141-556: Paolo Sorrentino ( Italian: [ˈpaːolo sorrenˈtiːno] ; born 31 May 1970) is an Italian film director, screenwriter, and writer. He is considered one of the most prominent filmmakers of Italian cinema working today. He is known for visually striking and complex dramas and has often been compared to Federico Fellini and Michelangelo Antonioni . He has received numerous accolades including an Academy Award , BAFTA Award , two Cannes Film Festival prizes, four Venice Film Festival Awards and four European Film Awards . In Italy he
282-685: A Firenze ("Their real heights the Prince of Naples and Princess Elena visit the baptistery of Saint John in Florence") and on the day of their wedding in Dimostrazione popolare alle LL. AA. i Principi sposi (al Pantheon – Roma) ("Popular demonstration at the their heights the princes spouses (at the Pantheon – Rome)"). In the early years of the 20th century, the phenomenon of itinerant cinemas developed throughout Italy, providing literacy of
423-465: A co-producer on the film with Lawrence, as well as co-writing the screenplay. Sorrentino’s 2021 feature, The Hand of God , filmed in Naples, contains autobiographical elements. In an article about the film, The Guardian called it a coming of age story that was Sorrentino's "most personal" film to date, representing a departure from the detached style of some of his earlier work. Sorrentino also called
564-479: A fascist propaganda publication, but was also a member of the then-clandestine newspaper Il Popolo . In July 1943, Andreotti contributed, along with Mario Ferrari Aggradi, Paolo Emilio Taviani , Guido Gonella, Giuseppe Capogrossi , Ferruccio Pergolesi, Vittore Branca , Giorgio La Pira , Giuseppe Medici and Moro, to the creation of the Code of Camaldoli , a document planning of economic policy drawn up by members of
705-627: A few months after the Lumière brothers began motion picture exhibitions. The first Italian director is considered to be Vittorio Calcina , a collaborator of the Lumière Brothers, who filmed Pope Leo XIII in 1896. The first films date back to 1896 and were made in the main cities of the Italian peninsula . These brief experiments immediately met the curiosity of the popular class, encouraging operators to produce new films until they laid
846-509: A few months after the French Lumière brothers , who made the first public screening of a film on 28 December 1895, an event considered the birth of cinema, began motion picture exhibitions. The first Italian director is considered to be Vittorio Calcina , a collaborator of the Lumière Brothers, who filmed Pope Leo XIII on 26 February 1896 in the short film Sua Santità papa Leone XIII ("His Holiness Pope Leo XIII"). He then became
987-442: A form of preproduction censorship. It was intended that Italian studios use part of their profits for high-quality films; However, Vittorio De Sica 's Umberto D. , which depicted the lonely life of a retired man, could only strike government officials as a dangerous throwback, due to the opening scene featuring police breaking up a demonstration of old pensioners and the ending scene featuring Umberto's aborted suicide attempt. In
1128-526: A kind of "summa" of the petty-bourgeois aesthetics of the time. The first film of the genre Telefoni Bianchi was The Private Secretary (1931), by Goffredo Alessandrini . Among the authors, Mario Camerini is the most representative director of the genre. After having practiced the most diverse trends in the 1930s, he happily moved into the territory of sentimental comedy with What Scoundrels Men Are! (1932), Il signor Max (1937) and Department Store (1939). In other films, he compares himself with
1269-803: A lonely businessman being used as a pawn by the Mafia , won many awards and was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival . Sorrentino's next feature, The Family Friend , was shown at the Cannes Film Festival in May and the London Film Festival in October 2006; it tells the story of a malicious septuagenarian loan shark who develops a fixation with the daughter of one of his customers. Sorrentino made his acting debut
1410-638: A new government consisting of Christian Democrats, Socialists, Social Democrats, and Liberals. In 1990, Andreotti revealed the existence of the Operation Gladio ; Gladio was the codename for a clandestine North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) "stay-behind" operation in Italy during the Cold War . Its purpose was to prepare for and implement armed resistance in the event of a Warsaw Pact invasion and conquest. Although Gladio specifically refers to
1551-441: A period of crisis due to many factors such as production disorganization, increased costs, technological backwardness, loss of foreign markets and inability to cope with international competition, in particular with that of Hollywood. The main causes included the lack of a generational change with a production still dominated by filmmakers and producers of literary training, unable to face the challenges of modernity. The first half of
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#17327985407051692-402: A position he held until 1972. In 1972, with Andreotti's first term as prime minister began a period when he was often seen as the éminence grise of governments even when not premier. He remained in office in two consecutive centre-right cabinets in 1972 and 1973. His first cabinet failed in obtaining the confidence vote and he was forced to resign after only 9 days; this government has been
1833-619: A press campaign accusing Piero Piccioni , son of the deputy national secretary of the DC, Attilio Piccioni , of the murder of fashion model Wilma Montesi at Torvaianica . After the defeat of De Gasperi's old followers in the DC National Council, Andreotti helped another newly formed corrente , the Dorotei , to oust Amintore Fanfani, who was the leader of the left wing of the party, as Prime Minister of Italy and National Secretary of
1974-465: A proposal to bring forward the so-called Historic Compromise , a political pact proposed by Moro which would see a government coalition between DC and PCI for the first time. Andreotti, known as a staunch anti-communist, was called in to lead the first experiment in that direction: his new cabinet, formed in July 1976, included only members of his own Christian Democratic party but had the indirect support of
2115-451: A public letter to De Sica, Andreotti castigated him for his "wretched service to his fatherland". In 1952, ahead of local elections in the municipality of Rome, Andreotti gave proof of his diplomatic skills and gained credibility. Andreotti persuaded De Gasperi not to establish a political alliance with the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement , as Pope Pius XII asked, to prevent a Communist victory. As Secretary, Andreotti contributed to
2256-463: A realist setting is Lost in the Dark (1914) by director Nino Martoglio , considered by critics as a prime example of neorealist cinema. The revival of Italian cinema took place at the end of the decade with the production of larger-scale films. During this period, a group of intellectuals close to the fortnightly cinematografo led by Alessandro Blasetti launched a program that was as simple as it
2397-513: A result of the warning from Italy – a supposed ally of the US ;– Libya was better prepared for the bombing. Nevertheless, on the following day, Libya fired two Scuds at the Italian island of Lampedusa in retaliation. However, the missiles passed over the island, landed in the sea and caused no damage. As Craxi's relationship with the then-National Secretary of the DC, Ciriaco De Mita ,
2538-453: A rigorous overhaul of Italian public finances. Critics later questioned Andreotti's understanding of the obligation or whether he had ever intended to fulfil it. In 1992, at the end of the legislature, Andreotti resigned from premiership; he was the last Christian Democratic Prime Minister of Italy. The previous year, Cossiga had appointed him Senator for Life . Andreotti was one of the most likely candidates to succeed Cossiga as President of
2679-459: A screenwriter, The Dust of Naples , was released in 1998. He also began directing short movies, including L'amore non ha confini in 1998 and La notte lunga in 2001. His feature-length debut was One Man Up , for which he was awarded the Nastro D'Argento prize. He achieved international recognition in 2004 for his thriller The Consequences of Love . The film, which explores the mindset of
2820-653: A shooting and projecting device not unlike that of the Lumières brothers. Italian Lumière trainees produced short films documenting everyday life and comic strips in the late 1890s and early 1900s. Before long, other pioneers made their way. Italo Pacchioni , Arturo Ambrosio , Giovanni Vitrotti and Roberto Omegna were also active. The success of the short films was immediate. The cinema fascinated with its ability to show distant geographic realities with unprecedented precision and, vice versa, to immortalize everyday moments. Sporting events, local events, intense road traffic,
2961-498: A social pension. A law of 30 June 1973 extended the cost of living indexation to the social pension. A devout Catholic, Andreotti was on close terms with six successive pontiffs. He occasionally gave the Vatican unsolicited advice and was often heeded. He updated the relationship of Roman Catholicism to the Italian state in an accord he presented to parliament. It put the country on a more secular basis: abolishing Roman Catholicism as
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#17327985407053102-645: A ten-year housing plan, with the state making funds available to regions for public housing and subsidies for private housing. As premier, Andeotti's urging of fellow leaders in the European Community was influential in the creation of an EU Regional Development Fund, which the south of Italy was to greatly benefit from. In 1977, Andreotti dealt with an economic crisis by criticising the luxury lifestyle of many Italians and pushing through tough austerity measures. This cabinet fell in January 1978. In March,
3243-502: A time" was a quote that emphasised what has been called his "art of the possible" view of politics. Andreotti was known for his discretion and retentive memory, and also a sense of humour, often placing things in perspective with a sardonic quip. Andreotti's personal support within the Christian Democrats was limited, but he could see where the mutual advantage for apparently conflicting interests lay and put himself at
3384-541: A year. The cabinet fell due to the withdrawal of the external support of the Italian Republican Party on the matter of local television reform. Andeotti's approach owed little to a belief that market mechanisms could be left to work without interference. He used price controls on essential foodstuffs and various social reforms to reach an understanding of organised labour. A law of 11 August 1972 extended health insurance to citizens over 65 to receive
3525-569: Is also known for his work on television creating and directing the HBO drama series The Young Pope (2016), and The New Pope (2019). He has worked with songwriters Antonello Venditti , Paloma Faith and Mark Kozelek and written three books published in Italian. Sorrentino was born in the Arenella district of Naples in 1970, and was orphaned at age 16 after losing both of his parents to an accidental carbon monoxide leak. His first film as
3666-525: Is definitely over. Even if some performers will move on to directing or producing, the arrival of sound favours the generational change and the consequent modernization of the structures. Italian-born director Frank Capra received three Academy Awards for Best Director for the films It Happened One Night (1934, the first Big Five winner at the Academy Awards), Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) and You Can't Take It with You (1938). In 1932,
3807-460: Is said to have advised him to remember that few things in life are important and never to over-dramatise difficulties. As an adult, he was described as having a somewhat unusual demeanor for an Italian politician, being mild-mannered and unassuming. Andreotti did not use his influence to advance his children to prominence, despite being widely considered the most powerful person in the country for decades. "See all, tolerate much, and correct one thing at
3948-537: Is still the largest film studio in Europe , and is considered the hub of Italian cinema. Filmmakers such as Federico Fellini , Roberto Rossellini , Luchino Visconti , Sergio Leone , Bernardo Bertolucci , Francis Ford Coppola , Martin Scorsese , and Mel Gibson have worked at Cinecittà. More than 3,000 movies have been filmed there, of which 90 received an Academy Award nomination and 47 of these won it. During
4089-474: Is that of A Woman's Story (1920) by Eugenio Perego , which uses an original narrative construction to propose a 19th-century morality with melodramatic tones. A particular genre is that of a realist setting, due to the work of the first female director of Italian cinema, Elvira Notari , who directs numerous films influenced by popular theatre and taken from famous dramas, Neapolitan songs, appendix novels or inspired by facts of chronicle. Another film with
4230-725: The Lion of the Desert war film about the Second Italo-Senussi War during the Italian colonization of Libya , because, in the words of Andreotti, it was "damaging to the honor of the army". On 14 April 1986, Andreotti revealed to Libyan Foreign Minister Abdel Rahman Shalgham that the United States would bomb Libya the next day in retaliation for the Berlin disco terrorist attack which had been linked to Libya. As
4371-460: The 2013 European Film Awards , including "Best Film" and "Best Director" for Sorrentino. Sorrentino then directed Youth (2015), his second English-language film which features Michael Caine as a retired orchestra conductor. The film also starred Harvey Keitel , Rachel Weisz , and Jane Fonda . It competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival . Kenneth Turan of NPR described
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4512-571: The Azzurri Film La regina della notte (1915), the Lumen Film Il romanzo fantastico del Dr. Mercanton o il giustiziere invisibile (1915) and Profumo mortale (1915), all films ascribable to the proto-giallo that multiplied in the following decades, becoming preparatory to the subsequent birth of the giallo . Between 1913 and 1920 there was the rise, development and decline of the phenomenon of cinematographic stardom, born with
4653-588: The Castello Sforzesco ") (1896) and La Fiera di Porta Genova ("The fair of Porta Genova ") (1898), all shot by Italo Pacchioni , who was also the inventor of a camera and projector , inspired by the cinematograph of Lumière brothers, kept at the Cineteca Italiana in Milan. If the interest of the masses were enthusiastic, the technological novelty would likely be snubbed, at least at
4794-1066: The Cineteca Nazionale in 1979. The Lumière brothers commenced public screenings in Italy in 1896 starting in March, in Rome and Milan ; in April in Naples , Salerno and Bari ; in June in Livorno ; in August in Bergamo , Bologna and Ravenna ; in October in Ancona ; and in December in Turin , Pescara and Reggio Calabria . Not long before, in 1895, Filoteo Alberini patented his " kinetograph ",
4935-600: The Punic Wars , for which I was too young, I have been blamed for everything that's happened in Italy." In addition to his prime ministerial posts, Andreotti served in numerous ministerial positions , among them as Minister of the Interior (1954 and 1978), Minister of Finance (1955–1958), Minister of Treasury (1958–1959), Minister of Defence (1959–1966 and 1974), Minister of Budget and Economic Planning (1974–1976), and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1983–1989), and
5076-556: The Soviet Union , the first one by an Italian Prime Minister in over a decade. During his premiership, Italy opened and developed diplomatic and economic relationships with Arab countries of the Mediterranean Basin , and supported business and trade between Italy and the Soviet Union . After his resignation, Andreotti served as Minister of Defence in the government of Mariano Rumor and as Minister of Budget in
5217-708: The VF-74 "BeDevilers" and the VF-103 "Sluggers" of Carrier Air Wing 17 , based on the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga , and directed to land at Naval Air Station Sigonella (a NATO air base in Sicily ) under the orders of U.S. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger ; there, the hijackers were arrested by the Italian Carabinieri after a disagreement between American and Italian authorities. Prime Minister Bettino Craxi claimed Italian territorial rights over
5358-676: The Venice Film Festival , the world's oldest film festival and one of the " Big Three " film festivals, alongside the Cannes Film Festival and the Berlin International Film Festival , was established. In 1934, the Italian government created the General Directorate for Cinema ( Direzione Generale per le Cinematografia ), and appointed Luigi Freddi its director. With the approval of Benito Mussolini , this directorate called for
5499-485: The Western genre. Erotic Italian thrillers, or giallo , produced by directors such as Mario Bava and Dario Argento in the 1970s, influenced the horror genre worldwide. Since the 1980s, due to multiple factors, Italian production has gone through a crisis that has not prevented the production of quality films in the 1990s and into the new millennium, thanks to a revival of Italian cinema, awarded and appreciated all over
5640-733: The White House . After Guazzoni came Emilio Ghione , Febo Mari , Carmine Gallone , Giulio Antamoro and many others who contributed to the expansion of the genre. After the great success of Cabiria , with the changing tastes of the public and the first signs of the industrial crisis, the genre began to show signs of crisis. Pastrone's plan to adapt the Bible with thousands of extras remained unfulfilled. Antamoro's Christus (1916) and Guazzoni's The Crusaders (1918) remained notable for their iconographic complexity but offered no substantial novelties. Despite sporadic attempts to reconnect with
5781-407: The grandeur of the past, the trend of historical blockbusters was interrupted at the beginning of the 1920s. In the first and second decade of the 20th century came a prolific film production aimed at investigative and mystery content, supported by well-assorted Italian and foreign literature that favours its transposition into film. What would later take on the synthesis of the giallo , in fact,
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5922-483: The homonymous novel by Edward Bulwer-Lytton . Also popular during this period were films about historical figures, such as Caserini's Beatrice Cenci (1909) and Ugo Falena 's Lucrezia Borgia (1910). In 1905, Cines inaugurated the genre of the historical film , which in this decade gave a great fortune to many Italian filmmakers. One of the first of these films was La presa di Roma (1905), lasting 10 minutes, and made by Filoteo Alberini . The operator employs for
6063-629: The "National Solidarity" government with the support of the PCI. Laws approved during his tenure included the Italian National Health Service reform. However, when the PCI asked to participate more directly in the government, Andreotti refused, and the government was dissolved in June 1979. Due also to conflict with Bettino Craxi , secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), the other main party in Italy at
6204-451: The 1920s marked a sharp decrease in production; from 350 films produced in 1921 to 60 in 1924. Literature and theatre are still the preferred narrative sources. The feuilletons resist, mostly taken from classical or popular texts and directed by specialists such as Roberto Roberti and the religious blockbusters of Giulio Antamoro . On the basis of the latest generation of divas, a sentimental cinema for women spread, centred on figures on
6345-647: The 1930s, light comedies known as Telefoni Bianchi ("white telephones") were predominant in Italian cinema. These films, which featured lavish set designs, promoted conservative values and respect for authority, and thus typically avoided the scrutiny of government censors. Telefoni Bianchi proved to be the testing ground of numerous screenwriters destined to impose themselves in the following decades (including Cesare Zavattini and Sergio Amidei ), and above all of numerous set designers such as Guido Fiorini , Gino Carlo Sensani and Antonio Valente , who, by virtue, successful graphic inventions led these productions to become
6486-612: The Arab world. Admirers of Andreotti saw him as having mediated political and social contradictions, enabling the transformation of a substantially rural country into the world's fifth-largest economy. Critics said he had done nothing to challenge a system of patronage that had led to pervasive corruption. Andreotti staunchly supported the Vatican and a capitalist structure, and opposed the Italian Communist Party . Following
6627-521: The DC. On 20 November 1958 Andreotti, then Minister of Treasury, was appointed president of the organizing committee of the 1960 Summer Olympics to be held in Rome. In the early 1960s Andreotti was Minister of Defence , and was widely considered the de facto leader of the right-wing Christian Democratic opposition to Fanfani and Moro's strategy. In this period, the revelation that the secret service had compiled dossiers on virtually every public figure in
6768-461: The Dark , silent drama film directed by Nino Martoglio and produced in 1914, documented life in the slums of Naples , and is considered a precursor to the Italian neorealism movement of the 1940s and 1950s. The only surviving copy of this film was destroyed by Nazi German forces during the World War II . This film is based on a 1901 play of the same title by Roberto Bracco . In
6909-516: The Fair Rent Law completed state control of rents with general rules for rent levels and terms of leases. A law of 16 February 1977 introduced ad hoc upgrading of cash benefits for the agricultural sector. In November 1977, pension linkage to the industrial wage was extended to all other pension schemes not administered by INPS. A law of 16 February 1977 extended family allowances to part-time agricultural workers. A law of 5 August 1978 introduced
7050-517: The Futurists, cinema was an ideal art form, being a fresh medium, and able to be manipulated by speed, special effects and editing. Most of the futuristic-themed films of this period have been lost, but critics cite Thaïs (1917) by Anton Giulio Bragaglia as one of the most influential, serving as the main inspiration for German Expressionist cinema in the following decade. The Italian film industry struggled against rising foreign competition in
7191-579: The Hollywood-style comedy on the model of Frank Capra ( Heartbeat , 1939) and the surreal one of René Clair ( I'll Give a Million , 1936). Camerini is interested in the figure of the typical and popular Italian, so much so that he anticipates some elements of the future Italian comedy. His major interpreter, Vittorio De Sica , will continue his lesson in Maddalena, Zero for Conduct (1940) and Teresa Venerdì (1941), emphasizing above all
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#17327985407057332-577: The Interior in the first government of Amintore Fanfani . From July 1956 to July 1958, he was appointed Finance Minister in the cabinets of Antonio Segni and Adone Zoli . In the same period, Andreotti started forming a corrente (unofficial political association, or a faction) within the Christian Democracy party, the largest party in Italy. His corrente was supported by the Roman Catholic right wing. It started its activity with
7473-528: The Italian MS Achille Lauro liner off the coast of Egypt , as she was sailing from Alexandria to Ashdod , Israel. The hijacking was organized by Muhammad Zaidan , leader of the PLF. One 69-year-old Jewish American man in a wheelchair, Leon Klinghoffer , was murdered by the hijackers and thrown overboard. The Egyptian airliner carrying the hijackers was intercepted by F-14 Tomcats from
7614-629: The Italian Catholic forces. The Code served as inspiration and guideline for economic policy of the future Christian Democrats. In 1944, he became a member of the National Council of the newborn Christian Democracy party. After the end of the conflict, he became responsible for the party's youth organisation. In 1946, Andreotti was elected to the Constituent Assembly of Italy , the provisional parliament which had
7755-690: The Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind organizations, "Operation Gladio" is used as an informal name for all of them. During his premiership, Andreotti clashed many times with President of the Republic Francesco Cossiga . In 1990, Andreotti was involved in getting all parties to agree to a binding timetable for the Maastricht Treaty . The deep Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union favoured by Italy
7896-618: The NATO base. Italian Air Force personnel and Carabinieri lined up facing the United States Navy SEALs which had arrived with two C-141s . Other Carabinieri were sent from Catania to reinforce the Italians. The US eventually allowed the hijackers to be taken into Italian custody, after receiving assurances that the hijackers would be tried for murder. The other passengers on the plane (including Zaidan) were allowed to continue on to their destination, despite protests by
8037-480: The Republic in the 1992 presidential election . Andreotti and the members of his corrente had adopted a strategy of launching his candidature only after effectively quenching all the others. Allegations against him thwarted the strategy; moreover, the election was influenced by the murder of the anti-mafia magistrate Giovanni Falcone in Palermo . In 1992, an investigation was started in Milan , dubbed Mani pulite . It uncovered endemic corruption practices at
8178-481: The United States. Egypt demanded an apology from the U.S. for forcing the airplane off course. The escape of Muhammad Zaidan was the result of a deal made with Yassar Arafat. As Minister Andreotti encouraged diplomacy between the United States and the Soviet Union and improving Italian links with Arab countries. In this respect he followed a line similar to that of Craxi, with whom he had an otherwise troubled political relationship. The Italian authorities had banned
8319-436: The arrival of a train, visits by famous people, but also natural disasters and calamities are filmed. Titles of the time include, Arrivo del treno alla Stazione di Milano ("Arrival of the train at Milan station") (1896), La battaglia di neve ("The snow battle") (1896), La gabbia dei matti ("The madmen's cage") (1896), Ballo in famiglia ("Family dance") (1896), Il finto storpio al Castello Sforzesco ("The fake cripple at
8460-425: The aspirations and fears of a petty-bourgeois society torn between the desire for affirmation and the uncertainties of the present. It was significant that the protagonists of Italian comedians never place themselves in open contrast with society or embody the desire for social revenge (as happens for example with Charlie Chaplin ), but rather tried to integrate into a strongly desired world. Italian futurist cinema
8601-503: The beginning, by intellectuals and the press. Despite initial doubt, in just two years, cinema climbs the hierarchy of society, intriguing the wealthier classes. On 28 January 1897, prince Victor Emmanuel and princess Elena of Montenegro attended a screening organized by Vittorio Calcina, in a room of the Pitti Palace in Florence . Interested in experimenting with the new medium, they were filmed in S.A.R. il Principe di Napoli e la Principessa Elena visitano il battistero di S. Giovanni
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#17327985407058742-411: The biopic Sue starring and produced by Lawrence as well. The movie — to be written by Lauren Schuker Blum, Rebecca Angelo and John Logan — will chronicle the life of Hollywood agent Sue Mengers as Apple Studios backs the film. In a fierce bidding war for the film between Apple and Netflix , the package offers ranged from $ 80 million to $ 95 million for the budget. In 2023 it was reported Sorrentino
8883-479: The cabinets of Aldo Moro. In 1976, the Italian Socialist Party left the centre-left government of Moro. The ensuing general elections saw the growth of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), and the DC kept only a minimal advantage as the relative majority party in Italy, which was then suffering from an economic crisis and terrorism. After the success of his party, the Communist secretary Enrico Berlinguer approached DC's left-leaning leaders, Moro and Fanfani, with
9024-403: The car of Aldo Moro, then-president of Christian Democracy, was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades (Italian: Brigate Rosse , or BR) terrorists in Via Fani in Rome. Firing automatic weapons, the terrorists killed Moro's bodyguards (two Carabinieri in Moro's car and three policemen in the following car) and kidnapped him. During the kidnapping of Moro, Andreotti refused any negotiation with
9165-449: The car, the airplane, and the industrial city. Its key figures were the Italians Filippo Tommaso Marinetti , Umberto Boccioni , Carlo Carrà , Fortunato Depero , Gino Severini , Giacomo Balla , and Luigi Russolo . It glorified modernity and aimed to liberate Italy from the weight of its past. The 1916 Manifesto of Futuristic Cinematography was signed by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Armando Ginna, Bruno Corra, Giacomo Balla and others. To
9306-412: The centre of events as mediator. Though not a physically imposing man, Andreotti navigated political waters through conversational skill. Andreotti did not shine at his school and started work in a tax office while studying law at the University of Rome . In this period he became a member of the Italian Catholic Federation of University Students (FUCI), the only non- fascist youth organization which
9447-458: The communists. Andreotti's third cabinet was called "the government of the "not- no confidence ", because it was externally supported by all the political parties in the Parliament, except for the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement . On 28 January 1977, the Italian Parliament approved the Land Use Law, which introduced severe constraints on construction, such as new criteria for land expropriations and new planning procedures. On 27 July 1978,
9588-423: The country resulted in the SIFAR affair. Andreotti ordered the destruction of the dossiers; but before the destruction, Andreotti provided the documents to Licio Gelli , the Venerable Master of the clandestine lodge Propaganda Due (P2). Andreotti was also involved in the Piano Solo scandal, an envisaged plot for an Italian coup in 1964 requested by then-President of the Italian Republic Antonio Segni . It
9729-407: The crises that will periodically shake the industry, right up to the present day. The archetypes of this film genre were The Last Days of Pompeii (1908), by Arturo Ambrosio and Luigi Maggi and Nero (1909), by Maggi himself and Arrigo Frusta . This last film was inspired by the work of Pietro Cossa who is iconographically based on the etchings of Bartolomeo Pinelli , neoclassicism and
9870-425: The crisis was overcome by the intervention of Moro, who proposed a new cabinet, again formed only by DC politicians, but this time with positive confidence votes from the other parties, including the PCI. This cabinet was also chaired by Andreotti and was formed on 16 March 1978. On the morning of 16 March 1978, the day on which the new Andreotti cabinet was supposed to have undergone a confidence vote in Parliament,
10011-475: The cultural and historical suggestions of the country. Education is an inexhaustible source of ideas, ideas that are easily assimilated not only by a cultured public but also by the masses. Dozens of characters from texts make their appearance on the big screen such as the Count of Monte Cristo , Giordano Bruno , Judith beheading Holofernes , Francesca da Rimini , Lorenzino de' Medici , Rigoletto , Count Ugolino and others. From an iconographic point of view,
10152-532: The direction of the actors and the care for the settings. Other directors include Mario Mattoli ( Schoolgirl Diary , 1941), Jean de Limur ( Apparition , 1944) and Max Neufeld ( The House of Shame , 1938; A Thousand Lire a Month , 1939). The realist comedies of Mario Bonnard ( Before the Postman , 1942; The Peddler and the Lady , 1943) are partially different in character, which partially deviate from
10293-695: The establishment of a town southeast of Rome devoted exclusively to cinema, dubbed the Cinecittà ("Cinema City"), under the slogan " Il cinema è l'arma più forte " ("Cinema is the most powerful weapon"). The studios were constructed during the Fascist era as part of a plan to revive the Italian film industry, which had reached its low point in 1931. Mussolini himself inaugurated the studios on 21 April 1937. Post-production units and sets were constructed and heavily used initially. Early films such as Scipio Africanus (1937) and The Iron Crown (1941) showcased
10434-611: The film "a completely different movie" in terms of style and, regarding the autobiographical elements, acknowledged that "almost everything is true." The film, which reunited Sorrentino with Toni Servillo, was selected as the Italian entry for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film at the 94th Academy Awards . The film was nominated but ultimately lost to the Ryusuke Hamaguchi film Drive My Car (2021). As announced in 2021, Sorrentino will next direct
10575-595: The film as "a densely packed, often astonishing cinematic feast that honors Rome in all its splendor and superficiality." It won the Bafta award for Best Film Not in the English Language in the 67th British Academy Film Awards . It also won the Golden Globe for Best Foreign Language Film and was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival . The film also received several accolades at
10716-499: The film as "a meditation on the wonders and complications of life, an examination of what matters to people, no matter what their age". Sorrentino received the Nastro d'Argento for Best Director . In 2019, it was announced that Sorrentino would be directing Jennifer Lawrence as mob informant Arlyne Brickman in Mob Girl. The film is an adaptation of the book of the same name by Teresa Carpenter . Sorrentino will also be working as
10857-582: The films made within Italy or by Italian directors . Since its beginning, Italian cinema has influenced film movements worldwide. Italy is one of the birthplaces of art cinema and the stylistic aspect of film has been one of the most important factors in the history of Italian film. As of 2018, Italian films have won 14 Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film (the most of any country) as well as 12 Palmes d'Or (the second-most of any country), one Academy Award for Best Picture and many Golden Lions and Golden Bears . The history of Italian cinema began
10998-546: The first cinema users who demanded a greater offer. The popular consensus is remarkable to the point of encouraging the film industry to invest further production resources since these films are also distributed on the French and Anglo-Saxon markets. Thus directors among the most prolific in this field such as Oreste Mentasti , Luigi Maggi , Arrigo Frusta and Ubaldo Maria Del Colle , together with many others less known, direct several dozen films where classic narrative elements of
11139-750: The first italian film production company and the largest and probably the most famous film house in Italy founded by Gustavo Lombardo at Naples in 1904, Cines , based in Rome; and the Turin-based companies Ambrosio Film and Itala Film . Other companies soon followed in Milan, and these early companies quickly attained a respectable production quality and were able to market their products both within Italy and abroad. Early Italian films typically consisted of adaptations of books or stage plays, such as Mario Caserini 's Otello (1906) and Arturo Ambrosio 's 1908 The Last Days of Pompeii , an adaptation of
11280-466: The first time actors of theatrical origin, exploiting the historical argument in a popular and pedagogical key. The film, assimilating Manzoni's lesson of making historical fiction plausible, reconstructs the Capture of Rome on 20 September 1870. The discovery of the spectacular potential of the cinematographic medium favoured the development of a cinema with great ambitions, capable of incorporating all
11421-637: The foundations for the birth of a true film industry. In the early years of the 20th century, silent cinema developed, bringing numerous Italian stars to the forefront until the end of World War I . In the early 1900s, artistic and epic films such as Otello (1906), The Last Days of Pompeii (1908), L'Inferno (1911), Quo Vadis (1913), and Cabiria (1914), were made as adaptations of books or stage plays. Italian filmmakers were using complex set designs, lavish costumes, and record budgets, to produce pioneering films. The oldest European avant-garde cinema movement, Italian futurism , took place in
11562-551: The highest levels, causing many spectacular (and sometimes controversial) arrests and resignations. After the disappointing result in the 1992 general election (29.7%) and two years of mounting scandals (which included several Mafia investigations which notably touched Andreotti), the Christian Democracy party was disbanded in 1994. In the 1990s, most of the politicians prosecuted were acquitted during those investigations, sometimes based on legal formalities or on statutory time limit rules. Christian Democracy suffered heavy defeats in
11703-419: The imprint of Telefoni Bianchi. Giulio Andreotti Giulio Andreotti OMI SMOM OCSG OESSH ( US : / ˌ ɑː n d r eɪ ˈ ɒ t i / AHN -dray- OT -ee ; Italian: [ˈdʒuːljo andreˈɔtti] ; 14 January 1919 – 6 May 2013) was an Italian politician and statesman who served as the 41st prime minister of Italy in seven governments (1972–1973, 1976–1979, and 1989–1992), and
11844-411: The integration of optical effects and stage action, and it was the first Italian feature film ever made. The Last Days of Pompeii (1913), by Eleuterio Rodolfi , used innovative special effects. Enrico Guazzoni 's 1913 film Quo Vadis was one of the first blockbusters in the history of cinema , using thousands of extras and a lavish set design. The international success of the film marked
11985-614: The late 1910s. After a period of decline in the 1920s, the Italian film industry was revitalized in the 1930s with the arrival of sound film . A popular Italian genre during this period, the Telefoni Bianchi , consisted of comedies with glamorous backgrounds. Calligrafismo was instead in sharp contrast to Telefoni Bianchi-American style comedies and is rather artistic , highly formalistic , expressive in complexity and deals mainly with contemporary literary material. While Italy's Fascist government provided financial support for
12126-545: The main references are the great Renaissance and neoclassical artists, as well as symbolists and popular illustrations. In the 1910s, the Italian film industry developed rapidly. In 1912, the year of the greatest expansion, 569 films were produced in Turin, 420 in Rome and 120 in Milan. Popular early Italian actors included Emilio Ghione , Alberto Collo , Bartolomeo Pagano , Amleto Novelli , Lyda Borelli , Ida Carloni Talli , Lidia Quaranta and Maria Jacobini . Lost in
12267-596: The major offices of state over the course of a 40-year political career, being seen as a reassuring figure by the civil service, business community, and Vatican. Domestically, he contained inflation following the 1973 oil crisis , founded the National Healthcare Service ( Sistema Sanitario Nazionale ) and combated terrorism during the Years of Lead . In foreign policy, he guided Italy's European Union integration and established closer relations with
12408-412: The margins of society who, instead of struggling to emancipate themselves (as happens in contemporary Hollywood cinema), go through an authentic ordeal in order to preserve their own virtue. Protest and rebellion by the female protagonists are out of the question. It is a strongly conservative cinema, tied to social rules upset by the war and in the process of dissolution throughout Europe. An exemplary case
12549-441: The market against Neorealist films , a genre that exhibitors complained lacked stars and was held in low esteem by the public. As he phrased it, there were to be 'Less rags, more legs'. Raunchy comedies and historical dramas with voluptuous toga-clad actresses became the staple of the Italian film industry. The screenplays were vetted to ensure that state funds were not used to prop up commercially unsustainable films, thereby creating
12690-437: The maturation of the genre and allows Guazzoni to make increasingly spectacular films such as Antony and Cleopatra (1913) and Julius Caesar (1914). Giovanni Pastrone 's 1914 film Cabiria was an even larger production, requiring two years and a record budget to produce, it was the first epic film ever made and it is considered the most famous Italian silent film . It was also the first film in history to be shown in
12831-419: The mid-1950s to the end of the 1970s, Commedia all'italiana and many other genres arose due to auteur cinema , and Italian cinema reached a position of great prestige both nationally and abroad. The Spaghetti Western achieved popularity in the mid-1960s, peaking with Sergio Leone 's Dollars Trilogy , which featured enigmatic scores by composer Ennio Morricone , which have become popular culture icons of
12972-768: The most prestigious awards at national level. Presented by the Accademia del Cinema Italiano in the Cinecittà studios, during the awards ceremony, the winners are given a miniature reproduction of the famous statue . The finalist candidates for the award, as per tradition, are first received at the Quirinal Palace by the President of Italy . The event is the Italian equivalent of the American Academy Awards . The history of Italian cinema began
13113-457: The nation's film industry, notably the construction of the Cinecittà studios (the largest film studio in Europe), it also engaged in censorship, and thus many Italian films produced in the late 1930s were propaganda films . A new era took place at the end of World War II with the birth of the influential Italian neorealist movement, reaching a vast consensus of audiences and critics throughout
13254-428: The national costume, imposing canons of beauty, role models and objects of desire. These models, strongly stylized according to the cultural and artistic trends of the time, moved away from naturalism in favor of melodramatic acting, pictorial gesture and theatrical pose; all favored by the incessant use of close-up which focuses the attention on the expressiveness of the actress. The most successful comedian in Italy
13395-566: The new prime minister. On 22 July 1989, Andreotti was sworn in for the third time as prime minister. A turbulent course characterized his government; he decided to stay at the head of government, despite the abandonment of many social democratic ministers, after the approval of the norm on TV spots favorable to private TV channels of Silvio Berlusconi . This choice did not prevent the resurgence of old suspicions and resentments with Bettino Craxi , whose Italian Socialist Party withdrew from their coalition government in 1991. Andreotti would create
13536-553: The office, Andreotti had wider-ranging responsibilities than many full ministers, which caused some envy. Andreotti's main undertaking was representing the interests of Frosinone in the province of Lazio . Lazio would continue to serve as Andreotti's geographical base of power later in his political career. As the state undersecretary in charge of entertainment in 1949, Andreotti established import limits and screen quotas, and provided loans to Italian production firms. The measures aimed to prevent American productions from dominating
13677-641: The official photographer of the House of Savoy , the Italian ruling dynasty from 1861 to 1946. In this role he filmed the first Italian film, Sua Maestà il Re Umberto e Sua Maestà la Regina Margherita a passeggio per il parco a Monza ("His Majesty the King Umberto and Her Majesty the Queen Margherita strolling through the Monza Park "), believed to have been lost until it was rediscovered by
13818-729: The oldest film festival in the world, held annually since 1932 and awarding the Golden Lion ; In 2008 the Venice Days ("Giornate degli Autori"), a section held in parallel to the Venice Film Festival, has produced in collaboration with Cinecittà studios and the Ministry of Cultural Heritage a list of a 100 films that have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978: the " 100 Italian films to be saved ". The David di Donatello Awards are one of
13959-562: The one with the shortest period of fullness of powers in the history of the Italian Republic. A snap election was called for May 1972, and Christian Democracy, led by Andreotti's ally Arnaldo Forlani , remained stable with around 38% of the votes, as did the Communist Party , with the same 27% as in 1968 . Andreotti, supported by secretary Forlani, tried to continue his centrist strategy, but his attempt only lasted
14100-553: The part of Andreotti. In 2009, it was announced Sorrentino wrote the screenplay for a film version of Niccolò Ammaniti 's novel Ti prendo e ti porto via ( Steal You Away ). This Must Be the Place (2011) marked the English-language feature debut of the Italian filmmaker. The plot centres on a middle-aged, wealthy rock star, played by two-time Academy Award winner Sean Penn , who becomes bored in his retirement and takes on
14241-681: The popular Italian sentiment of the time, he supported the development of a strong European community playing host to neoliberal economics. He was not opposed to the implementation of the European Social Fund and the European Regional Development Fund in building the European economy. At the height of his statesman career, Andreotti was subjected to criminal prosecutions and charged with colluding with Cosa Nostra . Courts managed to prove that he
14382-519: The post-war period, and which launched the directorial careers of Luchino Visconti , Roberto Rossellini , and Vittorio De Sica . Neorealism declined in the late 1950s in favour of lighter films, such as those of the Commedia all'italiana genre and important directors like Federico Fellini and Michelangelo Antonioni . Actresses such as Sophia Loren , Giulietta Masina and Gina Lollobrigida achieved international stardom during this period. From
14523-466: The provincial and municipal elections, and polling suggested heavy losses in the 1994 Italian general election . In hopes of changing the party's image, the DC's last secretary, Mino Martinazzoli , decided to change the name of the party to the Italian People's Party (PPI). Pier Ferdinando Casini , representing the centre-right faction of the party (previously led by Forlani), decided to launch
14664-574: The quest of finding the guard of the German camp where his father was imprisoned, who now lives in hiding in the United States. The film was co-written by Sorrentino and Umberto Contarello, and premiered in competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . His 2013 film The Great Beauty won the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film in the 2014 Academy Awards . Jay Weissberg of Variety hailed
14805-700: The re-formation of the Italian Olympic Committee , which had been disbanded after the fall of the Fascist regime. In 1953, among other things, he promoted the so-called "Andreotti's veto" against foreign football players in Italian Serie A . After De Gasperi's resignation and retirement in August 1953, Andreotti remained Secretary of the Council under the short-lived premiership of Giuseppe Pella . In 1954, Andreotti became Minister of
14946-575: The release of Ma l'amor mio non muore (1913), by Mario Caserini . The film had great success with the public and encoded the setting and aesthetics of female stardom. Within just a few years, Eleonora Duse , Pina Menichelli , Rina De Liguoro , Leda Gys , Hesperia , Vittoria Lepanto , Mary Cleo Tarlarini and Italia Almirante Manzini established themselves. Films such as Fior di male (1914), by Carmine Gallone , Il fuoco (1915), by Giovanni Pastrone , Rapsodia satanica (1917), by Nino Oxilia and Cenere (1917), by Febo Mari , changed
15087-538: The same year with a cameo appearance in Nanni Moretti 's film The Caiman , which was also shown at the 2006 London Film Festival. Sorrentino's following film, Il Divo (2008), is a dramatised biopic of Giulio Andreotti , the controversial Italian politician. The feature, which won the Prix du Jury at Cannes Film Festival, sees Sorrentino reunited with The Consequences of Love star Toni Servillo , who plays
15228-400: The screens. Historical films such as Blasetti's 1860 (1934) and Carmine Gallone 's Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal (1937) were also popular during this period. With the transition to sound cinema, most of the Italian silent film actors, still linked to theatrical stylization, find themselves disqualified. The era of divas, dandies and strongmen, who barely survived the 1920s,
15369-605: The show Nero, or the Destruction of Rome represented by the Barnum circus . Followed by Marin Faliero, Doge of Venice (1909), by Giuseppe De Liguoro , Otello (1909) by Yambo and L'Odissea (1911), by Bertolini, Padovan and De Liguoro. L'Inferno , produced by Milano Films in 1911, even before being an adaptation of Dante's canticle , was a cinematic translation of Gustave Doré 's engravings that experiments with
15510-469: The silent proto-giallo (mystery, crime, investigation investigative and final twist) constitute the structural aspects of cinematic representation. Elvira Notari , the first female director ever in Italy and one of the premieres in the history of world cinema, directed Carmela, la sartina di Montesanto (1916). While in Palermo , Lucarelli Film produced La cassaforte n. 8 (1914) and Ipnotismo (1914),
15651-493: The state religion, making religious instruction in public schools optional, and having the Church accept Italy's divorce law in 1971. Andreotti opposed legal divorce and abortion, but despite his party's opposition, he couldn't avoid the legalization of abortion in May 1978. Andreotti was a strong NATO supporter and was invited to America by the U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1973. A year earlier, he paid an official visit to
15792-402: The streets, in cafes or in variety theatres in the presence of a swindler who has the task of promoting and enriching the story. Between 1903 and 1909 the itinerant cinema Italian film was quieting, until then considered as a freak phenomenon, took on consistency assuming the characteristics of an authentic industry, led by four major organizations: Titanus (originally Monopolio Lombardo ),
15933-401: The task of writing the new Italian constitution. His election was supported by Alcide De Gasperi , founder of the modern DC, of whom Andreotti became a close assistant and advisor; the two politicians became close friends despite their very different characters. However, De Gasperi later described Andreotti as a man "so capable in everything that he could become capable of anything". In 1948, he
16074-407: The tastes of the public. The sound cinema arrived in Italy in 1930, three years after the release of The Jazz Singer (1927), and immediately led to a debate on the validity of spoken cinema and its relationship with the theatre. Some directors enthusiastically face the new challenge. The advent of talkies led to stricter censorship by the Fascist government . The first Italian talking picture
16215-595: The technical quality of Italian films. Many films are still shot entirely in Cinecittà. Benito Mussolini founded Cinecittà studio also for the production of Fascist propaganda until World War II . During this period, Mussolini's son, Vittorio , created a national production company and organized the work of noted authors, directors and actors (including even some political opponents), thereby creating an interesting communication network among them, which produced several noted friendships and stimulated cultural interaction. With an area of 400,000 square metres (99 acres), it
16356-642: The technological advancement of the studios. Seven thousand people were involved in the filming of the battle scene from Scipio Africanus , and live elephants were brought in as a part of the re-enactment of the Battle of Zama . The Cinecittà provided everything necessary for filmmaking: theatres, technical services, and even a cinematography school, the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia , for younger apprentices. The Cinecittà studios were Europe's most advanced production facilities and greatly boosted
16497-600: The terrorists. Moro, during his imprisonment, wrote a statement expressing very harsh judgements against Andreotti. On 9 May 1978, Moro's body was found in the trunk of a Renault 4 in Via Caetani after 55 days of imprisonment, during which Moro was submitted to a political trial by the so-called "people's court" set up by the Brigate Rosse and the Italian government was asked for an exchange of prisoners. After Moro's death, Andreotti continued as Prime Minister of
16638-399: The three years leading up to World War I , as production consolidates, mythological, comedy and drama films are exported all over the world. In the meantime, in the actor's field, the phenomenon of stardom was born which for a few years will experience unstoppable success. With the end of the decade, Rome definitively established itself as the main production center; this will remain, despite
16779-525: The time, Andreotti did not hold any further government position until 1983. In 1983, Andreotti became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the first Cabinet of Bettino Craxi, despite the long-lasting personal antagonism between the two men which had occurred earlier on; Craxi was the first Socialist to become Prime Minister of Italy since Unification . On 7 October 1985, four men representing the Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) hijacked
16920-416: The traditional genre of comedy with kammerspiel and realist film, revealing the director's ability to outline the characters of the middle class. While not comparable to the best results of international cinema of the period, the works of Camerini and Blasetti testify to a generational transition between Italian directors and intellectuals, and above all an emancipation from literary models and an approach to
17061-474: The visual medium. This innovative form of spectacle ran out, in a short time, a number of optical attractions such as magic lanterns, cinematographers, stereoscopes, panoramas and dioramas that had fueled the European imagination and favoured the circulation of a common market for images. The nascent Italian cinema, therefore, is still linked to the traditional shows of the commedia dell'arte or to those typical of circus folklore. Public screenings take place in
17202-451: The world. During the 1980s and 1990s, directors such as Ermanno Olmi , Bernardo Bertolucci , Giuseppe Tornatore , Gabriele Salvatores and Roberto Benigni brought critical acclaim back to Italian cinema, while the most popular directors of the 2000s and 2010s were Matteo Garrone , Paolo Sorrentino , Marco Bellocchio , Nanni Moretti and Marco Tullio Giordana . The country is also famed for its prestigious Venice Film Festival ,
17343-517: The years following World War I . Several major studios, among them Cines and Ambrosio, formed the Unione Cinematografica Italiana to coordinate a national strategy for film production. This effort was largely unsuccessful, however, due to a wide disconnect between production and exhibition (some movies weren't released until several years after they were produced). With the end of World War I, Italian cinema went through
17484-427: Was The Song of Love (1930) by Gennaro Righelli , which was a great success with the public. Alessandro Blasetti also experimented with the use of an optical track for sound in the film Resurrection (1931), shot before The Song of Love but released a few months later. Similar to Righelli's film is What Scoundrels Men Are! (1932) by Mario Camerini , which has the merit of making Vittorio De Sica debut on
17625-401: Was André Deed , better known in Italy as Cretinetti , star of comic short film for Itala Film . Its success paved the way for Marcel Fabre ( Robinet ), Ernesto Vaser ( Fricot ) and many others. The only actor of a certain substance, however, was Ferdinand Guillaume , who became famous with the stage name of Polidor . The historical interest of these films lay in their ability to reveal
17766-463: Was a senator for life from 1991 until his death in 2013. He was also a journalist and author. Andreotti was sometimes called Divo Giulio (from Latin Divus Iulius , "Divine Julius", an epithet of Julius Caesar after his posthumous deification), or simply Il divo . Andreotti, the youngest of three children, was born on 14 January 1919 in Rome . His father, who died when Giulio was two,
17907-616: Was a primary school teacher from Segni , a small town in Lazio ; after a few years his sister Elena also died. Andreotti attended the Liceo Torquato Tasso in Rome and graduated in law at the University of Rome , with a mark of 110/110. Andreotti showed some ferocity as a youth, once stubbing out a lit taper in the eye of another altar boy who was ridiculing him. His mother was described as not very affectionate. An aunt
18048-556: Was allowed by the regime of Benito Mussolini . Its members included many of the future leaders of Christian Democracy . In 1938, while researching the papal navy in the Vatican library, he met Alcide De Gasperi , who had been given sanctuary by the Pope. De Gasperi asked Andreotti if he had nothing better to do with his time, inspiring him to become politically active. Speaking of De Gasperi, Andreotti said, "He taught us to search for compromise, to mediate." In July 1939, while Aldo Moro
18189-503: Was ambitious. Aware of the Italian cultural backwardness, they decided to break all ties with the previous tradition through a rediscovery of the peasant world, hitherto practically absent in Italian cinema. Sun (1929) by Alessandro Blasetti shows the evident influence of the Soviet and German avant-gardes in an attempt to renew Italian cinema in accordance with the interests of the fascist regime. Rails (1929) by Mario Camerini blends
18330-562: Was awarded the Cannes Film Festival Jury Prize . He received critical acclaim with the art drama The Great Beauty (2013) which won the Academy Award , the Golden Globe , and the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Language Film. He followed with Youth (2015), Loro (2018), and The Hand of God (2021) the latter of which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film . He
18471-621: Was directing another "love letter to Naples", Parthenope , starring Gary Oldman . When asked about the influence of the Vatican on society, Sorrentino said he was a non-believer. In 2015, Sorrentino was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters at the American University of Rome . Feature films Short films and documentaries Acting roles TV series Other TV work Italian cinema The cinema of Italy ( Italian : cinema italiano , pronounced [ˈtʃiːnema itaˈljaːno] ) comprises
18612-421: Was elected to the newly formed Chamber of Deputies to represent the constituency of Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone , which remained his stronghold until the 1990s. Andreotti began his government career in 1947 when he became Secretary of the Council of Ministers in the cabinet of his patron De Gasperi. The appointment was also supported by Giovanni Battista Montini , who later would become Pope Paul VI. During
18753-410: Was even worse, Andreotti was instrumental in the creation of the so-called "CAF triangle" (from the initials of the surnames of Craxi, Andreotti and another DC leader, Arnaldo Forlani ) opposing De Mita's power. After Craxi's resignation in 1987, Andreotti remained Minister of Foreign Affairs in the governments of Fanfani and De Mita. In 1989, when De Mita's government fell, Andreotti was appointed as
18894-408: Was honoured with eight David di Donatello and six Nastro d'Argento awards. Sorrentino made his directorial film debut with the Italian comedy-drama One Man Up (2001) for which he received the Nastro d'Argento for Best New Director followed by The Consequences of Love (2004), The Family Friend (2006), and This Must Be the Place (2011). The biographical drama Il Divo (2009)
19035-549: Was leader of the Christian Democracy party and its right-wing; he was the sixth-longest-serving prime minister since the Italian unification and the second-longest-serving post-war prime minister. Andreotti is widely considered the most powerful and prominent politician of the First Republic . Beginning as a protégé of Alcide De Gasperi , Andreotti achieved cabinet rank at a young age and occupied all
19176-476: Was opposed by Britain's Margaret Thatcher , who wanted a system of competition between currencies. Germany had doubts about committing to the project without requiring economic reforms from Italy, which was seen as having various imbalances. As President of the European Council, Andreotti co-opted Germany by making admittance to the single market automatic once the criteria had been met and committing to
19317-603: Was prepared by the commander of the Carabinieri, Giovanni de Lorenzo, at the beginning of 1964 in close collaboration with the Italian secret service (SIFAR), CIA secret warfare expert Vernon Walters , William Harvey , then-chief of the CIA station in Rome, and Renzo Rocca, director of the Gladio units within the military secret service SID. In 1968, Andreotti was appointed leader of the parliamentary group of Christian Democracy,
19458-537: Was president of FUCI, Andreotti became director of its magazine Azione Fucina . In 1942, when Moro was enrolled in the Italian Army, Andreotti succeeded him as president of FUCI, a position he held until 1944. During his early years Andreotti suffered violent migraines that forced him to make use of psychoactive drugs sporadically and opiates . During World War II , Andreotti wrote for the Rivista del Lavoro ,
19599-401: Was produced and distributed at the dawn of Italian cinema. The most prolific production houses in the 1910s were Cines , Ambrosio Film , Itala Film , Aquila Films , Milano Films and many others, while titles such as Il delitto del magistrato (1907), Il cadavere misterioso (1908), Il piccolo Sherlock Holmes (1909), L'abisso (1910) and Alibi atroce (1910), breached the imagination of
19740-545: Was the oldest movement of European avant-garde cinema. Italian futurism , an artistic and social movement , impacted the Italian film industry from 1916 to 1919. It influenced Russian Futurist cinema and German Expressionist cinema . Its cultural importance was considerable and influenced all subsequent avant-gardes, as well as some authors of narrative cinema; its echo expands to the dreamlike visions of some films by Alfred Hitchcock . Futurism emphasized dynamism, speed, technology, youth, violence, and objects such as
19881-503: Was undoubtedly linked with them until 1980; however, the case was closed due to past statutes of limitations . The most sensational allegation came from prosecutors in Perugia , who charged him with ordering the murder of a journalist. He was found guilty at a trial, which led to complaints that the justice system had "gone mad". After being acquitted of all charges, in part due to statute-barred limitations, Andreotti remarked: "Apart from
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