A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, particularly in Commonwealth countries, as an abstract name for the monarchy itself (and, by extension, the state of which said monarch is head) as distinct from the individual who inhabits it (that is, The Crown ). A specific type of crown (or coronet for lower ranks of peerage) is employed in heraldry under strict rules. Indeed, some monarchies never had a physical crown, just a heraldic representation, as in the constitutional kingdom of Belgium.
88-471: The papal tiara is a crown that is worn by popes of the Catholic Church from as early as the 8th century to the mid–20th century. It was last used by Pope Paul VI in 1963, and only at the beginning of his reign. The name tiara refers to the entire headpiece, including the various crowns, circlets, and diadems that have adorned it through the ages, while the three-tiered form that it took in
176-513: A hardness of 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale . Most emeralds have many inclusions , so their toughness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor. Emerald is a cyclosilicate . The word "emerald" is derived (via Old French : esmeraude and Middle English : emeraude ), from Vulgar Latin : esmaralda/esmaraldus , a variant of Latin smaragdus , which was via Ancient Greek : σμάραγδος (smáragdos; "green gem"). The Greek word may have
264-493: A "synthetic" stone. The FTC says: "§ 23.23(c) It is unfair or deceptive to use the word "laboratory-grown", "laboratory-created", "[manufacturer name]-created", or "synthetic" with the name of any natural stone to describe any industry product unless such industry product has essentially the same optical, physical, and chemical properties as the stone named." The virtue of the Emerald is to counteract poison. They say that if
352-418: A Semitic, Sanskrit or Persian origin. According to Webster's Dictionary the term emerald was first used in the 14th century. Emeralds, like all colored gemstones , are graded using four basic parameters known as "the four C s": color , clarity, cut and carat weight . Normally, in grading colored gemstones, color is by far the most important criterion. However, in the grading of emeralds, clarity
440-464: A certificate from a licensed, independent gemology laboratory. Other treatments, for example the use of green-tinted oil, are not acceptable in the trade. Gems are graded on a four-step scale; none , minor , moderate and highly enhanced. These categories reflect levels of enhancement, not clarity . A gem graded none on the enhancement scale may still exhibit visible inclusions. Laboratories apply these criteria differently. Some gemologists consider
528-792: A display of historic Vatican items. Pope Paul VI's "Milan tiara" was donated to and is on display in the crypt church of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. , United States of America . Most of the surviving (three-crown) papal tiaras have the shape of a circular beehive , with its central core made of silver . Some were sharply conical, others bulbous. Except for that of Pope Paul VI, all were heavily bejewelled . The three crowns are marked by golden decorations, sometimes in
616-433: A hue that is bright (vivid). Gray is the normal saturation modifier or mask found in emeralds; a grayish-green hue is a dull-green hue. Emeralds tend to have numerous inclusions and surface-breaking fissures . Unlike diamonds, where the loupe standard (i.e., 10× magnification) is used to grade clarity, emeralds are graded by eye. Thus, if an emerald has no visible inclusions to the eye (assuming normal visual acuity) it
704-642: A major fire in the 18th century while the so-called " Irish Crown Jewels " (actually merely the British Sovereign's insignia of the Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick ) were stolen from Dublin Castle in 1907, just before the investiture of Bernard Edward Barnaby FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown . The Crown of King George XII of Georgia made of gold and decorated with 145 diamonds, 58 rubies, 24 emeralds, and 16 amethysts. It took
792-456: A most atypical piece of headgear for an Ottoman sultan, which he probably never normally wore, but which he placed beside him when receiving visitors, especially ambassadors. It was crowned with an enormous feather. Conversely, the papal coronation ceremony, in which the Pope was fanned with flabella (long fans of ostrich feathers) and carried on the sedia gestatoria (portable throne),
880-405: A new Pope succeeded. The Archbishop of Bordeaux was chosen and took the title of Clement V . He removed the papal seat from Rome to Avignon and the tiara was brought to Lyons from Perugia for his coronation on 14 November 1305. In the inventory which was taken in 1315–16 Boniface VIII's tiara is again described and can be identified by the mention of the large ruby, which is recorded as missing. It
968-430: A new monarch ascends the throne, the crown is placed on the new monarch's head by a religious official in a coronation ceremony. Some, though not all, early Holy Roman Emperors travelled to Rome at some point in their careers to be crowned by the pope. Napoleon , according to legend, surprised Pius VII when he reached out and crowned himself, although in reality this order of ceremony had been pre-arranged. Today, only
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#17327800425801056-470: A papal coronation, replacing it with a reference to an "inauguration". The use of Papal Tiara in solemn ceremonies was left by Paul VI. Though not currently worn as part of papal regalia , the papal tiara still appears on the coat of arms of the Holy See and the flag of Vatican City . Later in his reign John Paul II approved depictions of his arms without the tiara, as with the mosaic floor piece towards
1144-559: A papal tiara and carrying a papal cross . Crown (headgear) Three distinct categories of crowns exist in those monarchies that use crowns or state regalia. Crowns or similar headgear, as worn by nobility and other high-ranking people below the ruler, are in English often called coronets ; however, in many languages, this distinction is not made and the same word is used for both types of headgear (e.g., French couronne , German Krone , Dutch kroon ). In some of these languages
1232-420: A significantly shorter ceremony. As with all other modern coronations, the ceremony itself was only symbolic, as the person involved became Pope and Bishop of Rome the moment he accepted his canonical election in the papal conclave . The two subsequent popes ( John Paul I and John Paul II ) abandoned the monarchial coronation, opting instead for a coronation-less investiture. In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI took
1320-650: A special tiara by Dieter Philippi, a German chief executive officer of a telecommunication company who had commissioned the gift from an artisan workshop located in Sofia . Each year, a large papal tiara is placed on the head of the famous bronze statue of Saint Peter in St. Peter's Basilica from the vigil of the Feast of the Cathedra of Saint Peter on 22 February until the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul on 29 June. This custom
1408-465: A step further and removed the tiara from his papal coat of arms, replacing it with a mitre . Only one other Catholic see uses the tiara in its coat of arms: the Patriarchate of Lisbon . The title of Patriarch of Lisbon was created in 1716 and has been held by the archbishop of Lisbon since 1740. The coat of arms of the Holy See combines the tiara with the crossed keys of St. Peter, while that of
1496-509: A thin layer of emerald on top of natural colorless beryl stones. Later, from 1965 to 1970, the Linde Division of Union Carbide produced completely synthetic emeralds by hydrothermal synthesis. According to their patents (attributable to E.M. Flanigen ), acidic conditions are essential to prevent the chromium (which is used as the colorant) from precipitating. Also, it is important that the silicon-containing nutrient be kept away from
1584-429: A triregnum shows them placed forward of the ears. All extant tiaras have them placed at the rear. The lappets, sometimes called " fanons " according to the 2nd definition of the word, are likely relics of the cord used to secure the original form of linen cap or turban around a bishop's head. The 1911 Catholic Encyclopedia describes the lappets on a bishop's mitre as trimmed on the ends with red fringe. Pope Paul VI
1672-461: A vacuum chamber under mild heat, to open the pores of the stone and allow the fracture-filling agent to be absorbed more effectively. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission requires the disclosure of this treatment when an oil-treated emerald is sold. The use of oil is traditional and largely accepted by the gem trade, although oil-treated emeralds are worth much less than untreated emeralds of similar quality. Untreated emeralds must also be accompanied by
1760-412: A vivid primary green hue (as described above), with no more than 15% of any secondary hue or combination (either blue or yellow) of a medium-dark tone, command the highest prices. The relative non-uniformity motivates the cutting of emeralds in cabochon form, rather than faceted shapes. Faceted emeralds are most commonly given an oval cut, or the signature emerald cut, a rectangular cut with facets around
1848-465: Is considered a close second. A fine emerald must possess not only a pure verdant green hue as described below, but also a high degree of transparency to be considered a top gemstone. This member of the beryl family ranks among the traditional "big four" gems along with diamonds , rubies and sapphires . In the 1960s, the American jewelry industry changed the definition of emerald to include
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#17327800425801936-452: Is considered a supplementary test when making a natural versus synthetic determination, as many, but not all, natural emeralds are inert to ultraviolet light. Many synthetics are also UV inert. Synthetic emeralds are often referred to as "created", as their chemical and gemological composition is the same as their natural counterparts. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has very strict regulations as to what can and what cannot be called
2024-436: Is considered flawless. Stones that lack surface breaking fissures are extremely rare and therefore almost all emeralds are treated ("oiled", see below) to enhance the apparent clarity. The inclusions and fissures within an emerald are sometimes described as jardin (French for garden ), because of their mossy appearance. Imperfections are unique for each emerald and can be used to identify a particular stone. Eye-clean stones of
2112-550: Is described as having three circlets corona quae vocatur, regnum cum tribus circuitis aureis . It therefore must have been between the taking of the two inventories in 1295 and 1315 that the second and third circlets were added to the tiara. It was during this period that the fleur-de-lis was used to decorate the circlets. The tiara was kept in the Papal Treasury at Avignon until Gregory XI took it back to Rome, which he entered on 17 January 1377. In 1378 Robert of Geneva
2200-520: Is honour and glory for ever and ever"). Yet others have associated it with the threefold office of Christ , who is Priest, Prophet and King, or "teacher, lawmaker and judge". Another traditional interpretation was that the three crowns refer to the "Church Militant on earth", the "Church Suffering after death and before heaven", and the "Church Triumphant in eternal reward". Yet another interpretation suggested by Archbishop Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo, who designed Pope Benedict XVI's tiara-less coat of arms,
2288-409: Is no certainty about what the three crowns of the tiara symbolise, as is evident from the multitude of interpretations that have been and still are proposed. Some link it to the threefold authority of the "Supreme Pontiff : Universal Pastor (top), Universal Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction (middle) and Temporal Power (bottom)". Others interpret the three tiers as meaning "father of princes and kings, ruler of
2376-451: Is not the time to return to a ceremony and an object considered, wrongly, to be a symbol of the temporal power of the Popes." Paul VI's 1975 Apostolic Constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo on the manner of electing the Pope, still envisaged that his successors would be crowned. Pope John Paul II, in his 1996 Apostolic Constitution Universi Dominici gregis , removed all mention of
2464-420: Is represented with two crowns in his statues and tomb by Arnolfo di Cambio . The addition of a third crown is attributed to Pope Benedict XI (1303–1304) or Pope Clement V (1305–1314), and one such tiara was listed in an inventory of the papal treasury in 1316 (see "Tiara of Saint Sylvester", below). The first years of the 16th century saw the addition of a small orb and cross to top the tiara. The third crown
2552-441: Is strikingly similar in design to the earlier tiara of Gregory XVI. It remained a particularly popular crown, worn by, among others, Pope Pius XI , Pope Pius XII and Pope John XXIII . Pope Pius XI 's 1922 crown, in contrast was much less decorated and much more conical in shape. Except for the papier-mâché tiara , the lightest tiara was that made for Pope John XXIII in 1959. It weighed just over 0.9 kg (2.0 lb), as did
2640-666: Is the world's second biggest producer, with its Kafubu River area deposits (Kagem Mines) about 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Kitwe responsible for 20% of the world's production of gem-quality stones in 2004. In the first half of 2011, the Kagem Mines produced 3.74 tons of emeralds. Emeralds are found all over the world in countries such as Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, Kazakhstan, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Russia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Tanzania,
2728-460: Is used in the equivalent of coronation, but the head may still be otherwise symbolically adorned; for example, with a royal tikka in the Hindu tradition of India. Because one or more crowns, alone or as part of a more elaborate design, often appear on coins, several monetary denominations came to be known as ' a crown ' or the equivalent word in the local language, such as krone . This persists in
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2816-627: The British Monarchy and Tongan Monarchy , with their anointed and crowned monarchs, continue this tradition, although many monarchies retain a crown as a national symbol. The French Crown Jewels were sold in 1885 on the orders of the Third French Republic , with only a token number, their precious stones replaced by glass, retained for historic reasons and displayed in the Louvre . The Spanish Crown Jewels were destroyed in
2904-747: The Hedjet , Deshret , Pschent (double crown) and Khepresh of Pharaonic Egypt . The Pharaohs of Egypt also wore the diadem, which was associated with solar cults, an association which was not completely lost, as it was later revived under the Roman Emperor Augustus. By the time of the Pharaoh Amenophis III (r.1390–1352c) wearing a diadem clearly became a symbol of royalty. The wreaths and crowns of classical antiquity were sometimes made from natural materials such as laurel, myrtle, olive, or wild celery. The corona radiata ,
2992-709: The Native American civilizations of the Pre-Columbian New World , rare feathers , such as that of the quetzal , often decorated crowns; so too in Polynesia (e.g., Hawaii). Coronation ceremonies are often combined with other rituals, such as enthronement (the throne is as much a symbol of monarchy as the crown) and anointing (again, a religious sanction, the only defining act in the Biblical tradition of Israel). In other cultures, no crown
3080-466: The flag of Vatican City . Actual use of the papal tiara has declined since the reign of Pope Paul VI , the last pope to have a coronation ceremony. Starting with Pope Benedict XVI , popes have also stopped incorporating a papal tiara into their Coat of Arms. The papal tiara originated from a conical Phrygian cap or frigium. Shaped like a candle-extinguisher , the papal tiara and the episcopal mitre were identical in their early forms. Names used for
3168-476: The papier-mâché tiara made when Pope Pius VII was elected and crowned in exile, and the one made for Pope Paul VI in 1963, which is somewhat bullet-shaped, contains few jewels and, instead of being adorned by three coronets, is marked with three parallel circles and has a double-tiered crown at its base. The tiara given to Pope Pius IX in 1877 by the Vatican's Palatine Honor Guard in honour of his Jubilee
3256-734: The " radiant crown " known best on the Statue of Liberty , and perhaps worn by the Helios that was the Colossus of Rhodes , was worn by Roman emperors as part of the cult of Sol Invictus prior to the Roman Empire 's conversion to Christianity. It was referred to as "the chaplet studded with sunbeams" by Lucian , about 180 AD. In the Christian tradition of European cultures, where ecclesiastical sanction authenticates monarchic power when
3344-472: The 14th century is also called the triregnum or the triple crown , and sometimes as the triple tiara . From 1143 to 1963, the papal tiara was solemnly placed on the pope's head during a papal coronation . The surviving papal tiaras are all in the triple form, the oldest from 1572. A representation of the triregnum combined with two crossed keys of Saint Peter is used as a symbol of the papacy and appears on papal documents, buildings and insignia , and on
3432-586: The 14th century, the tiara of Boniface VIII began to be called the Tiara of St. Sylvester , and became venerated and considered as a relic. This was no doubt suggested by the Donation of Constantine , but it now came to be used only at the coronation of popes, starting with Gregory XI in 1370 and his successor Urban VI in 1378. It was used at no other ceremonies and was kept in the Lateran Treasury. It
3520-525: The 1922 tiara of Pope Pius XI. In contrast, the bullet-shaped tiara of Pope Paul VI weighed 4.5 kg (9.9 lb). The heaviest papal tiara in the papal collection is the 1804 tiara donated by Napoleon I to celebrate both his marriage to Josephine and his coronation as French emperor. It weighs 8.2 kg (18 lb). However it was never worn, as its width was made, some suspected deliberately, too small for Pope Pius VII to wear. A number of popes deliberately had new tiaras made because they found those in
3608-530: The Lisbon Patriarchate combines it with a processional cross and a pastoral staff. The Archbishop of Benevento also uses the tiara in its coat of arms. The 16th-century Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent commissioned Venetian craftsmen to make a 4-tiered tiara modeled on the papal design , to demonstrate that his power and authority as Caliph exceeded that of the Pope. This was
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3696-656: The National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. It is on permanent display in Memorial Hall along with the stole that Pope John XXIII wore at the opening of the Second Vatican Council. Paul VI's abandonment of use of one of the most striking symbols of the papacy was highly controversial with many Traditionalist Catholics , some of whom continue to campaign for its reinstatement. Certain voices went so far as to brand Paul VI an antipope , arguing that no valid pope would surrender
3784-778: The United States, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In the US, emeralds have been found in Connecticut , Montana , Nevada , North Carolina , and South Carolina . In 1998, emeralds were discovered in the Yukon Territory of Canada. Since the onset of concerns regarding diamond origins, research has been conducted to determine if the mining location could be determined for an emerald already in circulation. Traditional research used qualitative guidelines such as an emerald's color, style and quality of cutting, type of fracture filling, and
3872-517: The anthropological origins of the artifacts bearing the mineral to determine the emerald's mine location. More recent studies using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy methods have uncovered trace chemical element differences between emeralds, including ones mined in close proximity to one another. American gemologist David Cronin and his colleagues have extensively examined the chemical signatures of emeralds resulting from fluid dynamics and subtle precipitation mechanisms, and their research demonstrated
3960-705: The base crown became decorated with jewels to resemble the crowns of princes. Innocent III is represented with an early tiara in a fresco at Sacro Speco and on a mosaic from Old Saint Peter's , now in the Museo di Roma . A similar tiara, conical and with only one crown, is seen worn by pope Clement IV in frescoes from the 13th century in Pernes-les-Fontaines , France. The second crown is said to have been added by Pope Boniface VIII as signifying both his spiritual and temporal power, since he declared that God had set him over kings and kingdoms. Boniface VIII's tiara
4048-568: The case of the national currencies of the Scandinavian countries and the Czech Republic. The generic term "crown sized" is frequently used for any coin roughly the size of an American silver dollar (ie., approximately 26.5mm diameter). Emerald Emerald is a gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl (Be 3 Al 2 (SiO 3 ) 6 ) colored green by trace amounts of chromium or sometimes vanadium . Beryl has
4136-537: The chemical homogeneity of emeralds from the same mining location and the statistical differences that exist between emeralds from different mining locations, including those between the three locations: Muzo, Coscuez, and Chivor, in Colombia, South America. Both hydrothermal and flux-growth synthetics have been produced, and a method has been developed for producing an emerald overgrowth on colorless beryl . The first commercially successful emerald synthesis process
4224-414: The collection either too small, too heavy, or both. Rather than use the papier-mâché tiara, Pope Gregory XVI had a new lightweight tiara made in the 1840s. In the 1870s, Pope Pius IX, then in his eighties, found the other tiaras too heavy to wear and that of his predecessor, Pope Gregory, too small, so he had a lightweight tiara made also. In 1908 Pope Pius X had another lightweight tiara made as he found that
4312-489: The crown was the browband called the diadem , which had been worn by the Achaemenid Persian emperors . It was adopted by Constantine I and was worn by all subsequent rulers of the later Roman Empire. Almost all Sassanid kings wore crowns. One of the most famous kings who left numerous statues, reliefs, and coins of crowns is the king Shapur I . Numerous crowns of various forms were used in antiquity, such as
4400-666: The discovery of the Colombian deposits. Today, only ruins remain in Egypt. Colombia is by far the world's largest producer of emeralds, constituting 50–95% of the world production, with the number depending on the year, source and grade. Emerald production in Colombia has increased drastically in the last decade, increasing by 78% from 2000 to 2010. The three main emerald mining areas in Colombia are Muzo , Coscuez, and Chivor . Rare "trapiche" emeralds are found in Colombia, distinguished by ray-like spokes of dark impurities. Zambia
4488-402: The emperor, chose to be crowned with a tiara bearing three crowns. The papal tiara was never worn for liturgical celebrations, such as Mass . At such functions the Pope, like other bishops, wore a mitre. However, a tiara was worn during the solemn entrance and departure processions, and one or more could be placed on the altar during the elaborately ceremonial Pontifical High Mass . The tiara
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#17327800425804576-412: The entrance of St Peter's Basilica, where an ordinary mitre takes the place of the tiara. Otherwise, until the reign of Benedict XVI the tiara was also the ornament surmounting a Pope's personal coat of arms, as a tasseled hat (under which a 1969 Instruction of the Holy See forbade the placing of a mitre, a second hat) surmounted those of other prelates. Pope Benedict XVI's personal coat of arms replaced
4664-464: The eve of his imperial coronation. Others were a gift to a newly elected pope from the See which they had held before their election, or on the occasion of the jubilee of their ordination or election. In some instances, various cities sought to outdo each other in the beauty, value and size of the tiaras they provided to popes from their region. Examples include tiaras given to Popes John XXIII and Paul VI,
4752-460: The form of a circlet surmounted by ornaments and eight arches. A globe surmounted by a cross rested on the top of the crown. Special headgear to designate rulers dates back to pre-history, and is found in many separate civilizations around the globe. Commonly, rare and precious materials are incorporated into the crown, but that is only essential for the notion of crown jewels. Gold and precious jewels are common in western and oriental crowns. In
4840-410: The form of crosses, sometimes in the shape of leaves. Most are surmounted by a cross set above a monde (globe), representing the universal sovereignty of Christ. Each tiara had attached to the back two lappets ; highly decorated strips of cloth embroidered with golden thread, bearing the coat of arms or another symbol of the pope to whom the tiara had been given. There are two rather unusual tiaras:
4928-404: The former by John's home region, the latter by Paul's previous archiepiscopal see of Milan on their election to the papacy. Popes were not restricted to a particular tiara: for example, photographs show Pope John XXIII, on different occasions, wearing the tiara presented to him in 1959, Pope Pius IX 's 1877 tiara, and Pope Pius XI's 1922 tiara. Pope Paul VI, whose bullet-shaped tiara is one of
5016-552: The green vanadium-bearing beryl. As a result, vanadium emeralds purchased as emeralds in the United States are not recognized as such in the United Kingdom and Europe. In America, the distinction between traditional emeralds and the new vanadium kind is often reflected in the use of terms such as "Colombian emerald". In gemology , color is divided into three components: hue , saturation , and tone . Emeralds occur in hues ranging from yellow-green to blue-green, with
5104-414: The head-dress, which is now usually referred to as a tiara, is described as enriched with 48 rubies balas , 72 sapphires , 45 praxini or emeralds , numerous little balas rubies and emeralds and 66 large pearls . At the summit was a very large ruby. Boniface VIII was succeeded in 1303 by Benedict XI , who took the tiara to Perugia . After his death in 1304 there was a period of eleven months before
5192-399: The hood of the regnum was lengthened and the circlet was greatly enriched with precious stones, while toward the end of his papacy a second circlet was added. The increased length had the symbolical meaning of dominion of the una sancta ecclesia over the earth, and demonstrated the meaning of the papal unam sanctum . In the inventory of 1295, the second year of Boniface's papacy,
5280-484: The iron crown of Lombardy at Milan or Monza and the golden imperial crown at Rome and therefore the Pope, too, should wear three crowns." Like a bishop's mitre, a papal tiara has attached to it two lappets , a pair of streamers or pendants that in Latin are called caudae or infulae . These are usually attached at the rear of the tiara, again as on a bishop's mitre, although the mosaic of Pope Clement VIII wearing
5368-599: The mere presence of oil or polymers to constitute enhancement. Others may ignore traces of oil if the presence of the material does not improve the look of the gemstone. Emeralds in antiquity were mined in Ancient Egypt at locations on Mount Smaragdus since 1500 BC, and India and Austria since at least the 14th century AD. The Egyptian mines were exploited on an industrial scale by the Roman and Byzantine Empires, and later by Islamic conquerors. Mining in Egypt ceased with
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#17327800425805456-412: The most unusual in design, was the last pope to wear a papal tiara (though any of his successors could, if they wished, revive the custom). Most surviving tiaras are on display in the Vatican, though some were sold off or donated to Catholic bodies. Some of the more popular or historic tiaras, such as the 1871 Belgian tiara, the 1877 tiara and the 1903 golden tiara, have been sent around the world as part of
5544-446: The normal tiaras in use were too heavy, while the lightweight ones did not fit comfortably. New methods of manufacture in the 20th century enabled the creation of lighter normal tiaras, producing the 900 g (2.0 lb) tiaras of Pius XI and John XXIII. That, combined with the existence of a range of lightweight tiaras from earlier popes, meant that no pope since Pius X in 1908 needed to make his own special lightweight tiara. There
5632-634: The office of the papacy and the Roman Catholic faith. However, the papal tiara disappeared from later depictions of the Popess and showed her wearing more standard medieval female headgear. All tarot cards also contain a representation of the pope, known as " The Hierophant ", in some cases crowned with a papal tiara. For instance, the Rider–Waite tarot deck , currently the widest-circulated deck in existence, depicts The Hierophant or pope as wearing
5720-475: The other ingredients to prevent nucleation and confine growth to the seed crystals. Growth occurs by a diffusion-reaction process, assisted by convection. The largest producer of hydrothermal emeralds today is Tairus, which has succeeded in synthesizing emeralds with chemical composition similar to emeralds in alkaline deposits in Colombia, and whose products are thus known as “Colombian created emeralds” or “Tairus created emeralds”. Luminescence in ultraviolet light
5808-399: The papacy by world leaders or heads of states, including Queen Isabella II of Spain , William I (German Emperor), Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and Napoleon I of France . The tiara provided by the last was made from elements of former papal tiaras destroyed after the capture of Rome, and was given to Pius VII as a 'wedding gift' to mark Napoleon's own marriage to Empress Josephine on
5896-475: The papal tiara in the 8th and 9th centuries include camelaucum , pileus , phrygium and pileum phrygium . A circlet of linen or cloth of gold at the base of the tiara developed into a metal crown, which by about 1300 became two crowns. The first of these appeared at the base of the traditional white papal headgear in the 9th century. When the popes assumed temporal power in the Papal States ,
5984-484: The papal tiara. His immediate successor, Pope John Paul I , decided against a coronation, replacing it with an " inauguration ". It was officialized in 1996 within the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis after which Benedict XVI and Pope Francis did not have a coronation rite with the Papal Tiara. After John Paul I's sudden death, Pope John Paul II told the congregation at his inauguration: "This
6072-457: The pontiff with ostrich -feathered flabella to the location of the coronation. Traditionally, coronations took place in St Peter's Basilica. At the moment of the coronation, the new pope was crowned with the words: Receive the tiara adorned with three crowns and know that you are Father of princes and kings, Ruler of the world, Vicar of our Saviour Jesus Christ. Pope Paul VI opted for
6160-410: The primary hue necessarily being green. Yellow and blue are the normal secondary hues found in emeralds. Only gems that are medium to dark in tone are considered emeralds; light-toned gems are known instead by the species name green beryl . The finest emeralds are approximately 75% tone on a scale where 0% tone is colorless and 100% is opaque black. In addition, a fine emerald will be saturated and have
6248-458: The rate of 1 mm per month, a typical seven-month growth run produces emerald crystals 7 mm thick. Hydrothermal synthetic emeralds have been attributed to IG Farben , Nacken, Tairus , and others, but the first satisfactory commercial product was that of Johann Lechleitner of Innsbruck , Austria, which appeared on the market in the 1960s. These stones were initially sold under the names "Emerita" and "Symeralds", and they were grown as
6336-469: The steps of the papal throne in St. Peter's Basilica and ascended to the altar, on which he laid the tiara as a sign of the renunciation of human glory and power in keeping with the renewed spirit of the council. It was announced that the tiara would be sold and the money obtained would be given to charity. The tiara was purchased by Catholics in the United States and is now kept in the Basilica of
6424-432: The term "rank crown" ( rangkroon , etc.) refers to the way these crowns may be ranked according to hierarchical status. In classical antiquity , the crown ( corona ) that was sometimes awarded to people other than rulers, such as triumphal military generals or athletes , was actually a wreath or chaplet, or ribbon-like diadem . Crowns have been discovered in pre-historic times from Haryana , India. The precursor to
6512-416: The tiara with a mitre containing three levels reminiscent of the three tiers on the papal tiara. The mitre was retained on Pope Francis' personal coat of arms . In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI promulgated the document Ordo Rituum pro Ministerii Petrini initio Romae Episcopi that confirmed the choice of Pope John Paul II to refuse the tiara and the incoronation rite. In May 2011, Pope Benedict XVI received
6600-604: The tiaras and papal regalia melted down in 1527 to raise the 400,000 ducats ransom demanded by the occupying army of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V . Over twenty silver tiaras exist, of which the earliest, the sole survivor of 1798, was made for Pope Gregory XIII in the 16th century. On 21 March 1800 as Rome was in the hands of the French, Pius VII was crowned in exile, in Venice , with a papier-mâché tiara, for which ladies of Venice gave up their jewels. Many tiaras were donated to
6688-572: The top edge. Most emeralds are oiled as part of the post- lapidary process, in order to fill in surface-reaching cracks so that clarity and stability are improved. Cedar oil , having a similar refractive index , is often used in this widely adopted practice. Other liquids, including synthetic oils and polymers with refractive indexes close to that of emeralds, such as Opticon , are also used. The least expensive emeralds are often treated with epoxy resins, which are effective for filling stones with many fractures. These treatments are typically applied in
6776-453: The world, vicar of Christ ". The words that were used when popes were crowned were: Accipe tiaram tribus coronis ornatam, et scias te esse patrem principum et regum, rectorem orbis in terra vicarium Salvatoris nostri Jesu Christi, cui est honor et gloria in saecula saeculorum ("Receive the tiara adorned with three crowns and know that thou art father of princes and kings, ruler of the world, vicar on earth of our Saviour Jesus Christ, to whom
6864-578: Was crowned with a tiara at the papal coronation. As happened sometimes with previous popes, a new tiara was used, donated by the city of Milan , where he was archbishop before his election. It was not covered in jewels and precious gems, and was sharply cone-shaped. It was also distinctly heavier than the Palatine Tiara previously in use. Near the end of the third session of the Second Vatican Council in 1964, Paul VI descended
6952-490: Was "order, jurisdiction and magisterium", while a further theory links the three tiers to the "celestial, human and terrestrial worlds," which the pope is supposed to symbolically link. Lord Twining suggested that just as the Holy Roman Emperors were crowned three times as king of Germany, king of Italy and Roman emperor, so the popes, to stress the equality of their spiritual authority to the temporal authority of
7040-551: Was added to the papal tiara during the Avignon Papacy (1309–1378), giving rise to the form called the triregnum. After Pope Clement V at Avignon , various versions of the three-crown tiara have been worn by popes also in Rome down to Pope Paul VI , who was crowned with one in 1963. Lord Twining wrote of a tiara of Pope Boniface VIII that became known as the Tiara of Saint Sylvester: Under Boniface VIII (1294–1303)
7128-530: Was also worn when a pope gave his traditional Christmas and Easter Urbi et Orbi blessing ("to the City and the World") from the balcony of St Peter's – the only religious ceremony at which the tiara was worn. The most famous occasion when the tiara was used was the papal coronation, a six-hour ceremony, when the new pope was carried in state on the sedia gestatoria (portable throne), with attendants fanning
7216-574: Was based on the Byzantine imperial ceremonies witnessed in medieval Constantinople . Medieval tarot cards included a card showing a woman wearing a papal tiara and known as the Popess or Papess or the High Priestess . The meaning and symbolism of the card is uncertain. The crowned woman has variously been identified as Pope Joan (who, according to legend, disguised herself as a man and
7304-482: Was elected anti-Pope taking the style Clement VII , and he removed the tiara from Avignon. When the Spaniard, Pedro de Luna, was elected anti-Pope in 1394 styling himself Benedict XIII, he took the tiara from Avignon to Spain, where it remained until Aphonso V of Aragon failed in his attempt to renew the schism, and on his withdrawal of support from the anti-Pope Clement VII in 1419, the tiara was returned to Rome. In
7392-533: Was elected pope; some cards also show a child, and the Pope Joan legend pictured her as found out when she gave birth during a papal procession), as Mary, Mother of God , or even as Cybele , Isis , or Venus . Cards with a woman wearing a papal tiara, produced during the Protestant Reformation , and apparent images of "Pope Joan" and her child, have been seen as a Protestant attempt to ridicule
7480-498: Was last used at the coronation of Nicholas V (1446–55), and in 1485 it was stolen and no more is heard of it. Twining also notes the various allegorical meanings attributed to the three crowns of the papal tiara, but concludes that "it seems more likely that the symbolism is suggested by the idea that took shape in the 13th and 14th centuries that the Emperor was crowned with three crowns—the silver crown of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle,
7568-496: Was not observed in 2006, but was reintroduced in 2007. Although often referred to as the Papal Tiara, historically there have been many, and 22 remain in existence. Many of the earlier papal tiaras (most notably the tiaras of Pope Julius II and that attributed to Pope Silvester I ) were destroyed, dismantled or seized by invaders (most notably by Berthier's army in 1798), or by popes themselves; Pope Clement VII had all
7656-419: Was that of Carroll Chatham , likely involving a lithium vanadate flux process, as Chatham's emeralds do not have any water and contain traces of vanadate, molybdenum and vanadium. The other large producer of flux emeralds was Pierre Gilson Sr., whose products have been on the market since 1964. Gilson's emeralds are usually grown on natural colorless beryl seeds, which are coated on both sides. Growth occurs at
7744-459: Was thus worn in formal ceremonial processions, and on other occasions when the pope was carried on the sedia gestatoria , a portable throne whose use was ended by Pope John Paul II immediately after his election in October 1978. His short-lived predecessor, John Paul I, also chose initially not to use it, but relented when informed that without it the people could not see him. The papal tiara
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