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17-668: The Pantherinae is a subfamily of the Felidae ; it was named and first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1917 as only including the Panthera species, but later also came to include the clouded leopards (genus Neofelis ). The Pantherinae genetically diverged from a common ancestor between 9.32 to 4.47 million years ago and 10.67 to 3.76 million years ago . Pantherinae species are characterised by an imperfectly ossified hyoid bone with elastic tendons that enable their larynx to be mobile. They have

34-481: A flat rhinarium that only barely reaches the dorsal side of the nose. The area between the nostrils is narrow, and not extended sidewards as in the Felinae . The Panthera species have a single, rounded, vocal fold with a thick mucosal lining, a large vocalis muscle , and a large cricothyroid muscle with long and narrow membranes. A vocal fold that is longer than 19 mm (0.75 in) enables all but

51-683: Is an example of a botanical subfamily. Detarioideae is a subdivision of the family Fabaceae (legumes), containing 84 genera. Stevardiinae is an example of a zoological subfamily. Stevardiinae is a large subdivision of the family Characidae , a diverse clade of freshwater fish . This biology article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Characidae Aphyocharacinae Aphyoditeinae Bryconinae Characinae Cheirodontinae Gymnocharacinae Heterocharacinae Iguanodectinae Pristellinae Rhoadsiinae Salmininae Stethaprioninae Stevardiinae Tetragonopterinae and see text Characidae ,

68-639: The Ostariophysi – fishes possessing a Weberian apparatus – has yet to be settled conclusively. Until that phylogeny is settled, the opportunity for yet more upheavals within the taxonomy of the characoid fishes is considerable. The subfamilies and tribes currently recognized by most if not all authors, and their respective genera, are: Subfamily Spintherobolus clade Subfamily Stethaprioninae Subfamily Stevardiinae Subfamily Characinae Subfamily Pristellinae The Chalceidae , Iguanodectidae , Bryconidae and Heterocharacinae are

85-491: The Tetragonopterinae , which had become something of a " wastebin taxon " – are poorly known, a comprehensive phylogenetic study for the entire family is needed. The genera Hyphessobrycon , Astyanax , Hemigrammus , Moenkhausia , and Bryconamericus include the largest number of currently recognized species among characid fishes that are in need of revision; Astyanax and Hyphessobrycon in

102-421: The blind cave tetra , for example, inhabits flooded caves . Spintherobolus clade Stethaprioninae Stevardiinae Aphyocharacini Cheirodontini Compsurini Exodontini Tetragonopterini Characini This family has undergone a large amount of systematic and taxonomic change. More recent revision has moved many former members of the family into their own related but distinct families –

119-426: The characids or characins , is a family of freshwater subtropical and tropical fish belonging to the order Characiformes . The name "characins" is a historical one, but scientists today tend to prefer "characids" to reflect their status as a, by and large, monophyletic group (at family rank). To arrive there, this family has undergone much systematic and taxonomic change. Among those fishes remaining in

136-599: The pencilfishes of the genus Nannostomus are a typical example, having now been moved into the Lebiasinidae , the assorted predatory species belonging to Hoplias and Hoplerythrinus have now been moved into the Erythrinidae , and the sabre-toothed fishes of the genus Hydrolycus have been moved into the Cynodontidae . The former subfamily Alestiinae was promoted to family level ( Alestiidae ) and

153-475: The Characidae currently are the tetras , comprising the very similar genera Hemigrammus and Hyphessobrycon , as well as a few related forms, such as the cave and neon tetras. Fish of this family are important as food in several regions, and also constitute a large percentage of captive freshwater aquarium fish species. These fish vary in length; many are less than 3 cm (1.2 in). One of

170-482: The Characidae, but various revisions place them in their own related family, the Serrasalmidae . This reassignment has yet to enjoy universal acceptance, but is gaining in popularity among taxonomists working with these fishes. Given the current state of flux of the Characidae, a number of other changes will doubtless take place, reassigning once-familiar species to other families. Indeed, the entire phylogeny of

187-494: The most recent clades to be removed in order to maintain a monophyletic Characidae. Subfamily Iguanodectinae moved to Iguanodectidae Subfamily Heterocharacinae moved to Acestrorhynchidae Subfamily Bryconinae moved to Bryconidae Subfamily Salmininae moved to Bryconidae Genera incertae sedis A large number of taxa in this family are incertae sedis . The relationships of many fish in this family – in particular species traditionally placed in

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204-530: The smallest species, Hyphessobrycon roseus , grows to a maximum length of 1.9 cm. These fish inhabit a wide range and variety of habitats. New World fishes, they originate in the Americas , ranging from southwestern Texas and México through most of Central and South America , including such major waterways as the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers. Many of these fish come from rivers and tributaries, while

221-722: The snow leopard among them to roar , as it has shorter vocal folds of 9 mm (0.35 in) that provide a lower resistance to airflow; this distinction was one reason it was proposed to be retained in the genus Uncia . The Felidae originated in Central Asia in the Late Miocene ; the subfamily Pantherinae diverged from the Felidae between 14.45 to 8.38 million years ago and 16.35 to 7.91 million years ago . Several fossil Panthera species have been described: An additional fossil genus Leontoceryx

238-595: The subfamilies Crenuchinae and Characidiinae were moved to the family Crenuchidae . Other fish families that were formerly classified as members of the Characidae, but which were moved into separate families of their own during recent taxonomic revisions (after 1994) include Acestrorhynchidae , Anostomidae , Chilodontidae , Citharinidae , Ctenoluciidae , Curimatidae , Distichodontidae , Gasteropelecidae , Hemiodontidae , Hepsetidae , Parodontidae , Prochilodontidae , Serrasalmidae , and Triportheidae . The larger piranhas were originally classified as belonging to

255-405: The usual delimitation are among the largest genera in this family. These genera were originally proposed between 1854 and 1908 and are still more or less defined as by Carl H. Eigenmann in 1917, though diverse species have been added to each genus since that time. The anatomical diversity within each genus, the fact that each of these generic groups at the present time cannot be well-defined, and

272-442: Was described in 1938. There is evidence of distinct markers for the mitochondrial genome for Felidae. Results of a DNA-based study indicate that the tiger ( Panthera tigris ) branched off first, followed by the jaguar ( P. onca ), the lion ( P. leo ), then the leopard ( P. pardus ) and snow leopard ( P. uncia ). Felis pamiri , formerly referred to as Metailurus , is now considered a probable relative of extant Pantherinae and

289-815: Was moved to the genus Miopanthera . Pocock originally defined the Pantherinae as comprising the genera Panthera and Uncia . Today, Uncia has been subsumed into Panthera , and the genus Neofelis is also included. The following table shows the extant taxa within the Pantherinae, grouped according to the traditional phenotypical classification. [REDACTED] 3,700-5,600 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 4,500 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 23,000–39,000 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 2,700–3,400 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 2,600–3,900 [REDACTED] Subfamily Detarioideae

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