Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim (29 May 1594 – 17 November 1632) was a field marshal of the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War . A supporter of the Catholic League , he was mortally wounded during the Battle of Lützen fighting the Protestant forces under Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus .
31-542: Pappenheimer may refer to: the regiment of cuirassiers led by Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim the Pappenheimer rapier a member of the noble house of Pappenheim, see Pappenheim (state) an inhabitant or native of Pappenheim Pappenheimer family See also [ edit ] Pappenheimer bodies , abnormal deposits of iron within red blood cells Pappenheim (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
62-524: A great charge of horse. The retreat of the imperialists from the lost field he covered, however, with care and skill, and subsequently he won great glory by his operations on the lower Rhine and the Weser in rear of the victorious army of Gustavus Adolphus . Much-needed reinforcements for the king of Sweden were constantly detained by Pappenheim's small and newly raised force in the northwest. His operations were far-ranging and his restless activity dominated
93-408: A long intrigue, definitively disappointed. In 1628 he was made a count of the empire. The siege and storm of Magdeburg followed, and Pappenheim, like Tilly, has been accused of the most savage cruelty in this massacre. So much could not be said of his tactics at the battle of Breitenfeld , the loss of which was not a little due to the impetuous cavalry general, who was never so happy as when leading
124-418: A most desperate resistance, but always successful; and in a few weeks he had crushed the rebellion with ruthless severity (i.e. Gmunden , Vöcklabruck and Wolfsegg , 15–30 November 1626). After this he served with Tilly against Christian IV of Denmark , and besieged and took Wolfenbüttel . His hopes of obtaining the sovereignty and possessions of the evicted prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel were, after
155-590: A new corpus juris, the Codex Maximilianeus . In 1610 Maximilian ordered to enlarge the Munich Residenz and to upgrade the Hofgarten . The original buildings of Schleissheim Palace were extended between 1617 and 1623 by Heinrich Schön and Hans Krumpper to the so-called Old Palace . Maximilian acquired numerous paintings of Albrecht Dürer , Peter Paul Rubens and additional artists for
186-592: A treaty with Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in October 1619, and in return for large concessions placed the forces of the League at the emperor's service. Anxious to curtail the area of the struggle, he made a treaty of neutrality with the Protestant Union, and occupied Upper Austria as security for the expenses of the campaign. On 8 November 1620 his troops under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly defeated
217-544: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim Pappenheim was born in the little town of Treuchtlingen , a secondary seat of his family, the ruling Lords of Pappenheim on the Altmühl in Bavaria , a free lordship of the empire (see: Pappenheim (state) ) , from which the ancient family to which he belonged derived its name. He
248-544: The Wittelsbach collection . In 1616 for example Maximilian I commissioned four hunt paintings from Peter Paul Rubens. He even obtained Dürer's The Four Apostles in the year 1627 due to pressure on the Nuremberg city fathers. Among his court artists were Peter Candid , Friedrich Sustris , Hubert Gerhard , Hans Krumpper , Adrian de Vries and Georg Petel . The Duke died at Ingolstadt on 27 September 1651. He
279-524: The battle of the White Mountain near Prague (8 November 1620), where he was left for dead on the field. In the following year he fought against Ernst, Graf von Mansfeld in western Germany, and, in 1622, became colonel of a regiment of cuirassiers . In 1623, as an ardent friend of Spain, the ally of his sovereign and the champion of his faith, he raised troops for the Italian war and served with
310-575: The Bavarian standpoint. Additionally, she conducted lively exchanges of opinion with high officials of the Munich court and took part in meetings of the cabinet. By her he left two sons, Ferdinand Maria , who succeeded him, and Maximilian Philip . As the ablest prince of his age he sought to prevent Germany from becoming the battleground of Europe, and although a rigid adherent of the Catholic faith,
341-663: The Counts Palatine of the Rhine. After receiving the Upper Palatinate and restoring Upper Austria to Ferdinand, Maximilian became leader of the party which sought to bring about Albrecht von Wallenstein 's dismissal from the imperial service. At the Diet of Regensburg (1630) Ferdinand was compelled to assent to this demand, but the sequel was disastrous both for Bavaria and its ruler. Attempting to remain neutral during
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#1732781093436372-677: The Great , a member of the House of Wittelsbach , ruled as Duke of Bavaria from 1597. His reign was marked by the Thirty Years' War during which he obtained the title of a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire at the 1623 Diet of Regensburg . Maximilian was a capable monarch who, by overcoming the feudal rights of the local estates ( Landstände ), laid the foundations for absolutist rule in Bavaria . A devout Catholic , he
403-687: The Holy Roman Empire. Mercy and Johann von Werth as lieutenant field-marshal fought with varying success France and Sweden. In March 1647 Maximilian concluded the Truce of Ulm (1647) with France and Sweden, but the entreaties of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor led him to disregard his undertaking. Bavaria was again ravaged, and the elector's forces were defeated in May 1648 at the Battle of Zusmarshausen . The Peace of Westphalia soon put an end to
434-502: The League to become a tool in the hands of the House of Habsburg . Dissensions among his colleagues led the duke to resign his office in 1616, but the approach of trouble brought about his return to the League about two years later. Having refused to become a candidate for the imperial throne in the 1619 imperial election , Maximilian was faced with the complications arising from the Bohemian Revolt . After some delay he made
465-708: The Spaniards in Lombardy and the Grisons . It was his long and heroic defence of the post of Riva on the Lake Mezzola which first brought him conspicuously to the front. In 1626, Maximilian I of Bavaria , the head of the League, recalled him to Germany and entrusted him with the suppression of a peasant rebellion which had broken out in Upper Austria . Pappenheim swiftly carried out his task, encountering
496-573: The Swedes and their French allies induced the elector to enter into negotiations for peace with the Swedes and Cardinal Richelieu of France. He also wooed the Protestants by proposing modifications to the Edict of Restitution of 1629, but these efforts were abortive. In September 1638 Baron Franz von Mercy was made master-general of ordnance in the army of Bavaria, then the second largest army in
527-561: The city, and vigorous steps were taken to restore the supremacy of Catholicism . Some Protestant princes, alarmed at this action, formed the Protestant Union to defend their interests, which was answered in 1609 by the establishment of the Catholic League , in the formation of which Maximilian took an important part. Under his leadership an army was set on foot, but his policy was strictly defensive and he refused to allow
558-526: The country from Stade to Kassel , and from Hildesheim to Maastricht . Being now a field marshal in the imperial service, he was recalled to join Wallenstein , and assisted the generalissimo in Saxony against the Swedes; but, was again despatched towards Cologne and the lower Rhine. In his absence a great battle became imminent, and Pappenheim was hurriedly recalled. He appeared with his horsemen in
589-543: The daughter of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maximilian's sister, Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574–1616) . The main motivation for this swift remarriage was not so much political grounds as the hope of producing a prince to inherit. In contrast to the Elector's first wife, Maria Anna was very interested in politics and well instructed about developments. She was not bound to the Habsburgs , but rather completely advocated
620-646: The forces of Frederick, King of Bohemia and Count Palatine of the Rhine , at the Battle of White Mountain near Prague . Subsequently Ferdinand II released Upper Austria as a pawn for Maximilian until 1628. In spite of the arrangement with the Union, Tilly then devastated the Rhenish Palatinate , and in February 1623 Maximilian was formally invested with the electoral dignity and the attendant office of Arch-Steward, which had been enjoyed since 1356 by
651-513: The government round 1591, but latest 1594. In 1595 he married his cousin, Elisabeth Renata (also known as Elizabeth of Lorraine ), daughter of Charles III, Duke of Lorraine , and became Duke of Bavaria upon his father's abdication in 1597. His first marriage to Elisabeth Renata was childless. A few months after the death of Elisabeth Renata, Maximilian married, on 15 July 1635 in Vienna , his 25-year-old niece Maria Anna of Austria (1610–1665) ,
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#1732781093436682-582: The hereditary electoral title, though it returned the Electoral Palatinate to Frederick's heir and created an eighth electoral dignity for them. Maximilian I was born in Munich , the eldest son of William V, Duke of Bavaria and Renata of Lorraine to survive infancy. He was educated by the Jesuits , and following his father's increasing difficulties in ruling the country, began to take part in
713-402: The midst of the battle of Lützen (16 November 1632, 6 November 1632 on Swedish reckoning). His furious attack was for the moment successful. As Rupert at Marston Moor sought Cromwell as his worthiest opponent, so now Pappenheim sought Gustavus. At about the same time as the king was killed, Pappenheim received a mortal wound in another part of the field. He died later the same day or early
744-499: The next morning en route to Leipzig , where his body was embalmed at the Pleissenburg fortress. Regarding personal names: Until 1919, Graf was a title, translated as ' Count ', not a first or middle name. The female form is Gräfin . In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919. Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria Maximilian I (17 April 1573 – 27 September 1651), occasionally called
775-533: The rest of his life. At the outbreak of the great war he abandoned the legal and diplomatic career on which he had embarked, and in his zeal for the faith took service in Poland . The experience gained serving in the Polish army (especially in the way of fighting cavalry) was to his advantage in fighting on the side of the Catholic League . He soon became a lieutenant-colonel, and displayed great courage and ability at
806-420: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pappenheimer . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pappenheimer&oldid=784704699 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
837-573: The struggle. By this treaty it was agreed that Maximilian would retain the electoral dignity, which was made hereditary in his family along with the Upper Palatinate. Maximilian had to give up the Lower Palatinate, which was restored to Charles Louis , Frederick V's son and heir. Maximilian rehabilitated the Bavarian state finances, reorganised the Bavarian administration and army, and introduced mercantilist measures as well as
868-524: The war, Maximilian signed the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau (1631) with the Kingdom of France , but this proved worthless. Early in 1632 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden marched into the electorate and occupied Munich, and Maximilian could only obtain the assistance of the Imperial troops by placing himself under the orders of Wallenstein, now restored to the command of the emperor's forces. The ravages of
899-506: Was not always subservient to the church . Weak in health and feeble in frame, Maximilian had high ambitions both for himself and his duchy, and was tenacious and resourceful in prosecuting his designs. Maximilian refrained from any interference in German politics until 1607, when he was entrusted with the duty of executing the imperial ban against the free city of Donauwörth , a Protestant stronghold. In December 1607 his troops occupied
930-619: Was one of the leading proponents of the Counter-Reformation and founder of the Catholic League of Imperial Princes . In the Thirty Years' War, he was able to conquer the Upper Palatinate region, as well as the Electoral Palatinate affiliated with the electoral dignity of his Wittelsbach cousin, the "Winter King" Frederick V . The 1648 Peace of Westphalia affirmed his possession of Upper Palatinate and
961-480: Was the second son of Veit zu Pappenheim, Lord of Treuchtlingen and Schwindegg, and his second wife Maria Salome von Preysing-Kopfsburg. He was educated at Altdorf and Tübingen , and subsequently traveled in southern and central Europe, mastering the various languages, and seeking knightly adventures. His stay in these countries led him eventually to adopt the Roman Catholic faith in 1614, to which he devoted