141-722: Pantitlán metro station is a Mexico City Metro transfer station in the boroughs of Iztacalco and Venustiano Carranza , in Mexico City . The station features a combination of underground, at-grade , and elevated buildings. It has six island platforms and two side platforms , serving Lines 1 (the Pink Line), 5 (the Yellow Line), 9 (the Brown Line), and A (the Purple Line). Pantitlán metro station
282-512: A correspondencia (transfer station) in Zócalo , namely the exact center of the city, but it was canceled due to possible damage to the colonial buildings and the Aztec ruins, so it was replanned and now it runs from Garibaldi , which is still downtown, to Constitución de 1917 in the southeast of the city. The construction of line 8 began in 1988 and was completed in 1994. With this, the length of
423-493: A pitch accent , such as Nahuatl of Oapan, Guerrero . Many modern dialects have also borrowed phonemes from Spanish, such as /β, d, ɡ, ɸ/ . In many Nahuatl dialects vowel length contrast is vague, and in others it has become lost entirely. The dialect spoken in Tetelcingo (nhg) developed the vowel length into a difference in quality: Most varieties have relatively simple patterns of allophony . In many dialects,
564-511: A chronicle of the royal lineage of Tenochtitlan by Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc ; Cantares Mexicanos , a collection of songs in Nahuatl; a Nahuatl-Spanish/Spanish-Nahuatl dictionary compiled by Alonso de Molina ; and the Huei tlamahuiçoltica , a description in Nahuatl of the apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe . Grammars and dictionaries of indigenous languages were composed throughout
705-409: A few hundred people, perhaps only a few dozen". According to the 2000 census by INEGI, Nahuatl is spoken by an estimated 1.45 million people, some 198,000 (14.9%) of whom are monolingual. There are many more female than male monolinguals, and women represent nearly two-thirds of the total number. The states of Guerrero and Hidalgo have the highest rates of monolingual Nahuatl speakers relative to
846-460: A gasoline leak at a surface petrol station. The Line 9 station was closed from 27 March to 7 April 2021 due to repairs on the section between Velódromo and Ciudad Deportiva station. Platforms M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, and T at the CETRAM were closed on 11 October 2021 due to structural failures detected in the station's basement, which houses out-of-service trains. On 26 January 2022,
987-501: A great deal of autonomy in the local administration of indigenous towns during this period, and in many Nahuatl-speaking towns the language was the de facto administrative language both in writing and speech. A large body of Nahuatl literature was composed during this period, including the Florentine Codex , a twelve-volume compendium of Aztec culture compiled by Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagún ; Crónica Mexicayotl ,
1128-535: A language label, the term Nahuatl encompasses a group of closely related languages or divergent dialects within the Nahuan branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. The Mexican Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (Indigenous Languages Institute) recognizes 30 individual varieties within the "language group" labeled Nahuatl. The Ethnologue recognizes 28 varieties with separate ISO codes. Sometimes Nahuatl
1269-475: A magnetic strip on them, and were recycled upon being inserted into a turnstile. As of February 2024, tickets have been discontinued and riders must obtain a rechargeable card. Until 2009, a STC Metro ticket cost MXN $ 2.00 ( € 0.10, or US$ 0.15 in 2009); one purchased ticket allowed unlimited distance travel and transfer at any given time for one day, making the Mexico City Metro one of
1410-422: A man threatened to jump from one of the station's line-connecting bridges. A police officer rappeled down to rescue him, but the weight of both individuals caused the rope to break, resulting in a fall of approximately 8 meters (26 ft). The fall resulted in severe head trauma for the officer, while the man was unharmed. According to the data provided by the authorities, all of Pantitlán's platforms rank among
1551-656: A number of 355 trains running in 6-or 9-car formation are currently in use on the Mexico City Metro. Most of the stock is rapid transit type, with the exception of the Line A stock, which is light metro . Four manufacturers have provided rolling stock for the Mexico City Metro, namely the French Alstom (MP-68, NM-73, NM-79), Canadian Bombardier (FM-95A and NM-02 ), Spanish CAF ( NM-02 , FE-07 , FE-10 and NM-16 and Mexican Concarril (NM-83 and FM-86) (now Bombardier Transportation Mexico, in some train types with
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#17327732502261692-899: A part of their efforts, missionaries belonging to several religious orders —principally Jesuits , as well as Franciscan and Dominican friars—introduced the Latin alphabet to the Nahuas. Within twenty years of the Spanish arrival, texts in Nahuatl were being written using the Latin script. Simultaneously, schools were founded, such as the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco in 1536, which taught both indigenous and classical European languages to both Native Americans and priests. Missionaries authored of grammars for indigenous languages for use by priests. The first Nahuatl grammar, written by Andrés de Olmos ,
1833-540: A payment method for STC Metro, Metrobús and the city's trolleybus and light rail systems, though they are all managed by different organizations. Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos manages both the Xochimilco Light Rail line and the city's trolleybus system . Previous fare cards that were valid only on STC Metro or Metrobús remained valid for the system for which they were acquired. As of April 2012, 14 types of standard gauge rolling stock totalling
1974-409: A ridership of 36,594,748 passengers, with an average of 100,259 per day, but experienced a decrease of 716,435 passengers from the previous year. Line 9 had 32,839,328 passengers, averaging 89,970 per day, marking an increase of 1,060,592 passengers compared to 2018. For Line A, ridership totaled 45,550,938 passengers, averaging 124,797 per day, which was an increase of 4,700,613 passengers from
2115-727: A sculpture of the goddess Coatlicue , and remains of a mammoth . The altar to Ehécatl is now in Pino Suárez station, between lines 1 and 2 , and is called by the INAH the smallest archeological site in Mexico. The metro has led to a large quantity of archeological finds, and has also let archaeologists understand more about the pattern of ancient civilisations in the Mexican capital by analysing its underground from various time periods. Distinguished architects were hired to design and construct
2256-482: A single language is highly political. In the past, the branch of Uto-Aztecan to which Nahuatl belongs has been called Aztecan . From the 1990s onward, the alternative designation Nahuan has been frequently used instead, especially in Spanish-language publications. The Nahuan (Aztecan) branch of Uto-Aztecan is widely accepted as having two divisions: General Aztec and Pochutec. General Aztec encompasses
2397-463: A single ticket of MXN $ 5.00, allowed a rider one trip anywhere within the system with unlimited transfers. A discounted rate of MXN $ 3.00 is available upon application for women head of households, the unemployed, and students with scarce resources. Mexico City Metro offers free service to the elderly, the physically impaired, and children under the age of 5 (accompanied by an adult). Tickets could be purchased at booths. They were made of paper and had
2538-593: A spectrum of Nahuan languages are spoken in scattered areas stretching from the northern state of Durango to Tabasco in the southeast. Pipil, the southernmost Nahuan language, is spoken in El Salvador by a small number of speakers. According to IRIN-International, the Nawat Language Recovery Initiative project, there are no reliable figures for the contemporary numbers of speakers of Pipil. Numbers may range anywhere from "perhaps
2679-628: A typical Nahuan language. In some dialects, the /t͡ɬ/ phoneme, which was common in Classical Nahuatl, has changed into either /t/ , as in Isthmus Nahuatl , Mexicanero and Pipil , or into /l/ , as in Michoacán Nahuatl . Many dialects no longer distinguish between short and long vowels . Some have introduced completely new vowel qualities to compensate, as is the case for Tetelcingo Nahuatl . Others have developed
2820-475: A very long period of development alongside other indigenous Mesoamerican languages , they have absorbed many influences, coming to form part of the Mesoamerican language area . Many words from Nahuatl were absorbed into Spanish and, from there, were diffused into hundreds of other languages in the region. Most of these loanwords denote things indigenous to central Mexico, which the Spanish heard mentioned for
2961-423: A vowel i to prevent consonant clusters and one without it. For example, the absolutive suffix has the variant forms -tli (used after consonants) and -tl (used after vowels). Some modern varieties, however, have formed complex clusters from vowel loss. Others have contracted syllable sequences, causing accents to shift or vowels to become long. Most Nahuatl dialects have stress on the penultimate syllable of
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#17327732502263102-455: A word. In Mexicanero from Durango, many unstressed syllables have disappeared from words, and the placement of syllable stress has become phonemic. The Nahuatl languages are polysynthetic and agglutinative , making extensive use of compounding, incorporation and derivation. Various prefixes and suffixes can be added to a root to form very long words—individual Nahuatl words can constitute an entire sentence.. The following verb shows how
3243-409: Is 1,644 meters (5,394 ft) long. Remains of mammoths, fish, and birds were discovered during its construction. Cometro built the line and its first section was opened on 26 August 1987, with service toward Centro Médico station . Pantitlán is an elevated metro station with a 1,380-meter (4,530 ft) long bridge connecting it to Puebla station. Additionally, there is a train shed after
3384-710: Is 9 m (30 ft) wide, honors the metro workers and it features four train models used by the system. In 2014, the Government of Mexico City built a bicycle parking station adjacent to the CETRAM. Sinking reports have existed since at least 1998. By 2016, the system reported cracks and subsidence that were expected to take about five years to resolve. Following the collapse of the elevated railway near Olivos metro station on Line 12 in May ;2021, users reported structural damage at other elevated stations, including Pantitlán metro station. Claudia Sheinbaum ,
3525-568: Is a cultural display, an Internet café , a women's defense module, a public ministry office, a health module, a mural, and a bicycle parking station . Outside, the station includes a transport hub servicing local bus routes. Pantitlán is the busiest station in the system. In 2019, before the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport , the station recorded a ridership of 132,845,471 passengers. In comparison, Cuatro Caminos metro station , which ranked second, had 39,378,128 passengers. Of
3666-419: Is a cultural display, an Internet café , a women's defense module, and a health module all inside Pantitlán metro station. Outside the station, a public ministry office was established in 2002 to reduce criminal offenses within the station. On 1 May 2007, the system unveiled the mural Alegoría a la Ciudad de México y el Sistema de Transporte Colectivo ( lit. transl. Allegory to Mexico City and
3807-450: Is also applied to the Nawat language of El Salvador and Nicaragua. Regardless of whether Nahuatl is considered to refer to a dialect continuum or a group of separate languages, the varieties form a single branch within the Uto-Aztecan family, descended from a single Proto-Nahuan language . Within Mexico, the question of whether to consider individual varieties to be languages or dialects of
3948-514: Is approximately 600 m (2,000 ft) long, making it the third-longest in the system, after those at Atlalilco and La Raza stations. In 2016, the station underwent renovation work. The station was closed on 11 July 2022 for modernization work on the tunnel and technical equipment of the line. After fifteen months of renovations, authorities reopened Pantitlán station on 29 October 2023. Excélsior reported in July 2024 that all
4089-584: Is debated among linguists. Lyle Campbell (1997) classified Pipil as separate from the Nahuatl branch within general Aztecan, whereas dialectologists such as Una Canger , Karen Dakin, Yolanda Lastra , and Terrence Kaufman have preferred to include Pipil within the General Aztecan branch, citing close historical ties with the eastern peripheral dialects of General Aztec. Current subclassification of Nahuatl rests on research by Canger (1980) , Canger (1988) and Lastra de Suárez (1986) . Canger introduced
4230-574: Is enhanced by the combination of these two types of ventilation. Like the rolling stock used in the Paris Métro and the Montreal Metro , the numbering of the Mexico City Metro's rolling stock are specified by year of design (not year of first use). In chronological order, the types of rubber-tired rolling stock are: MP-68 , NM-73A , NM-73B , NM-73C , NM-79 , MP-82 , NC-82 , NM-83A , NM-83B , NE-92 , NM-02 , NM-16 and NM-22 ; and
4371-498: Is followed by Zaragoza station on Line 1, Hangares station on Line 5, Puebla station on Line 9, and Agrícola Oriental station on Line A. Pantitlán metro station provides disabled-accessible services featuring elevators on Lines 1 and A, wheelchair ramps and escalators on Line 9, and tactile pavings and braille signage plates on Lines 1, 9 and A. Pantitlán metro station has multiple exits serving its various lines. The exit for Line 1
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4512-426: Is identified by a minimalist logo, first designed by Lance Wyman , who had also designed the logo for the 1968 Mexico Olympics . Logos are generally related to the name of the station or the area around it. At the time of Line 1's opening, Mexico's illiteracy rate was high. As of 1960, 38% of Mexicans over the age of five were illiterate and only 5.6% of Mexicans had completed elementary school. Since one-third of
4653-583: Is located at the corner of Avenida Miguel Lebrija and Calle 2ª Cerrada de Río Churubusco in Colonia Pantitlán, Iztacalco. Lastly, Line A offers three exits. The northern exit is at the corner of Avenida Río Churubusco and Calle Talleres Gráficos in Colonia Ampliación Adolfo López Mateos, Venustiano Carranza. The northwestern exit is situated on Avenida Río Churubusco and Calle Guadalupe Victoria, within
4794-614: Is located to the west and provides access to Avenida Miguel Lebrija and Calle Alberto Braniff in Colonia Aviación Civil, Venustiano Carranza. For Line 5, there are two exits: the northern exit is situated along Calle Alberto Braniff in Colonia Aviación Civil, while the southern exit is positioned on Avenida Miguel Lebrija, also in Colonia Aviación Civil. Line 9 has two exits as well. The western exit can be found along Avenida Río Churubusco in Colonia Ampliación Adolfo López Mateos, Venustiano Carranza. The eastern exit
4935-555: Is operated by the Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos and is better known as Tren Ligero. Line 2 terminal Tasqueña offers an in-station transfer, but an extra ticket must be purchased. In 2008, the Ferrocarril Suburbano commuter rail, commonly known as Suburbano, was inaugurated with a sole line running from Cuatitlán to Buenavista as of 2013. STC Metro offers two in-station transfers: Line B terminal Buenavista to
5076-526: Is present on square-shaped station logos, system maps and street signs, and neither colors nor numbers/letters have been changed. Line B is the only exception to the color assignment, as green (upper half) and gray (lower half) are used, producing thus bicolor logos and signs. Gray only may be used to avoid confusion with line 8, which uses a similar green. The names of metro stations are often historical in nature, highlighting people, places, and events in Mexican history. There are stations commemorating aspects of
5217-613: Is probably derived from the word nāhuatlahtōlli [naːwat͡ɬaʔˈtoːliˀ] ('clear language'). The language was formerly called Aztec because it was spoken by the Central Mexican peoples known as Aztecs ( Nahuatl pronunciation: [asˈteːkaḁ] ). During the period of the Aztec empire centered in Mexico- Tenochtitlan the language came to be identified with the politically dominant mēxihcah [meːˈʃiʔkaḁ] ethnic group, and consequently
5358-551: Is the second largest metro system in North America after the New York City Subway . The inaugural STC Metro line was 12.7 kilometres (7.9 mi) long, serving 16 stations, and opened to the public on 4 September 1969. The system has expanded since then in a series of fits and starts. As of 2015 , the system has 12 lines, serving 195 stations, and 226.49 kilometres (140.73 mi) of route. Ten of
5499-432: Is the first numbered line to use steel railway tracks; one must have a Tarjeta DF smart card to access any station since Metro tickets are no longer accepted. In the book Los hombres del Metro , the original planning of Line 12 is described; although it was to begin at Mixcoac as it does today, Atlalilco and Constitución de 1917 stations of Line 8 were to be part of Line 12. The same map shows that Line 8 would have reached
5640-529: Is the most-spoken variety. All varieties have been subject to varying degrees of influence from Spanish. No modern Nahuan languages are identical to Classical Nahuatl, but those spoken in and around the Valley of Mexico are generally more closely related to it than those on the periphery. Under Mexico's General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples , promulgated in 2003, Nahuatl and
5781-580: Is the only living descendant of the variety of Nahuatl once spoken south of present-day Mexico. During the 7th century, Nahuan speakers rose to power in central Mexico. The people of the Toltec culture of Tula , which was active in central Mexico around the 10th century, are thought to have been Nahuatl speakers. By the 11th century, Nahuatl speakers were dominant in the Valley of Mexico and far beyond, with settlements including Azcapotzalco , Colhuacan and Cholula rising to prominence. Nahua migrations into
Pantitlán metro station - Misplaced Pages Continue
5922-663: Is the only quadra-line interchange station in the system. It serves as the terminal station for all lines and is followed by Zaragoza (Line 1), Hangares (Line 5), Puebla (Line 9), and Agrícola Oriental (Line A) metro stations. Pantitlán metro station opened on 19 December 1981 with northwestward service toward Consulado on Line 5; westward service toward Observatorio on Line 1 began on 22 August 1984; westward service toward Centro Médico on Line 9 started on 26 August 1987; and southeastward service toward La Paz on Line A commenced on 12 August 1991. The station services
6063-513: Is to be connected to Line 1, providing new metro access to the Observatorio zone, which will become the terminal for the intercity train between Mexico City and Toluca . The metro system's construction has resulted in more than 20 thousand archeological finds, from various time periods in the history of the indigenous people . The excavations needed to make way for the rails gave opportunities to find artifacts from different periods of
6204-618: The colonias (neighborhoods) of Ampliación Adolfo López Mateos, Aviación Civil, and Pantitlán, and is named after the last one. It is located along Avenida Miguel Lebrija and Avenida Río Churubusco . The station's pictogram features the silhouettes of two flagpoles with blank flags, reflecting the meaning of "Pantitlán," which is "between flags" in Nahuatl . The station facilities offer partial accessibility for people with disabilities as there are elevators, wheelchair ramps , tactile pavings , and braille signage plates. Inside, there
6345-671: The Battle of Celaya in 1915. The year 1987 saw the opening of the Lázaro Cárdenas station. In 1988, Aquiles Sedán honors the first martyr of the Revolution . In 1994, Constitución de 1917 opened, as did Garibaldi , named after the grandson of Italian fighter for independence, Giuseppe Garibaldi . The grandson had been a participant in the Mexican Revolution. In 1999, the radical anarchist Ricardo Flores Magón
6486-479: The Isthmus of Tehuantepec call their language mela'tajtol ('the straight language'). Some speech communities use Nahuatl as the name for their language, although it seems to be a recent innovation. Linguists commonly identify localized dialects of Nahuatl by adding as a qualifier the name of the village or area where that variety is spoken. On the issue of geographic origin, the consensus of linguists during
6627-621: The Mexican Plateau , pre-Nahuan groups probably spent a period of time in contact with the Uto-Aztecan Cora and Huichol of northwestern Mexico. The major political and cultural center of Mesoamerica in the Early Classic period was Teotihuacan . The identity of the language(s) spoken by Teotihuacan's founders has long been debated, with the relationship of Nahuatl to Teotihuacan being prominent in that enquiry. It
6768-597: The Mexican Revolution and the revolutionary era. When it opened in 1969 with line 1 (the "Pink Line"), two stations alluded to the Revolution. Most directly referencing the Revolution was Pino Suárez , named after Francisco I. Madero 's vice president , who was murdered with him in February 1913. The other was Balderas , whose icon is a cannon, alluding to the Ciudadela armory where the coup against Madero
6909-634: The Mexico City International Airport , situated around 500 meters (1,600 ft) away. The architects of Pantitlán metro station were Aurelio Nuño Morales and Isaac Broid . Originally, Line 8 , which runs from the historic center of Mexico City to Constitución de 1917 metro station in Iztapalapa , was planned to run from Pantitlán to Indios Verdes station , in Gustavo A. Madero , northern Mexico City. However,
7050-542: The Mexico City Metrobús and State of Mexico Mexibús bus rapid transit systems , the Mexico City light rail system and the Ferrocarril Suburbano (FSZMVM) commuter rail . None of these are part of the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo network and an extra fare must be paid for access. Metrobús line 1 was inaugurated in 2005. According to the 1985 STC Metro Master Plan, Metrobús Line 1 roughly follows
7191-669: The Zapatista Army of National Liberation and indigenous social movements) led to legislative reforms and the creation of decentralized government agencies like the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples (CDI) and the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI) with responsibilities for the promotion and protection of indigenous communities and languages. In particular,
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#17327732502267332-411: The downtown zone, where 40 percent of the daily trips in the city were concentrated. 65 of the 91 lines of bus and electric transport served this area. With four thousand units in addition to 150,000 personal automobile peak hours, the average speed was less than walking pace. The principal promoter of the construction of the Mexico City Metro was engineer Bernardo Quintana , who was in charge of
7473-508: The subterranean track between Buenavista (named after the old Buenavista train station ) and Garibaldi began in October 1994. Line B was opened to the public in two stages: from Buenavista to Villa de Aragón on 15 December 1999, and from Villa de Aragón to Ciudad Azteca on 30 November 2000. Plans for a new STC Metro line started in 2008, although previous surveys and assessments were made as early as 2000. Line 12's first service stage
7614-519: The 20th century was that the Uto-Aztecan language family originated in the southwestern United States. Evidence from archaeology and ethnohistory supports the thesis of a southward diffusion across the North American continent, specifically that speakers of early Nahuan languages migrated from Aridoamerica into central Mexico in several waves. But recently, the traditional assessment has been challenged by Jane H. Hill , who proposes instead that
7755-506: The 20th century, Mexican educational policy focused on the Hispanicization of indigenous communities, teaching only Spanish and discouraging the use of indigenous languages. As a result, one scholar estimated in 1983 that there was no group of Nahuatl speakers who had attained general literacy (that is, the ability to read the classical language) in Nahuatl, and Nahuatl speakers' literacy rate in Spanish also remained much lower than
7896-575: The Central group, while Lastra de Suárez (1986) places them in the Eastern Periphery, which was followed by Kaufman (2001) . The terminology used to describe varieties of spoken Nahuatl is inconsistently applied. Many terms are used with multiple denotations, or a single dialect grouping goes under several names. Sometimes, older terms are substituted with newer ones or with the speakers' own name for their specific variety. The word Nahuatl
8037-540: The Collective Transport System ), painted by José Luis Elías Jáuregui. According to him, he was inspired by the country's history and included various elements that symbolize it, such as the Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl volcanoes, an eagle devouring a snake (a reference to the national coat of arms ), a pyramid, and a Mestiza holding a white dove . The acrylic-on-canvas artwork, which
8178-522: The Maya Kʼicheʼ people . As Tenochtitlan grew to become the largest urban center in Central America and one of the largest in the world at the time, it attracted speakers of Nahuatl from diverse areas giving birth to an urban form of Nahuatl with traits from many dialects. This urbanized variety of Tenochtitlan is what came to be known as Classical Nahuatl as documented in colonial times. With
8319-448: The Mexican population could not read or write and most of the rest had not completed high school, it was thought that patrons would find it easier to guide themselves with a system based on colors and visual signs. The logos are not assigned at random; rather, they are designated by considering the surrounding areas, such as: The logos' background colors reflect those of the line the station serves. Stations serving two or more lines show
8460-449: The Nahuatl and Pipil languages. Pochutec is a scantily attested language, which became extinct in the 20th century, and which Campbell and Langacker classify as being outside general Aztec. Other researchers have argued that Pochutec should be considered a divergent variant of the western periphery. Nahuatl denotes at least Classical Nahuatl, together with related modern languages spoken in Mexico. The inclusion of Pipil in this group
8601-429: The Nahuatl language was often described as mēxihcacopa [meːʃiʔkaˈkopaˀ] (literally 'in the manner of Mexicas') or mēxihcatlahtolli 'Mexica language'. Now, the term Aztec is rarely used for modern Nahuan languages, but linguists' traditional name of Aztecan for the branch of Uto-Aztecan that comprises Nahuatl, Pipil, and Pochutec is still in use (although some linguists prefer Nahuan ). Since 1978,
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#17327732502268742-503: The New Philology, such that there is a 2001 English translation of Carochi's 1645 grammar by James Lockhart . Through contact with Spanish the Nahuatl language adopted many loan words, and as bilingualism intensified, changes in the grammatical structure of Nahuatl followed. In 1570, King Philip II of Spain decreed that Nahuatl should become the official language of the colonies of New Spain to facilitate communication between
8883-547: The STC Metro was not damaged because a rectangular structure had been used instead of arches, making it resistant to earthquakes, thus proving to be a safe means of transportation in a time of crisis. On the day of the quake, the Metro stopped service and completely shut down for fear of electrocution. This caused people to get out of the tunnels from wherever they were and onto the street to try to get where they were going. At
9024-462: The Spanish and natives of the colonies. This led to Spanish missionaries teaching Nahuatl to Amerindians living as far south as Honduras and El Salvador. During the 16th and 17th centuries, Classical Nahuatl was used as a literary language; a large corpus dating to the period remains extant. They include histories, chronicles, poetry, theatrical works, Christian canonical works, ethnographic descriptions, and administrative documents. The Spanish permitted
9165-543: The Suburbano terminal of the same name, and Line 6 station Ferrería / Arena Ciudad de México into Suburbano station Fortuna. An extra fare must be paid, and a Ferrocarril Suburbano smart card is required for access. Another commuter rail, Tren Interurbano de Pasajeros Toluca-Valle de México is estimated to be completed in 2023. This line will connect Observatorio station in Mexico City with Toluca . Previously,
9306-705: The Tenochtitlan variety has been labeled Classical Nahuatl . It is among the most studied and best-documented Indigenous languages of the Americas . Today, Nahuan languages are spoken in scattered communities, mostly in rural areas throughout central Mexico and along the coastline. A smaller number of speakers exists in immigrant communities in the United States. There are considerable differences among varieties, and some are not mutually intelligible . Huasteca Nahuatl , with over one million speakers,
9447-704: The United States . Nahuatl has been spoken in central Mexico since at least the seventh century CE. It was the language of the Mexica , who dominated what is now central Mexico during the Late Postclassic period of Mesoamerican history . During the centuries preceding the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , the Aztecs had expanded to incorporate a large part of central Mexico. Their influence caused
9588-543: The United States has resulted in the establishment of small Nahuatl speaking communities in the United States , particularly in California, New York, Texas , New Mexico and Arizona . Nahuan languages are defined as a subgroup of Uto-Aztecan by having undergone a number of shared changes from the Uto-Aztecan protolanguage (PUA). The table below shows the phonemic inventory of Classical Nahuatl as an example of
9729-412: The United States, some linguists are warning of impending language death . At present Nahuatl is mostly spoken in rural areas by an impoverished class of indigenous subsistence agriculturists. According to the Mexican National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), 51% of Nahuatl speakers are involved in the farming sector and 6 in 10 receive no wages or less than the minimum wage. For most of
9870-433: The Uto-Aztecan language family originated in central Mexico and spread northwards at a very early date. This hypothesis and the analyses of data that it rests upon have received serious criticism. The proposed migration of speakers of the Proto-Nahuan language into the Mesoamerican region has been placed at sometime around AD 500, towards the end of the Early Classic period in Mesoamerican chronology . Before reaching
10011-484: The Villa Coapa area and that it would not have had a terminal at Garibaldi, but at Indios Verdes, linking with Line 3. In addition, the book shows that Line 7 would have terminated at San Jerónimo. None of these plans have been confirmed by the Mexico City government. In 2015, mayor Miguel Ángel Mancera announced the construction of two more stations and a terminal for Line 12: Valentín Campa , Álvaro Obregón and Observatorio , both west of Mixcoac . With this, Line 12
10152-657: The arrival of the Spanish in 1519, Nahuatl was displaced as the dominant regional language, but remained important in Nahua communities under Spanish rule. Nahuatl was documented extensively during the colonial period in Tlaxcala , Cuernavaca, Culhuacan, Coyoacan, Toluca and other locations in the Valley of Mexico and beyond. In the 1970s, scholars of Mesoamerican ethnohistory have analyzed local-level texts in Nahuatl and other indigenous languages to gain insight into cultural change in
10293-456: The bridge shoring did not resolve the issues and the sinking persisted, metro authorities announced in September 2023 that three Line 9 stations—Pantitlán, Puebla, and Ciudad Deportiva —would be closed. The repairs were expected to be completed between December 2023 and May 2024. From 1 to 16 March 2020, Pantitlán, Hangares and Terminal Aérea stations on Line 5 were closed due to
10434-512: The busiest in the network, a position it held from 2017 to 2021. As of 2010, approximately 789,000 commuters used the station daily. In the same year, it was estimated that 65 percent of these users came from the State of Mexico. By 2019, user traffic approached 100,000 passengers per hour between 6 and 10 a.m. To manage this high volume and reduce accidents, the system announced measures to distribute passengers more effectively and planned to complete
10575-514: The busiest of the system's 195 stations when considered individually. Overall, and before the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport , the station's ridership totaled 132,845,471 passengers (363,960 passengers per day) in 2019. In comparison, the second-busiest station, Cuatro Caminos , registered 39,378,128 passengers. For Line 1, ridership reached 17,860,457 passengers in 2019, averaging 48,932 per day, representing an increase of 1,874,257 passengers compared to 2018. Line 5 saw
10716-566: The cheapest rail systems in the world. Only line A's transfer in Pantitlán required a second payment before 13 December 2013. In January 2010, the price rose to MXN $ 3.00 ( € 0.15, or US$ 0.24), a fare that remained until 13 December 2013; a 2009 survey showed that 93% of citizens approved of the increase, while some said they would be willing to pay even more if needed. STC Metro rechargeable cards were first available for an initial cost of MXN $ 10.00. The card would be recharged at
10857-443: The closed stations were in the historic center area, with the exception of the stations of Line 2 south of Pino Suárez. These stations were located above the ground. The reason these stations were closed was not due to damage to the Metro proper, but rather because of surface rescue work and clearing of debris. Fourth stage saw the completion of Line 6 from Instituto del Petróleo to its eastern terminal Martín Carrera and Line 7 to
10998-586: The colonial era via linguistic changes, known at present as the New Philology . Several of these texts have been translated and published either in part or in their entirety. The types of documentation include censuses, especially one early set from the Cuernavaca region, town council records from Tlaxcala, as well as the testimony of Nahua individuals. As the Spanish had made alliances with Nahuatl-speaking peoples—initially from Tlaxcala , and later
11139-570: The colonial period, but their quality was highest in the initial period. The friars found that learning all the indigenous languages was impossible in practice, so they concentrated on Nahuatl. For a time, the linguistic situation in Mesoamerica remained relatively stable, but in 1696, Charles II of Spain issued a decree banning the use of any language other than Spanish throughout the Spanish Empire . In 1770, another decree, calling for
11280-437: The conquered Mexica of Tenochtitlan—Nahuatl continued spreading throughout Mesoamerica in the decades after the conquest. Spanish expeditions with thousands of Nahua soldiers marched north and south to conquer new territories. Jesuit missions in what is now northern Mexico and the southwestern United States often included a barrio of Tlaxcaltec soldiers who remained to guard the mission. For example, some fourteen years after
11421-483: The construction company Ingenieros Civiles y Asociados (Civil Engineers and Associates). He carried out a series of studies that resulted in a draft plan which would ultimately lead to the construction of the Mexico City Metro. This plan was shown to different authorities of Mexico City but it was not made official until 29 April 1967, when the Government Gazette ( "Diario Oficial de la Federación" ) published
11562-580: The construction of a ring to connect all the platforms efficiently. Mexico City Metro The Mexico City Metro ( Spanish : Metro de la Ciudad de México , lit. 'Metro of the City of Mexico') is a rapid transit system that serves the metropolitan area of Mexico City , including some municipalities in the State of Mexico . Operated by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo ( STC ), it
11703-510: The construction, done by Grupo ICA , and inauguration of lines 1, 2 and 3. This stage involved engineers, geologists, mechanics, civil engineers, chemists, hydraulic and sanitation workers, electricians, archaeologists, and biologists; specialists in ventilation, statistics, computation, and in traffic and transit; accountants, economists, lawyers, workers and laborers. Between 1,200 and 4,000 specialists and 48,000 workers participated, building at least one kilometre (0.62 mi) of track per month,
11844-434: The design of the first lines, hence the choice of tyre/rail technology. On 19 June 1967, at the crossroads of Chapultepec Avenue with Avenida Bucareli , the inauguration ceremony for the Mexico City Metro took place. Two years later, on 4 September 1969, an orange train made the inaugural trip between Zaragoza and Insurgentes stations, thus beginning daily operation up to today. The first stage of construction comprised
11985-476: The elimination of the indigenous languages, did away with Classical Nahuatl as a literary language. Until the end of the Mexican War of Independence in 1821, the Spanish courts admitted Nahuatl testimony and documentation as evidence in lawsuits, with court translators rendering it in Spanish. Throughout the modern period the situation of indigenous languages has grown increasingly precarious in Mexico, and
12126-524: The end of 2007, the Federal District government announced the construction of the most recent STC Metro line, Line 12, which was built to run approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) towards the southeastern part of the city, connecting with Lines 7, 3, 2 and 8. This line opened on 30 October 2012. By the second half of the twentieth century, Mexico City had serious public transport issues, with congested main roads and highways , especially in
12267-439: The expansion of Line 3 towards the north from Tlatelolco to La Raza in 1978 and to the current terminal Indios Verdes in 1979, and towards the south from Hospital General to Centro Médico in 1980 and to Zapata months later. Construction of lines 4 and 5 was begun and completed on 26 May – 30 August 1982, respectively; the former from Martín Carrera to Santa Anita and the latter from Politécnico to Pantitlán . Line 4
12408-500: The fastest rate of construction ever for a subway. During this stage of construction workers uncovered two archaeological ruins, one Aztec idol, and the bones of a mammoth (on display at Talismán station ). By the end of the first stage, namely on 10 June 1972, the STC Metro had 48 stations and a total length of 41.41 kilometres (25.73 mi): Line 1 ran from Observatorio to Zaragoza , Line 2 from Tacuba southwest to Tasqueña and line 3 from Tlatelolco to Hospital General in
12549-635: The federal Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas ['General Law on the Language Rights of the Indigenous Peoples', promulgated 13 March 2003] recognizes all the country's indigenous languages, including Nahuatl, as national languages and gives indigenous people the right to use them in all spheres of public and private life. In Article 11, it grants access to compulsory intercultural bilingual education . Nonetheless, progress towards institutionalizing Nahuatl and securing linguistic rights for its speakers has been slow. Today,
12690-418: The first time by their Nahuatl names. English has also absorbed words of Nahuatl origin , including avocado , chayote , chili , chipotle , chocolate , atlatl , coyote , peyote , axolotl and tomato . These words have since been adopted into dozens of languages around the world. The names of several countries, Mexico, Guatemala and possibly Nicaragua , derive from Nahuatl. As
12831-463: The foot of the Sierra de las Cruces mountain range that surrounds the Valley of Mexico at its west side, outside of the ancient lake zone. This made it possible for Line 7 to be built as a deep-bore tunnel. On the morning of 19 September 1985, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake struck Mexico City. Many buildings as well as streets were left with major damage making transportation on the ground difficult, but
12972-399: The help of Alstom and/or Bombardier). The maximum design speed limit is 80 km/h (50 mph) (average speed 35.5 km/h or 22.1 mph) for rubber-tired rolling stock and 100 km/h (62 mph) (average speed 42.5 km/h or 26.4 mph) for steel-wheeled rolling stock. Forced-air ventilation is employed and the top portion of windows can be opened so that passenger comfort
13113-447: The hub is serviced by Routes 11-B, 11-C, 19-F, and 19-G of the city's public bus system (locally known as peseros ), and by Route 168 of the Red de Transporte de Pasajeros bus network. Over 3,600 transport units operated in the hub as of 2010. By 2016, it was estimated to be the most used CETRAM in the country. Pantitlán is also the nearest metro station to Terminal 2 of
13254-618: The lines are rubber-tired . Instead of traditional steel wheels, they use pneumatic traction, which is quieter and rides smoother in Mexico City's unstable soils. The system survived the 1985 Mexico City earthquake . Of the STC Metro's 195 stations , 44 serve two or more lines ( correspondencias or transfer stations ). Many stations are named for historical figures, places, or events in Mexican history. It has 115 underground stations (the deepest of which are 35 metres [115 ft] below street level); 54 surface stations and 26 elevated stations. All lines operate from 5 a.m. to midnight. At
13395-419: The modernized stations had leaks of varying dimensions, despite authorities having stated they would seal them during the repairs. Cometro built the line and its first section was opened on 19 December 1981, with operations extending toward Consulado station . Pantitlán is an at-grade metro station where the segment between it and Hangares station transitions from street level to underground. This section
13536-500: The national average. Nahuatl is spoken by over 1 million people, with approximately 10% of speakers being monolingual . As a whole, Nahuatl is not considered to be an endangered language; however, during the late 20th century several Nahuatl dialects became extinct. The 1990s saw radical changes in Mexican policy concerning indigenous and linguistic rights. Developments of accords in the international rights arena combined with domestic pressures (such as social and political agitation by
13677-422: The network increased 37.1 kilometres (23.1 mi), adding two lines and 29 more stations, giving the metro network at that point a total of 178.1 kilometres (110.7 mi), 154 stations and 10 lines. Assessment for line B began in late 1993. Line B was intended as a second línea alimentadora for northeastern municipalities in the State of Mexico, but, unlike line A, it used pneumatic traction. Construction of
13818-493: The north from Tacuba to El Rosario . Line 9 was the only new line built during this stage. It originally ran from Pantitlán to Centro Médico , and its expansion to Tacubaya was completed on 29 August 1988. For Line 9, a circular deep-bore tunnel and an elevated track were used. For the first time, a service line of the Mexico City Metro ran into the State of Mexico : planned as one of more líneas alimentadoras (feeder lines to be named by letters, instead of numbers), line A
13959-442: The northeastern city of Saltillo was founded in 1577, a Tlaxcaltec community was resettled in a separate nearby village, San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala , to cultivate the land and aid colonization efforts that had stalled in the face of local hostility to the Spanish settlement. Pedro de Alvarado conquered Guatemala with the help of tens of thousands of Tlaxcaltec allies, who then settled outside of modern Antigua Guatemala . As
14100-429: The numbers of speakers of virtually all indigenous languages have dwindled. While the total number of Nahuatl speakers increased over the 20th century, indigenous populations have become increasingly marginalized in Mexican society. In 1895, Nahuatl was spoken by over 5% of the population. By 2000, this figure had fallen to 1.49%. Given the process of marginalization combined with the trend of migration to urban areas and to
14241-557: The other 63 indigenous languages of Mexico are recognized as lenguas nacionales ('national languages') in the regions where they are spoken. They are given the same status as Spanish within their respective regions. Nahuan languages exhibit a complex morphology , or system of word formation, characterized by polysynthesis and agglutination . This means that morphemes – words or fragments of words that each contain their own separate meaning – are often strung together to make longer complex words. Through
14382-453: The place of articulation of a following consonant. The voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬ] is assimilated after /l/ and pronounced [l] . Classical Nahuatl and most of the modern varieties have fairly simple phonological systems. They allow only syllables with maximally one initial and one final consonant. Consonant clusters occur only word-medially and over syllable boundaries. Some morphemes have two alternating forms: one with
14523-575: The possibility that other Mesoamerican languages were borrowing vocabulary from Proto-Nahuan much earlier than previously thought. In Mesoamerica the Mayan , Oto-Manguean and Mixe–Zoque languages had coexisted for millennia. This had given rise to the Mesoamerican language area . After the Nahuas migrated into the Mesoamerican cultural zone, their language likely adopted various areal traits, which included relational nouns and calques added to
14664-434: The presidential decree that created a public decentralized organism, the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo , with the proposal to build, operate and run an underground rapid transit network as part of Mexico City's public transport system. The Mexico City Metro benefited from a great amount of technical assistance made available by France. RATP's engineering branch SOFRETU played a major role in its initial planning and
14805-456: The previous year. In 2019, when considered individually, the Line ;1 station was the 17th busiest out of 195 stations in the system and the 5th busiest on the line. The Line 5 station ranked as the 4th busiest in the system and was the most used on its line. The Line 9 station was the 5th busiest overall and the busiest on its line. The Line A station was
14946-471: The project was canceled due to potential structural issues near the Zócalo area, where it was intended to interchange with Line 2 at Zócalo metro station . The line was built by Ingeniería de Sistemas de Transportes Metropolitano, Electrometro, and Cometro, the latter being a subsidiary of Empresas ICA . Line 1's station opened on 22 August 1984, operating towards Observatorio metro station and connecting Lines 1 and 5. Before Pantitlán
15087-405: The public in some stations, and the line was fully operational on 30 October 2012. With minor changes, Line 12 runs from Mixcoac to Tláhuac, serving southern Mexico City for the first time. At 24.31 kilometres (15.11 mi) long, it is the longest line in the system. Line 12 differs from previous lines in several aspects: no hawkers are allowed, either inside the train or inside the stations; it
15228-611: The recommended actions had been performed based on information provided by the city's Secretariat of Public Works. In February 2023, authorities reinforced Line 9's overpass near Pantitlán station with metallic supports. After strengthening the bridge, the city government assured that the elevated section was safe. This reinforcement was in line with recommendations from the Institute for Building Safety, which, in April 2022, advised shoring up Gerber beams with support beams. Because
15369-571: The region from the north continued into the Postclassic period . The Mexica were among the latest groups to arrive in the Valley of Mexico; they settled on an island in the Lake Texcoco , subjugated the surrounding tribes, and ultimately an empire named Tenochtitlan . Mexica political and linguistic influence ultimately extended into Central America, and Nahuatl became a lingua franca among merchants and elites in Mesoamerica, such as with
15510-494: The region's inhabitants, in areas that are now densely urbanized. Objects and small structures were found, with origins spanning from prehistoric times to the 20th century. Some examples of artifacts preserved by the Mexican National Institute of Anthropology and History ( Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia de México ( INAH )) are: parts of pyramids (like an altar to the Mexica god Ehecatl ),
15651-516: The respective colors of each line in diagonal stripes, as in Salto del Agua . This system was adopted for the Guadalajara and Monterrey metros, and for the Mexico City Metrobús . Although logos are no longer necessary due to literacy being now widespread, their usage has remained. Under construction: The Mexico City Metro offers in and out-street transfers to four major rapid transit systems:
15792-502: The route planned for STC Metro Line 15 by 2010, which was never built. Every transfer is out-of-station, but the same smart card may be used for payment. All five lines (Line 5 to be built during 2013) offer a connection to at least one STC Metro station. STC Metro stations that connect to Metrobús lines include Indios Verdes , La Raza , Chilpancingo , Balderas , Etiopía / Plaza de la Transparencia , Insurgentes Sur and others. The sole light rail line running from Tasqueña to Xochimilco
15933-456: The same neighborhood. The southern exit is also along Avenida Río Churubusco, but in Colonia Pantitlán, Iztacalco. The area is serviced by a Centro de transferencia modal (CETRAM), which functions as a transport hub for connecting various modes of transportation. It supports the Metrobús ( Line 4 ), Mexibús ( Line III ) and trolleybus (Line 2) systems. Additionally,
16074-662: The scheme of a Central grouping and two Peripheral groups, and Lastra confirmed this notion, differing in some details. Canger & Dakin (1985) demonstrated a basic split between Eastern and Western branches of Nahuan, considered to reflect the oldest division of the proto-Nahuan speech community. Canger originally considered the central dialect area to be an innovative subarea within the Western branch, but in 2011, she suggested that it arose as an urban koiné language with features from both Western and Eastern dialect areas. Canger (1988) tentatively included dialects of La Huasteca in
16215-509: The south, providing quick access to the General Hospital of Mexico . No further progress was reached during President Luis Echeverría 's government, but during José López Portillo 's administration, a second stage began. The Comisión Ejecutiva del Metro (Executive Technical Commission of Mexico City Metro) was created in order to be in charge of expanding the STC Metro within the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Works began with
16356-553: The states of Puebla , Veracruz , Hidalgo , San Luis Potosí , and Guerrero . Significant populations are also found in the State of Mexico , Morelos , and the Federal District , with smaller communities in Michoacán and Durango . Nahuatl became extinct in the states of Jalisco and Colima during the 20th century. As a result of internal migration within the country, Nahuatl speaking communities exist in all states in Mexico. The modern influx of Mexican workers and families into
16497-683: The station, ICA used the Milan method to construct a false rectangular-shaped tunnel. The company added floor slabs and the ceiling is made up of pre-fabricated slabs. Above the ceiling, pavement was installed as needed. Pantitlán is a light metro station with its first segment to Agrícola Oriental station measuring 1,409 meters (4,623 ft) in length. As the line incorporates Calzada Ignacio Zaragoza Avenue, it transitions to street level. From its opening until 12 December 2013, passengers transferring from Line A to other lines, and vice versa, were required to make two separate payments. There
16638-413: The station. During the station's construction, a tusk and a molar of a mammoth were discovered at a depth of 13.5 meters (44 ft). Empresas ICA built the line and it was opened on 12 August 1991, operating towards La Paz station, in the municipality of the same name of the State of Mexico . It is the line's only underground station as the trains pass below the Line 5 tracks. To build
16779-484: The stations on the first metro line, such as Enrique del Moral , Félix Candela , Salvador Ortega and Luis Barragán . Examples of Candela's work can be seen in San Lázaro , Candelaria , and Merced stations on Line 1. The Metro has figured in Mexico's cultural history, as the inspiration for a musical composition for strings, "Metro Chabacano" and Rodrigo "Rockdrigo" González 's 1982 song, " Metro Balderas ". It
16920-755: The term General Aztec has been adopted by linguists to refer to the languages of the Aztecan branch excluding the Pochutec language . Speakers of Nahuatl generally refer to their language as either Mexicano or with a cognate derived from mācēhualli , the Nahuatl word for 'commoner'. One example of the latter is the Nahuatl spoken in Tetelcingo , Morelos, whose speakers call their language mösiehuali . The Pipil people of El Salvador refer to their language as Nāwat . The Nahuas of Durango call their language Mexicanero . Speakers of Nahuatl of
17061-508: The then- head of government of Mexico City , said that these reports would be examined appropriately. According to a LatinUS investigation, Sheinbaum's government commissioned Constructores ICI in September 2022 to study and identify solutions for the structural problems of the bridge, particularly the Pantitlán–Puebla bridge. The firm recommended 539 actions, with the most significant being: According to LatinUS, as of August 2023, none of
17202-415: The ticket counter in any station (or at machines in some Metro stations) to a maximum of MXN $ 120.00 (around € 6.44, or US$ 7.05 in 2015) for 24 trips. In an attempt to modernize public transport, in October 2012, the Mexico City government implemented the use of a prepaid fare card, or stored-value card , called Tarjeta DF (Tarjeta del Distrito Federal, literally Federal District Card) as
17343-416: The time, the Metro had 101 stations, with 32 closed to the public in the weeks after the event. On Line 1 , there was no service in stations Merced , Pino Suárez , Isabel la Católica , Salto del Agua , Balderas or Cuauhtémoc . On Line 2 , there was no service between stations Bellas Artes and Tasqueña . On Line 3 only Juárez and Balderas were closed. Line 4 continued to operate normally. All of
17484-464: The total Nahuatl speaking population, at 24.2% and 22.6%, respectively. For most other states the percentage of monolinguals among the speakers is less than 5%. This means that in most states more than 95% of the Nahuatl speaking population are bilingual in Spanish. According to one study, how often Nahuatl is used is linked to community well-being, partly because it is tied to positive emotions. The largest concentrations of Nahuatl speakers are found in
17625-425: The total passengers at Pantitlán, 45,550,938 accessed Line A, making it the busiest line when considered individually. The station area has experienced subsidence issues since the 1990s, primarily due to the extraction of groundwater to meet the needs of the large population in eastern Mexico City and the metropolitan area . From July 2022 to October 2023, the Line 1 station was closed for modernization of
17766-505: The tunnel and technical equipment. From December 2023 to 10 September 2024, the Line 9 station is closed for releveling of the elevated bridge due to continued subsidence. Pantitlán is a metro transfer station situated on Avenida Miguel Lebrija and Avenida Río Churubusco in the boroughs of Iztacalco and Venustiano Carranza , in eastern Mexico City . The station serves three colonias (neighborhoods), Ampliación Adolfo López Mateos, Aviación Civil, and Pantitlán. The station
17907-571: The types of steel-wheeled rolling stock are: FM-86 , FM-95A , FE-07 , and FE-10 . Nahuatl Nahuatl ( English: / ˈ n ɑː w ɑː t əl / NAH -wah-təl ; Nahuatl pronunciation: [ˈnaːwat͡ɬ] ), Aztec , or Mexicano is a language or, by some definitions, a group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family . Varieties of Nahuatl are spoken by about 1.7 million Nahuas , most of whom live mainly in Central Mexico and have smaller populations in
18048-433: The variety of Nahuatl spoken by the residents of Tenochtitlan to become a prestige language in Mesoamerica. Following the Spanish conquest, Spanish colonists and missionaries introduced the Latin script , and Nahuatl became a literary language . Many chronicles , grammars, works of poetry, administrative documents and codices were written in it during the 16th and 17th centuries. This early literary language based on
18189-523: The vocabulary, and a distinctly Mesoamerican grammatical construction for indicating possession. A language which was the ancestor of Pochutec split from Proto-Nahuan (or Proto-Aztecan) possibly as early as AD 400, arriving in Mesoamerica a few centuries earlier than the bulk of Nahuan speakers. Some Nahuan groups migrated south along the Central American isthmus, reaching as far as Nicaragua. The critically endangered Pipil language of El Salvador
18330-516: The voiced consonants are devoiced in word-final position and in consonant clusters: /j/ devoices to a palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ , /w/ devoices to a glottal fricative [h] or to a labialized velar approximant [ʍ] , and /l/ devoices to a fricative [ɬ] . In some dialects, the first consonant in almost any consonant cluster becomes [h] . Some dialects have productive lenition of voiceless consonants into their voiced counterparts between vowels. The nasals are normally assimilated to
18471-405: Was also a filming location for the 1990 Hollywood movie Total Recall . Public intellectual Carlos Monsiváis has commented on the cultural importance of the Metro, "a space for collective expression, where diverse social sectors are compelled to mingle every day". Each line offers one service only, and to each line, a number (letter if feeding line) and color are assigned. Every assigned color
18612-420: Was expanded from Zapata station to Universidad station on 30 August 1983. Line 1 was expanded from Zaragoza to the current terminal Pantitlán , and line 2 from Tacuba to the current terminal Cuatro Caminos . These last two were both inaugurated on 22 August 1984. Line 6's route first ran from El Rosario to Instituto del Petróleo ; Line 7 was opened from Tacuba to Barranca del Muerto and runs along
18753-479: Was fully operational by its first inauguration on 12 August 1991. It runs from Pantitlán to La Paz , located in the municipality of the same name . This line was built almost entirely above ground, and to reduce the cost of maintenance, steel railway tracks and overhead lines were used instead of pneumatic traction, promoting the name metro férreo (steel-rail metro) as opposed to the previous eight lines that used pneumatic traction. The draft for Line 8 planned
18894-643: Was honored with the station of the same name . Also opening in 1999 was Romero Rubio , named after the leader of Porfirio Díaz 's Científicos , whose daughter, Carmen Romero Rubio, became Díaz's second wife. In 2012, a new Metro line opened with an Hospital 20 de Noviembre stop, a hospital named after the date that Francisco I. Madero in his 1910 Plan de San Luis Potosí called for rebellion against Díaz. There are no Metro stops named for Madero, Carranza, Obregón, or Calles, and only an oblique reference to Villa in Metro División del Norte. Each station
19035-550: Was launched. In 1970, Revolución opened, with the station at the Monument to the Revolution . As the Metro expanded, further stations with names from the revolutionary era opened. In 1980, two popular heroes of the Revolution were honored, with Zapata explicitly commemorating the peasant revolutionary from Morelos. A sideways commemoration was División del Norte , named after the Army that Pancho Villa commanded until its demise in
19176-450: Was named after Colonia Pantitlán, which means "between flags" in Nahuatl . During the Aztec era, the area, formerly part of Lake Texcoco , was marked with flagpoles to warn canoeists of dangerous currents. The station's pictogram features the silhouette of two flagpoles with blank flags. Pantitlán metro station functions as the terminal station of Lines 1 , 5 , 9 , and A . It
19317-421: Was opened, Zaragoza served as the terminal for Line 1, and the workshops are located between both stations. This positioning indirectly benefited operations by allowing trains to depart every 90 seconds to either station. Pantitlán is an underground metro station with an interstation tunnel to Zaragoza measuring 1,320 meters (4,330 ft). The passenger transfer tunnel connecting Line 1 with Line A
19458-428: Was planned for completion in late 2009 with the creation of track connecting Axomulco , a planned new transfer station for Line 8 (between Escuadrón 201 and Atlalilco ) to Tláhuac . The second stage, connecting Mixcoac to Tláhuac, was to be completed in 2010. Construction of Line 12 started in 2008, assuring it would be opened by 2011. Nevertheless, completion was delayed until 2012. Free test rides were offered to
19599-452: Was presumed by scholars during the 19th and early 20th centuries that Teotihuacan had been founded by Nahuatl-speakers of, but later linguistic and archaeological research tended to disconfirm this view. Instead, the timing of the Nahuatl influx was seen to coincide more closely with Teotihuacan's fall than its rise, and other candidates such as Totonacan identified as more likely. In the late 20th century, epigraphical evidence has suggested
19740-548: Was published in 1547—3 years before the first grammar in French, and 39 years before the first one in English. By 1645, four more had been published, authored respectively by Alonso de Molina (1571), Antonio del Rincón (1595), Diego de Galdo Guzmán (1642), and Horacio Carochi (1645). Carochi's is today considered the most important colonial-era grammar of Nahuatl. Carochi has been particularly important for scholars working in
19881-409: Was the first STC Metro line built as an elevated track, owing to the lower density of big buildings. This construction stage took place from the beginning of 1983 through the end of 1985. Lines 1, 2 and 3 were expanded to their current lengths, and new lines 6 and 7 were built. The length of the network was increased by 35.29 kilometres (21.93 mi) and the number of stations to 105. Line 3's route
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