36-692: Panun Kashmir ( English: Our Kashmir ) is a proposed union territory of India in the Kashmir Valley , which is intended to be a homeland for Kashmiri Hindus . The demand arose after the Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus in 1990. The vision of the homeland was elucidated in the Margdarshan Resolution of 1991. Panun Kashmir is also the name of an eponymously named organization. Panun Kashmir is derived from Kashmiri panun kaśīr , which means "our own Kashmir". The Panun Kashmir organization
72-405: A state government . The governing powers of the states are shared between the state government and the union government . On the other hand, the union territories are directly governed by the union government. The Indian Empire was a very complex political entity consisting of various imperial divisions and states and territories of varying autonomy. At the time of its establishment in 1876, it
108-670: A "settler-colonial project", and Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan condemned the proposal as reflecting "the fascist mindset of the Indian government". After the murder of Rakesh Pandit by unidentified militants in June 2021, several members of the Panun Kashmir group proposed a military campaign to establish a separate Hindu region, where Kashmiri Pandits would be armed against local militants. That meeting and their proposed Union Territory have been opposed by Muslim activists, who compared
144-459: A Union Territory status; and (d) that all the seven hundred thousand Kashmiri Hindus, including those who have been driven out of Kashmir in the past and yearn to return to their homeland and those who were forced to leave on account of terrorist violence in Kashmir, be settled in the homeland on an equitable basis with dignity and honor. Some advocates for Panun Kashmir wish that the majority of
180-490: A separate Nagaland state, resulting in clashes with the statehood granted on 1 December 1963. In 1966, protests erupted demanding a separate Mizo state which resulted in the bombing of Aizawl . The Punjabi Suba movement , which sought a separate Punjabi-speaking state, resulted in the Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 , which created the state of Haryana and the union territory of Chandigarh with
216-520: A separate UT. The organization also strongly supported the abrogation of Article 370 and Article 35a . Ikkjutt Jammu , a political party was in Jammu and Kashmir, openly supported for a separate Panun Kashmir, as well as the separation of Jammu Division from Kashmir. On 28 November 2019, the consul-general of India in New York suggested adopting an " Israeli model " for Kashmir to aid the return of
252-579: A separate state from the administration of Indian union is punishable under secession law in India . Before independence , India was divided into British-administered provinces and nominally autonomous princely states , governed by the British administration. After Indian Independence in 1947, the provinces became part of the Indian Union and the princely states who acceded were absorbed into
288-562: A single union territory of Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . There have been several demands in the past and the present for the creation of new states and union territories. States and union territories of India India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories , for a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into 806 districts and smaller administrative divisions . The states of India are self-governing administrative divisions, each having
324-464: A sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states: Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu -speaking northern districts of Madras State . The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry , comprising
360-690: The Bodoland and Karbiland in Assam which have resulted in violence. In June 2014, Telangana was separated from Andhra Pradesh as the 29th state of the union, following the Telangana movement . On 31 October 2019, the state of Jammu and Kashmir was split into two new union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh . On 26 January 2020, the Union Territory of Daman and Diu and the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli were merged into
396-803: The Crown Colony of Burma . In 1947, the last Act of the Crown was passed. The act dissolved the Indian Empire, the Imperial Legislative Council and the Chamber of Princes and the Union of India was consequently established from 9 former Indian provinces ( East Punjab , United Provinces , Central Provinces , Madras , Bombay , Bihar , Orissa , West Bengal and Assam ) and 562 former Indian states. Between 1947 and 1950,
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#1732776744843432-526: The Kashmiri Pandits , the minority Hindu community that left the region following the 1989 insurgency . His hour-long video sparked outrage. Kashmiri Muslims activists and some Hindu Kashmiris feared that this would lead to worsening military control, losing their jobs to outsiders, and the loss of their identity by causing Hindus to replace the Muslim majority. This proposition has been compared to
468-474: The Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu , effective from 26 January 2020. Ladakh UT The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any state between
504-491: The Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished. In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu 's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became a separate union territory as Daman and Diu . In November 2000, three new states were created, namely: Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa
540-608: The Union. In 1950, after the adoption of the Constitution of India , these became part of the Republic of India with the constitution classifying the states into four categories. During the 1950–1956 period, small changes were made to state boundaries with Bilaspur merging with Himachal Pradesh on 1 July 1954 and Chandernagore , a former enclave of French India incorporated into West Bengal in 1955. In 1953, Andhra state
576-501: The defunct Bengal Presidency for judicial and legal purposes. Agra was separated in 1878 and merged with Oudh . The Bengal Presidency was re-established in 1912 as a governorship. All these provinces had their own legislatures established by the Indian Councils Acts, and high courts established by Indian High Courts Acts. Laws passed by these legislatures needed the dual assent of the governor or lieutenant-governor of
612-767: The establishment of a Homeland for the Kashmiri Hindus in the Valley of Kashmir comprising the regions of the Valley to the East and North of Jhelum River . (b) that the Constitution of India is made applicable in letter and spirit in this Homeland to ensure the right to life, liberty, freedom of expression and faith, equality, and the rule of law. (c) that the Homeland be placed under the Central administration with
648-587: The former French enclaves of Pondichéry , Karikal , Yanaon and Mahé , was transferred to India. This became a union territory in 1962. Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli , declaring the short-lived de facto state of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli . In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli . The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised
684-521: The northern exclaves of Daman and Diu becoming a separate union territory. The Gorkhaland movement during 1986–88, demanding a separate state resulted in violtent clashes, encounters and arrests. In 2000, three new states were created: Chhattisgarh from Madhya Pradesh, Uttaranchal from Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand from Bihar. In 2006, Pondicherry was renamed as Puducherry and Uttaranchal became Uttarakhand followed by Orissa being renamed as Odisha in 2011. There have been other movements such as
720-711: The proposal to Israeli actions against the Palestinians. Proposed states and union territories of India The constitutional power to create new states and union territories in India is solely reserved with the Parliament of India , which can do so by announcing new states/union territories, separating territory from an existing state or merging two or more states/union territories or parts of them. As of 2024 , there are 28 states and eight union territories in India. There have been demands to create several new states and union territories. However, demanding
756-595: The province and the governor-general of India , who functioned as the representative of the Emperor . In addition to these, there were certain territories ruled directly by the Government of India through nominated chief commissioners. These were former independent states annexed to India and since ruled directly by the Supreme Government. A vast majority of the Indian states in the late nineteenth century were, in terms of imperial divisions, organised within
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#1732776744843792-466: The provinces with only territories under direct Crown rule. The latter years of the Indian Empire saw the enactment of the last Government of India Act by the Crown. This act granted full autonomy to Indian provinces. Provincial laws no longer needed the assent of the governor-general. This act created the office of a Premier in each province, who functioned as the new head of government and
828-694: The provinces. However a good number of states were organised into imperial structures called agencies, or residencies. An Agent to the Governor-General (AGG) functioned as the Emperor's representative to all the states in the agency. In 1919, the fourth Government of India was enacted by the Crown. This saw many major changes. The legislatures of the provinces were made elected ones rather than nominated ones. Some provinces were given bicameral legislatures . All provinces were elevated to governorships and all lieutenant governors were made governors. Burma
864-531: The representative of the Emperor to that province and head of government of the directly ruled territories in the province. The governor or lieutenant-governor also served as the Emperor's representative to the constituent states of the province. The first three of the lieutenant-governorships were territories annexed to India from other powers and temporarily governed by the erstwhile Bengal Presidency, before being made into their own separate provinces. Agra and Bengal were still considered de jure parts of
900-495: The states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states. As a result of this act: Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. The former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963. The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and
936-552: The territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new Indian Union . Most were merged into existing provinces. Others were organised into new provinces and states , such as Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh , Malwa Union , Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union , and Patiala and East Punjab States Union , made up of multiple princely states. A few, including Mysore , Hyderabad , Bhopal , and Bilaspur , became separate states. The new Constitution of India , which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India
972-415: The transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh . The act designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana. Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The north-eastern states of Manipur , Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972. Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of
1008-583: The transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. Madras state was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1969. Himachal Pradesh was elevated to statehood in 1970. The north-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were established in January 1972. Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The Kingdom of Sikkim joined the Indian Union as a state on 26 April 1975. In February 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram were established as new states. In May 1987, Goa achieved statehood with
1044-443: The valley of Kashmir and cities such as Srinagar , Anantnag , Sopore , Baramulla , and Awantipora be included in the proposed union territory. However, the organization claims that it does not seek a Hindu homeland. Instead, it seeks a homeland for Kashmiri Hindus who are ready to live peacefully with their Muslim neighbors assuming the conditions are met for resettlement. The Panun Kashmir organization has consistently pushed for
1080-515: Was founded by Kashmiris, including Kashmiri Hindu writer and activist Agnishekhar , in 1990 after the exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from Kashmir , under threat from militants. Approximately 300,000 to 600,000 Kashmiri Hindus fled Kashmir due to rising armed rebellion in Kashmir. However, Panun Kashmir estimates nearly 700,000 refugees. The organization passed a resolution, known as the Margdarshan Resolution, in Jammu in December 1991 demanding: (a)
1116-506: Was given a special status and made an autonomous province. The Chamber of Princes was established by Emperor George V in 1920. One of the major consequences of this was the creation of many more agencies from the states of the provinces, thus granting them direct relations with the Emperor instead of with the Governors. This saw the separation of all the states from the provinces and addition to before-mentioned agencies. This left all
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1152-605: Was made up of 584 constituent states and the directly ruled territories of the Crown . The entire empire was divided into provinces and agencies. A province consisted of territory under the direct rule of the Emperor of India (who was also the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions ) and a few minor states, ruled by Indian princes under the suzerainty of the Emperor. A Governor or Lieutenant-Governor acted as
1188-593: Was renamed Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh . In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 , which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh , effective from 31 October 2019. Later that year in November,
1224-399: Was responsible to the provincial legislature. Bengal, Madras and Bombay which had been till now styled Presidencies, were now officially styled as provinces. The provinces of Orissa and Sind were created from Bihar and Bombay respectively. The Province of Burma which had previously functioned as an autonomous province of India was now separated from the Indian Empire, and established as
1260-836: Was split from Madras state , following the death of Potti Sriramulu and the subsequent riots, demanding a separate state for the Telugus . In 1954, French enclaves of Pondichéry , Karikal , Yanaon and Mahé were transferred to India. In 1956, the States Reorganisation Act was passed, which re-organized the country into 14 states of Andhra Pradesh , Assam , Bihar , Bombay , Jammu and Kashmir , Kerala , Madhya Pradesh , Madras , Mysore , Orissa , Punjab , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal and six union territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Delhi , Manipur , Tripura , Himachal Pradesh , Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands . Bombay state
1296-434: Was split into Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. Goa, Daman and Diu was established as a union territory, following the liberation of Goa from Portuguese in 1961. In 1961, during Bengali Language Movement , protests erupted demanding a separate Barak state . Pondicherry was established as a union territory. In 1963, Naga people of undivided Assam's Naga hills demanded for
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