscan monastery at Grodno with a single friar and in the same city a convent of Brigittine Sisters with two religious. On October 28, 1925 the old bishopric, then in Poland, was promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese, with only two suffragans : the diocese of Łomża and the diocese of Pinsk , until 1991. In 1991–1992 the Polish parts of

156-696: A large Polish minority (26% of Vilnius county population) John the Evangelist John the Evangelist ( c. 8 AD - c. 100 AD) is the name traditionally given to the author of the Gospel of John . Christians have traditionally identified him with John the Apostle , John of Patmos , and John the Presbyter , although there is no consensus on how many of these may actually be

208-515: A minor basilica in Trakai . The current archbishop of Vilnius is Gintaras Grušas . He is assisted by auxiliary bishops Arūnas Poniškaitis and Darius Trijonis. The Archdiocese owes its foundation to Jogaila , who Christened Lithuania in 1387 and sent Dobrogost , Bishop of Poznań as ambassador to the Pope Urban VI with a petition for the erection of an episcopal see at Vilnius and

260-410: A third or mixed gender' and 'a crucial figure with whom to identify' for male believers who sought to cultivate an attitude of affective piety , a highly emotional style of devotion that, in late-medieval culture, was thought to be poorly compatible with masculinity. Legends from the " Acts of John " contributed much to medieval iconography; it is the source of the idea that John became an apostle at

312-575: A young age. One of John's familiar attributes is the chalice , often with a snake emerging from it. According to one legend from the Acts of John, John was challenged to drink a cup of poison to demonstrate the power of his faith, and thanks to God's aid the poison was rendered harmless. The chalice can also be interpreted with reference to the Last Supper , or to the words of Christ to John and James: "My chalice indeed you shall drink." According to

364-704: Is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Lithuania . Established as the Diocese of Vilnius in the 14th century, it was elevated to the rank of a metropolitan archdiocese by Pope Pius XI on October 28, 1925. It has two suffragan sees of Kaišiadorys and Panevėžys . The archdiocese's motherchurch and thus seat of its archbishop is Cathedral-Basilica of St. Stanislaus and St. Ladislaus in Vilnius ; it also houses

416-557: Is white. Freemasons celebrate this feast day , dating back to the 18th century when the Feast Day was used for the installation of Grand Masters . John is traditionally depicted in one of two distinct ways: either as an aged man with a white or gray beard, or alternatively as a beardless youth. The first way of depicting him was more common in Byzantine art , where it was possibly influenced by antique depictions of Socrates ;

468-586: The Alma Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Iesu , founded a seminary, under the direction of the Jesuits, introduced the regulations of the Council of Trent , and having been made a cardinal, was transferred to the Diocese of Kraków in 1591. The chapter then entrusted the administration of the diocese to the suffragan bishop, Ciprian. At his death in 1594, the clergy were divided into factions on

520-532: The Blessed Trinity , St. Stanislaus and St. Ladislaus , was erected in the place of a demolished pagan sanctuary in virtue of a Papal Bull of 12 March 1387. Burned down in 1399, it was rebuilt in the Gothic style in 1399 by Grand Duke Vytautas ; again destroyed in 1531 and 1662, its restoration was begun in 1769 and finished in 1801. It contains splendid chapels, especially those of St. Casimir and of

572-866: The Canons Regular of the Lateran to Vilnius, and energetically combated the Protestants and the Orthodox. Abraham Woyna (1631–1649) introduced the Fatebene Brethren and strenuously opposed Calvinism . Jerzy Tyszkiewicz (1650–1656) annexed the whole of Courland to his diocese. Aleksander Sapieha (1666–1671) founded the Church of Saints Peter and Paul , taking St. Peter's for his model. The diocese then comprised 25 deaneries with 410 churches. Constantius Casimir Brzostowski (1687–1722) brought

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624-536: The Council of Lords of Lithuania, could not give all their attention to the spiritual necessities of their flock; hence, from the fifteenth centuries they had coadjutors or auxiliary Bishops . Many of these, particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries, were titular bishops of Methoni, Messenia (on the Peloponnesus ). Among the most famous may be mentioned George Casimir Ancuta (d. 1737), author of "Jus plenum religionis catholicae in regno Poloniaw", showing that

676-727: The Immaculate Conception . Other important churches are those of the Holy Cross , allegedly founded in the fourteenth century on the spot where, according to the legend from the Bychowiec Chronicle , fourteen Franciscans were martyred by the pagans in 1366; the Church of Saint Martin , founded by Jogaila in 1380, built on the ruins of an ancient pagan temple; St. Anne , founded for the Germans by Anna ,

728-801: The Inquisition to combat the Hussites , founded many churches and strenuously defended the rights and privileges of the Lithuanians . Under Jan Łosowicz (1467–1481) many Ruthenians were converted to Catholicism and the Franciscan Bernardines were established at Vilnius. Albert Tabor, a Lithuanian, invited the Dominicans to Vilnius and entrusted to them the Church of the Holy Spirit; Albert Radziwiłł (1508–1519) died in

780-600: The Insurrection of 1831 , returned in 1832, was preconized Bishop of Vilnius in 1839 and took possession of the see on June 28, 1841. He died the same year, after witnessing the ruin of the Ruthenian Uniat Church in his diocese. The chapter elected John Cywinski as vicar suffragan; he saw the University of Vilnius closed, the clergy and churches of his diocese despoiled of their property. In 1848 he

832-409: The Insurrection of 1863 , the diocese saw all its religious violently expelled. The monasteries were converted into barracks, the churches given to the Orthodox or the secular clergy, the libraries dispersed, the possessions of the religious confiscated. In 1910 there remained only one monastery of Benedictine Sisters (connected with the Church of St. Catherine at Vilnius) with six septuagenarian nuns,

884-837: The Lithuanian–Bolshevik War , Polish-Bolshevik War , and the Polish-Lithuanian War , it eventually became part of Poland. In 1939, after the invasion of Poland , the village was captured by the Soviet Union and transferred to Lithuania , only to be reannexed by Soviets the following year. Between July 1941, and August 1944, Paneriai became the mass murder site of approximately 70,000 Jews , 20,000 Polish intelligents, and 8,000 Russian POWs. The executions were planned and carried out by German units of SD and SS with help from local lithuanian collaborationists Special SD and Security Police Squad . The site of

936-534: The Piarists to Vilnius and encouraged the development of the religious orders. In the episcopate of Michael Zienkowicz (1730–1762), conflicts between the Jesuits and the Piarists arose, resulting in the closing of Piarist schools. Prince Ignacy Jakub Massalski (1762–1794) encouraged the reform of the clergy and devoted his immense fortune to the churches of his diocese. After the partitions of Poland–Lithuania ,

988-587: The catechism , mixed marriages and spiritual exercises. After the synod of 1744, under Bishop Michael Zienkowicz, no others were held, but the bishops addressed to their clergy pastoral letters, some of them of notable import. The diocese possesses splendid churches and venerable sanctuaries. Of the former the largest and most beautiful are in Vilnius, although many, violently wrested from the Catholics, became Russian Orthodox churches. The cathedral , dedicated to

1040-684: The odour of sanctity ; John the Lithuanian (1519–1537) held the first diocesan synod at Vilnius in 1526; Prince Paweł Holszański (1534–1555) restored his cathedral in the Gothic style and held a synod in 1555; Walerian Protasewicz Suszkowski (1556–1580) had to contend for the celibacy of the clergy and the use of Latin in the Liturgy; he brought the Jesuits , among whom was Piotr Skarga , to Vilnius. Prince Jerzy Radziwiłł (1581–1591) fostered

1092-411: The 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia , some authorities believe that this symbol was not adopted until the 13th century. There was also a legend that John was at some stage boiled in oil and miraculously preserved. Another common attribute is a book or a scroll, in reference to his writings. John the Evangelist is symbolically represented by an eagle , one of the creatures envisioned by Ezekiel (1:10) and in

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1144-519: The Apostle. The gospel and epistles traditionally and plausibly came from Ephesus , c.  90–110 , although some scholars argue for an origin in Syria . Eastern Orthodox tradition attributes all of the Johannine books to John the Apostle. Some today agree that the gospel and epistles may have been written by a single author, whether or not this was the apostle. Other scholars conclude that

1196-674: The Diocese of Vilnius became part of the Russian Empire and no longer enjoyed freedom of relations with the Holy See but many Catholics supported the Russian government after Bishop of Vilnius Ignacy Jakub Massalski was hanged in 1794 by the revolutionaries of the Kościuszko Uprising . In 1795 the chapter nominated David Pilchowski vicar in spiritualibus . Livonia was added to the diocese, and John Nepomucene Kossakowski (1798–1808)

1248-609: The Evangelist was John the Apostle. John, Peter and James the Just were the three pillars of the Jerusalem church after Jesus' death. He was one of the original twelve apostles and is thought to be the only one to escape martyrdom. It had been believed that he was exiled (around AD 95) to the Aegean island of Patmos , where he wrote the Book of Revelation . However, some attribute

1300-579: The Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. The Catholic population of the city was only 96,000. Dependent upon the parish of St. Teresa is the chapel of the miraculous image of Our Lady of Ostrobrama, the centre of many pilgrimages in Lithuania, and venerated also by the Orthodox; its miraculous image stands upon an arch, and the street which passes under this arch is occupied at all hours of the day by a crowd of prostrate suppliants; anyone passing under

1352-464: The Protestants and Orthodox had not the same rights as the Catholics. Beginning from the seventeenth century there were also auxiliary Bishops for Belarus . In 1798 Pius VI recognized the ancient See of Brest-Litovsk as "suffragan" of Vilnius. So also the ancient Diocese of Livonia , suppressed in 1797, had become annexed to Vilnius, and in 1798 had for its first auxiliary bishop Adam Kossiafkowski (titular Bishop of Limira, died 1828) but after 1848 it

1404-468: The apostle John wrote none of these works. Some scholars, though, such as John Robinson , F. F. Bruce , Leon Morris , and Martin Hengel , still hold the apostle to be behind at least some of the works in question, particularly the gospel. The Book of Revelation is today generally agreed to have a separate author, John of Patmos , c.  95 with some parts possibly dating to Nero 's reign in

1456-563: The appointment of Andrzej Wasilko (former bishop of Siret and confessor of Elisabeth of Hungary ) to fill it. This was granted and the foundation of a collegiate church of ten canons authorized. Under Wasilko's rule, the churches of Saint John , that became the parish church of the city, as well as of Saint Martin and Saint Anne (in the Upper and the Lower Castle , respectively) were erected in Vilnius. Upon Wasilko's death in 1398, he

1508-431: The arch – even Hebrews – traditionally uncovers the head in token of reverence. The secular clergy numbered about 440 priests; the cathedral chapter 5 prelates and 3 canons. The secular clergy are educated in the seminary, which has 15 professors and 160 students when founded in 1582, closed in 1862; reopened in 1872, and had but two students, but their number gradually increased. At Brest there

1560-519: The author of the epistles was different from that of the gospel, although all four works originated from the same community. In the 6th century, the Decretum Gelasianum argued that the Second and Third Epistle of John have a separate author known as " John the priest ." Historical critics like H.P.V. Nunn, Reza Aslan and Bart Ehrman , believe with most modern scholars that

1612-485: The authorship of Revelation to another man, called John the Presbyter , or to other writers of the late first century AD. Bauckham argues that the early Christians identified John the Evangelist with John the Presbyter . Since at least the 2nd century AD, scholars have debated the authorship of the Johannine works —whether they were written by one author or many, and if any of the authors can be identified with John

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1664-409: The choice of a successor, until Sigismund III nominated Benedict Wolna (1600–1615), who exerted himself efficaciously for the canonization of Saint Casimir Jagiellon, in whose honour the first stone of a church was laid it Vilnius in 1604. He succeeded in his efforts to have St. Casimir regarded as patron saint of Lithuania. His successor, Eustachius Wollowicz (1616–1630), founded hospitals, invited

1716-602: The consort of Vytautas , in 1392; St. John the Evangelist , founded in 1386 and enriched with privileges by Leo X ; Corpus Domini, founded by the Archconfraternity of the Blessed Sacrament in 1573; and the Church of the Guardian Angels . To these must be added the numerous churches of the religious order, which flourished in Lithuania, but of which few traces remain. The Dominicans , who in

1768-668: The early 60s. The feast day of Saint John in the Catholic Church , Anglican Communion , and the Lutheran Calendar, is on 27 December, the third day of Christmastide . In the Tridentine calendar he was commemorated also on each of the following days up to and including 3 January, the Octave of the 27 December feast. This Octave was abolished by Pope Pius XII in 1955. The traditional liturgical color

1820-422: The episcopate, and in 1890 abdicated and withdrew to Galicia . During his exile Ludovic Zdanowicz governed the diocese as vicar patriarchal. In 1890 Anthony Francis Audziewicz, a canon of Saint Petersburg and a learned theologian, was appointed Bishop of Vilnius. He died in 1895; the diocese was then governed by Louis Zdanowicz, titular Bishop of Dionysias . In 1897 Canon Stephen Alexander Zwerowicz succeeded, and

1872-413: The fifteenth century had a church dedicated to the Holy Spirit, built in 1679–1688 another, which in 1844 was given up by them and transformed into a parish church. The Bernardines undertook at Vilnius, in 1469, the construction of a wooden church, rebuilt in stone in 1500; it was burnt down in 1794 and restored in 1900; this order was forced to leave the diocese in 1864. The Church of Saints Peter and Paul

1924-613: The internal anonymity of the author's identity, although interpreting the Gospel in the light of the Synoptic Gospels and considering that the author names (and therefore is not claiming to be) Peter, and that James was martyred as early as AD 44, Christian tradition has widely believed that the author was the Apostle John, though modern scholars believe the work to be pseudepigrapha . Christian tradition says that John

1976-478: The massacre is commemorated by a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, a memorial to the Polish victims and a small museum. Since 1990, again part of independent Lithuania, it was incorporated to the city of Vilnius as one of its districts. Archdiocese of Vilnius The Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Vilnius ( Latin : Archidioecesis Vilnensis ; Lithuanian : Vilniaus arkivyskupija )

2028-408: The nominee of Hieronim Stroynowski as administrator and later Bishop (1808–1815), upon whose death he arrogated to himself the government of the diocese with the title of primate of Lithuania. In 1827, after Siestrzencewicz's death, the vicar capitular , Milucki, ruled the diocese for a short time. In 1828 Andreas Klagiewicz was appointed administrator; he was sent to the interior of Russia during

2080-561: The old bishopric became separate dioceses, under the new Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Białystok . In the early 20th century the Roman Catholic diocese of Vilnius had 1,420,000 faithful distributed among 23 rural deaneries as follows: Besides the cathedral parish the city of Vilnius contains those of St. John Baptist, the Holy Spirit, St Teresa, Saints Philip and James, St. Raphael the Archangel, St. Francis of Assisi, All Saints,

2132-440: The same individual. The exact identity of John – and the extent to which his identification with John the Apostle , John of Patmos and John the Presbyter is historical – is disputed between Christian tradition and scholars. The Gospel of John refers to an otherwise unnamed " disciple whom Jesus loved ", who "bore witness to and wrote" the Gospel's message. The author of the Gospel of John seemed interested in maintaining

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2184-565: The second was more common in the art of Medieval Western Europe and can be dated back as far as 4th-century Rome. In medieval works of painting, sculpture and literature, Saint John is often presented in an androgynous or feminized manner. Historians have related such portrayals to the circumstances of the believers for whom they were intended. For instance, John's feminine features are argued to have helped to make him more relatable to women. Likewise, Sarah McNamer argues that because of John's androgynous status, he could function as an 'image of

2236-706: The seventeenth century there were 101 monasteries in Lithuania. The library of the Missionaries of Vilnius contained 8284 volumes; that of the Piarists, 7000; that of the Bernardines, 4142. The University of Vilnius possessed 20,000 volumes of theology, part of which were given to the Catholic Theological Academy of St. Petersburg , to the University of Kyiv (Ukraine) and to the Public Library of Vilnius. The Vilnius region has

2288-444: The spread of Lutheranism ; of 1582; of 1607, which made many regulations for the administration of the sacraments and the discipline of the clergy; of 1630, regulating the administration of ecclesiastical property; of 1654, to aid the state with new imposts; of 1669 with its disciplinary regulations; of 1685, with ordinances relating to the administration of the sacraments and the life of the clergy; of 1744, with regulations in regard to

2340-454: The village, in which the forces of Dezydery Chłapowski and Antoni Giełgud were defeated by Russian infantry. As result of Russia's withdrawal from World War I , and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , the area was occupied by German forces and transferred to Lithuania . With Germany's defeat several months later the territory underwent significant political upheaval, but following

2392-460: Was a petit seminaire , which was closed in 1830; the seminary at Białystok was closed in 1842. The clergy always exerted a beneficial influence upon popular education. At the beginning of the nineteenth century twenty-five parochial elementary schools were in operation at Vilnius; schools and colleges were conducted by the Jesuits , Uniates , Basilians , Piarists , and other religious orders. The monastic libraries were centres of culture; as late as

2444-422: Was annexed to the Diocese of Samogitia (in Lithuania proper ). The flourishing Catholic life of the Diocese of Vilnius is attested by the large number of synods held there. The first of these was in 1502, under Bishop Tabor. Then followed the synods of 1526, for the reform of manners and the organization of the parochial schools; of 1528, to collect funds for the restoration of the cathedral; of 1555, to oppose

2496-619: Was appointed bishop. He did much for the prosperity of the seminary. After his death the chapter became involved in a conflict with Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz , the Catholic Metropolitan Archbishop of Mohilev (from 1798 to 1925 Vilnius was a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Mohilev, the effective see was in Saint Petersburg ), who used his metropolitan rights and forced, upon the chapter,

2548-683: Was given to the Lateran Canons in 1638; they abandoned it in 1864. St. Casimir, with the annexed Jesuit college, founded in 1604, was turned into an Orthodox church in 1832 (it was returned to the Jesuits in the 1920s). St. Ignatius Loyola , founded by the Jesuits in 1622, became the club of the officials. The Carmelite Church of St. Teresa has a miraculous image of the Madonna. The Augustinians , Trinitarians , Brigittines , Carmelite Sisters, Piarists, Visitandines and others also had churches, to which must be added numerous chapels. After

2600-432: Was succeeded by Wenceslaus Zylinski, who was transferred in 1856 to the metropolitan see of Mohilev , but continued to govern his former diocese until 1858. Adam Stanislaus Krasinski was expelled from the diocese in consequence of the Insurrection of 1863 , but nevertheless continued to govern the diocese until 1883, when he withdrew to Kraków . His successor, Charles Hrynieweki, was exiled to Jaroslav after two years of

2652-403: Was succeeded by a Franciscan , Jakub Plichta (1398–1407), in whose time the Cathedral perished in fire. Among his successors were: Piotr Krakowczyk of Kustynia (1414–1421), whom Pope Martin V invested with full powers to bring back the Orthodox of Lithuania to the Catholic Church; Matthias of Trakai (1421–1453), a Lithuanian, who sent representatives to the Council of Basel and set up

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2704-444: Was transferred in 1902 to the See of Sandomir . His place was taken by Baron Edward Ropp , who set about organizing the Catholic movement in the diocese, thereby incurring the hostility of the Russian Government. Bishop Ropp having been banished to Pskov , the diocese was entrusted to Casimir Nicholas Michalkiewicz as administrator Apostolic . The bishops of Vilnius , presiding over a vast diocese and being senators and members of

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