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39-514: See text The Papaveraceae , / p ə ˌ p æ v ə ˈ r eɪ s i ˌ iː / informally known as the poppy family , are an economically important family of about 42 genera and approximately 775 known species of flowering plants in the order Ranunculales . The family is cosmopolitan , occurring in temperate and subtropical climates (mostly in the northern hemisphere) like Eastern Asia as well as California in North America. It

78-741: A big importance on many countries that produce it on a large-scale including Afghanistan. Afghanistan has an economic dependence on opium cultivation making it hard to stop large scale production of these flowers ultimately increasing illegal production. Researchers are understanding how alkaloids are made in poppy plants to develop poppy plants with specific alkaloid levels. There is high genetic variability among poppy cultivars and environmental factors like wounding and methyl jasmonate treatment induce higher alkaloid production. Challenges still remain in understanding what effects alkaloid production for pharmaceutical purposes, highlighting importance of research in this field. The APG III system (2009; unchanged from

117-412: A family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to

156-560: A few species form shrubs or evergreen trees. All parts contain a well-developed system of latex ducts called "laticifers", that produce milky latex , a watery white, yellow or red juice. The leaves are alternate or sometimes whorled and have petioles and no stipules . They are usually lobed or pinnatifid (i.e. consisting of several not entirely separate leaflets), or much divided. The plants are hermaphroditic and pollinated mostly by insects ( entomophilous ), but nectaries are lacking. A few are wind pollinated ( anemophilous ). There

195-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called

234-468: Is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, up to 12n = 84 (dodecaploidy) in species of Papaver , Argemone and Meconopsis . The Papaveraceae family includes many plants that produce alkaloids, including opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum ). Opium is derived from the latex of the opium poppy seed pods and has been used for centuries due to its psychoactive properties. The main alkaloids found in opium, such as morphine, and codeine have huge impact on pharmaceuticals and

273-466: Is a distinct calyx and corolla , except in Macleaya where the corolla is lacking. The flowers are medium-sized or large. The terminal flowers are solitary in many species. In others the terminal inflorescence is cymose or racemose . The flowers are odourless and regular. There are many stamens , mostly 16 to 60, arranged in two separate whorls, the outer one with stamens alternating with petals,

312-495: Is almost unknown in the tropics . Most are herbaceous plants , but a few are shrubs and small trees . The family currently includes two groups that have been considered to be separate families: Fumariaceae and Pteridophyllaceae. Papaver is the classical name for poppy in Latin. Papaveraceae are known for diverse and colorful flowers with distinctive sepals. The plants may be annual, biennial, or perennial . Usually herbaceous ,

351-500: Is also the source of the poppy seeds used in cooking and baking , and poppy seed oil . The illegal cultivation of poppies in Asia for the production of opium and heroin is virtually equal to the legal production in the rest of the world. Some Funarioideae have a limited use in gardening, with Lamprocapnos spectabilis ("bleeding heart"), and Pseudofumaria lutea ("yellow corydalis") commonly used. Chinese traditional medicine used

390-431: Is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes

429-420: Is the petals that are usually brightly coloured and often have basal guides , sometimes the attractant can also be the androecium as the petals do not last long. Some species, mostly those from the arctic and alpine regions, reinforce their attraction with floral fragrance (for example, Papaver alpinum smells of cloves), which in the case of Romneya drugs the insects. The anthers and stigmas mature at

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468-468: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. APG III system Along with the publication outlining

507-689: The APG II system of 2003 and the APG system of 1998) places the family in the order Ranunculales , in the clade eudicots . The Papaveraceae differ from the rest of the Ranunculales in some important characteristics but they share others such as the presence of isoquinoline-derived alkaloids. Based on molecular and morphological data, the family forms a clade with the families Lardizabalaceae , Circaeasteraceae , Menispermaceae , Berberidaceae and Ranunculaceae . The broad circumscription of Papaveraceae in

546-587: The replums after the capsule's valves have fallen leaving their brilliant red or orange arils exposed, which attract birds to feed on them, facilitating their dispersal ( ornithochory ). Seeds that lack an aril appear to be dispersed by the wind ( anemochory ) for capsules that open, in the other cases they are freed when the fruit decomposes. Many Fumarioideae species have explosive fruits (ballistic), while Rupicapnos and Sarcocapnos species are chasmophytes , growing on rocks, and their fruit's peduncles and pedicels are geotropic and they lengthen so that

585-754: The APG III system includes three taxa that have previously been separated into different families: the Papaveraceae sensu stricto , the Fumariaceae and the Pteridophyllaceae. Thus the Cronquist system of 1981 recognised the Fumariaceae as a separate family, despite their close phylogenetic relationship to the Papaveraceae sensu stricto . The three former families may be treated as subfamilies. One morphological and molecular study concluded that

624-542: The APG system ( APG system , APG II system ). Further detail on relationships can be seen in the phylogenetic tree below. Legend: * = new family placement; † = newly recognized order for the APG system; § = new family circumscription described in the text; $ = families that represent the broader circumscription of options available in APG II and favoured here; $ $ = families that were in square brackets in APG II,

663-484: The California state flower ), the stunning blue Himalayan poppies ( Meconopsis ), several species of Papaver , and the wildflower bloodroot . Only two species are of economic importance for the production of opium and its derivatives for pharmaceutical use: Papaver somniferum is cultivated legally in order to obtain morphine and other opiates , and Papaver bracteatum , for thebaine . Papaver somniferum

702-553: The Fumarioideae while the Chelidonieae contain the free amino acid δ-acetylornithine. Flavonoids : Iridoids and proanthocyanidins absent. Flavonols , kaempferol and/or quercetin present. Many of these plants are poisonous . The Mexican prickly poppy is poisonous if taken internally and may cause oedema and glaucoma . Even if an animal, such as a goat , should persist in grazing on this plant, not only will

741-537: The Papavereae and Platystemoneae, whose separation is not based on the data presented by these authors. For discussions of subfamilies, see Carolan et al. (2006) and Blattner & Kadereit (1999). Pollination is entomophile (basically by flies and wasps and bees , less often by beetles ), except in Bocconia and Macleaya . In Papaveroideae, the reward is pollen as there is no nectar. The visual attractant

780-1493: The angiosperms. The families not placed in any order were: The paragraph below shows the number of families in each order and the placement of those families that were not included in any order. These figures were produced by simply counting the families in the text of the paper that established APG III. ORDERS: Amborellales (1), Nymphaeales (3), Austrobaileyales (3), Chloranthales (1), Canellales (2), Piperales (5), Magnoliales (6), Laurales (7), Acorales (1), Alismatales (13), Petrosaviales (1), Dioscoreales (3), Pandanales (5), Liliales (10), Asparagales (14), Arecales (1), Poales (16), Commelinales (5), Zingiberales (8), Ceratophyllales (1), Ranunculales (7), Proteales (3), Trochodendrales (1), Buxales (2), Gunnerales (2), Saxifragales (14), Vitales (1), Zygophyllales (2), Celastrales (2), Oxalidales (7), Malpighiales (35), Fabales (4), Rosales (9), Fagales (7), Cucurbitales (7), Geraniales (3), Myrtales (9), Crossosomatales (7), Picramniales (1), Sapindales (9), Huerteales (3), Brassicales (17), Malvales (10), Berberidopsidales (2), Santalales (7), Caryophyllales (34), Cornales (6), Ericales (22), Garryales (2), Gentianales (5), Solanales (5), Lamiales (23), Aquifoliales (5), Asterales (11), Escalloniales (1), Bruniales (2), Apiales (7), Paracryphiales (1), Dipsacales (2). SUPRA-ORDINAL GROUPS: commelinids (1), basal eudicots (1), Pentapetalae (1), lamiids incertae sedis (3), core lamiids (2), angiosperms incertae sedis (2). The circumscription of

819-777: The animal suffer but so will those who drink its milk , because the poisons are passed along in the milk. The fossils of the late Cretaceous poppy Palaeoaster inquirenda from the Western Interior of North America occurs from 74.5 million year old deposits in the Fruitland Formation in New Mexico to 64.5 million year old deposits in the Hell Creek Formation in North Dakota . Dehiscent fruit fossils of Palaeoaster have been found at

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858-553: The boiled and dried tubers of Corydalis yanhusuo ("yanhusuo"). The opium poppy and corn poppy are symbols, respectively, of sleep and death. In Great Britain, Canada, the United States, and Australia the corn poppy is worn in remembrance of World War I . Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It

897-635: The excavation site for the well known Tyrannosaurus rex specimen BHI 3033. The seed capsule of Palaeoaster has some similarities to that of the extant poppy genus Romneya . Papaverites , a fossil fruit from the Eocene of Germany , may be associated with Papaveraceae. Chesters et al. (1967) mentions Papaver pictum from the Oligocene of England . The family is well known for its striking flowers, with many species grown as ornamental plants , including California poppy ( Eschscholtzia californica ,

936-565: The exception of the placement of Pteridophyllum . The subtribes are given by the Germplasm Resources Information Network . The division of the Papaveroideae follows Hoot et al. (1997). In the latter study, the tribe Eschscholzieae would be the basal clade and sister group to the rest of the subfamily, which is divided into a different terminal clade (Chelidonieae) and into its sister group, formed by

975-500: The family Icacinaceae remains especially doubtful. Apodytes and its close relative, Rhaphiostylis , as well as Emmotum , Cassinopsis , and a few other genera were provisionally retained within it until further studies can determine whether they properly belong there. Three genera ( Gumillea , Nicobariodendron , and Petenaea ) were placed within the angiosperms incertae sedis. Gumillea had been unplaced in APG II . Nicobariodendron and Petenaea were newly added to

1014-583: The family are well known. They are derived from berberine , tetrahydroberberine, protopine and benzophenanthridine in Papaveroideae, and from spirobenzylisoquinoline and cularine in Fumarioideae, as well as from other groups that give them pharmacological properties: derivatives of aporphine , morphinan , pavine , isopavine , narceine and rhoeadine . Others: Other characteristic substances contained within these species include: meconic acid and chelidonic acid , as well as cyanogenic glycoside compounds derived from tyrosine : dhurrin and triglochinin; in

1053-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and

1092-426: The former family Pteridophyllaceae has a basal position with a subsequent division into two terminal clades each containing one of the subfamilies Fumarioideae and Papaveroideae, which are clearly monophyletic. A more recent study includes the former Pteridophyllaceae in the Fumarioideae, dividing the Papaveraceae into only two subfamilies. The internal division of the Fumarioideae shown below follows Lidén (1993), with

1131-427: The inner one opposite, or numerous in the subfamily Papaveroideae . The gynoecium consists of a compound pistil with 2 to 100 carpels. The ovary is superior and unilocular . The ovary is either stemless (sessile) or on a short stem (stipitate). The sepals of the plant typically number half of the petals for example two sepals accompany 4 petals or 3 sepals accompany 6 petals. The pistils and stamens are hidden inside

1170-435: The list. The latter was later placed into its own family Petenaeaceae in the order Huerteales The classification is shown below in two versions. The short version goes to the level of orders and of families unplaced in an order. The detailed version shows all the families. Orders at the same level in the classification are arranged alphabetically. Note that orders may not contain the same families as in earlier versions of

1209-618: The narrower circumscriptions favoured here. The APG III system was based on a phylogenetic tree for the angiosperms which included all of the 59 orders and 4 of the unplaced families. The systematic positions of the other 6 unplaced families was so uncertain that they could not be placed in any of the polytomies in the tree. They are shown in the classification table entitled "Detailed version" above, 4 in Euasterids I and 2 in Taxa of uncertain position. The phylogenetic tree shown below

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1248-580: The new system, there were two accompanying publications in the same issue of the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society : The APG III system recognized all of the 45 orders of the previous system, as well as 14 new ones. The order Ceratophyllales was erroneously marked as a new order, as it had been recognized in both of the previous APG systems . The newly recognized orders were: The designation of alternative "bracketed families"

1287-400: The petals. The non-fleshy fruit is usually a capsule , breaking open at maturity to release the seeds through pores (poricidal), through the partitions between the cells (septicidal), or by means of valves (valvular). The numerous seeds are small. Their nutritive tissue (endosperm) is oily and farinose. The fruit of Platystemon is a schizocarp . The basic chromosome number , x ,

1326-416: The previous system, and a few families were moved to a different position. The newly recognized families are: The number of families not placed in any order was reduced from 39 to 10. Apodanthaceae and Cynomoriaceae were placed among the angiosperms , incertae sedis , that is, not in any group within the angiosperms. Eight other families were placed incertae sedis in various supra-ordinal groups within

1365-418: The same time, but Bocconia is clearly protogynous , the stigmas emerge from the calyx that encloses them. Autopollination is common and in some cases (for example, Roemeria hybrida ) it occurs before the bud opens ( cleistogamy ). The presence of an aril suggests dispersion of seeds by ants ( myrmecochory ), once they have been expelled by the fruit. In the case of Bocconia the seeds remain attached to

1404-623: The seeds bury into the base of the plant. The Papaveroideae typically grow in cooler and wooded areas, forming part of the undergrowth. They have adapted to arctic and alpine habitats and to arid, Mediterranean areas, many species are ruderal and segetal (growing in cornfields). Pteridophyllum grows in the undergrowth of woods of needle-leaved trees between 1,000 and 2,000 metres (3,300 and 6,600 ft). The Fumarioideae are basically found in open, rocky, alpine landscapes or vertical or overhanging cracks, while some species are ruderal or segetal. Alkaloids : The isoquinolinic alkaloids present in

1443-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted

1482-497: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,

1521-431: Was abandoned in APG III, because its inclusion in the previous system had been unpopular. APG III recognized 413 families , 43 fewer than in the previous system. Forty-four of the 55 "bracketed families" were discontinued, and 20 other families were discontinued as well. The discontinued bracketed families were: The other discontinued families were: 21 families were accepted in the APG III system which had not been in

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