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37-553: Papunya ( Pintupi-Luritja : Warumpi ) is a small Indigenous Australian community roughly 240 kilometres (150 mi) northwest of Alice Springs (Mparntwe) in the Northern Territory , Australia. It is known as an important centre for Contemporary Indigenous Australian art , in particular the style created by the Papunya Tula artists in the 1970s, referred to colloquially as dot painting . Its population in 2016

74-785: A community-based, 100% Aboriginal-owned arts organisation, commenced in 2007, and as of March 2021 hosts around 150 artists, many of whose works are featured in exhibitions and galleries around the world. In 2009, Michael Nelson Tjakamarra (Kumantje Jagamara) became the artist leader at the arts centre. Artists include Doris Bush Nungarrayi , Maureen Poulson, Charlotte Phillipus Napurrula, Tilau Nangala, Mona Nangala, Nellie Nangala, Carbiene McDonald Tjangala, Martha McDonald Napaltjarri, Candy Nelson Nakamarra, Dennis Nelson Tjakamarra, Narlie Nelson Nakamarra, Isobel Major Nampatjimpa, Isobel Gorey, Mary Roberts, Beyula Putungka Napanangka, Watson Corby among others. Pintupi-Luritja Pintupi ( / ˈ p ɪ n t ə p i , ˈ p ɪ n ə -, - b i / )

111-605: A group of five people to determine which of the early Papunya boards held by the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory (MAGNT) should be selected for public display. In 1985, non-Indigenous artist Imants Tillers incorporated "Five Stories" in one of his own paintings, called "The Nine Shots", which ignited a debate about cultural appropriation and ethical issues surrounding the use of traditional Indigenous imagery by non-Indigenous artists. However, in 2001,

148-457: A new variety of Pintupi, now known as Pintupi-Luritja , due to their close contact with speakers of Arrernte , Warlpiri and other varieties of the WDL. This has continued through the moves west so that most Pintupi people today speak Pintupi-Luritja, although there remains a clear distinction between the more western and eastern varieties. Pintupi is one of the healthier Aboriginal languages and

185-418: A single contact (i.e. a flap [ ɾ ] ) in ordinary speech, but multiple contacts (a true trill) in slow, emphatic, or angry speech. The retroflex approximant /ɻ/ may also be realised as a flap [ ɽ ] . Hansen and Hansen (1969) refer to the retroflex consonants as "apico-domal". Pintupi has six vowel phonemes, three long and three short. All are monophthongal at the phonemic level. Again,

222-404: A word boundary, they undergo haplology and fuse into a single word in rapid speech, as in /mutikajiŋ ka ka ɭpakatiŋu/ → [mutikajiŋ ka ɭpakatiŋu] 'climbed into the car' and /parari ŋu ŋu ɻurpa/ → [parari ŋu ɻurpa] 'went around the middle'. When a lamino-alveolar consonant or /j/ is followed by /a/ in the last syllable of a word, and the next word begins with /ja/ , the word-initial /j/

259-545: Is Lutheranism , with 310 members, or 78.7% of the population, based on the 2016 census. It is the closest town to the Australian continental pole of inaccessibility . Papunya is on restricted Aboriginal land and requires a permit to enter or travel through. Warumpi Band were an Australian country and Aboriginal rock group which formed in Papunya. During the 1970s a striking new art style emerged in Papunya, which by

296-713: Is an Australian Aboriginal language. It is one of the Wati languages of the large Pama–Nyungan family . It is one of the varieties of the Western Desert Language (WDL). Pintupi is a variety of the Western Desert Language spoken by indigenous people whose traditional lands are in the area between Lake Macdonald and Lake Mackay , stretching from Mount Liebig in the Northern Territory to Jupiter Well (west of Pollock Hills ) in Western Australia. These people moved (or were forced to move) into

333-530: Is an important sacred site for ceremonies , at the junction of a number of different Dreamings , which are represented in his art work, including Possum, Snake, Two Kangaroos, Flying Ant and Yam. He won the inaugural National Aboriginal Art Award (now known as the Telstra Award) in September 1984 with his painting "Three Ceremonies". In 1987 an 8.2-metre (27 ft) long painting by Jagamara

370-417: Is deleted and the two adjacent /a/ -sounds merge into a long /aː/ , as in /ŋa l̻a ja nuja/ → [ŋa l̻aː nuja] 'they all came' and /wi ja ja pura/ → [wi jaː pura] 'not west'. Pintupi words are stressed on the first syllable. In careful speech, every second syllable after that (i.e. the third, fifth, seventh, etc.) may receive a secondary stress, but secondary stress never falls on the final syllable of

407-472: Is diphthongised to [aⁱ] and [aᵘ] before /j/ and /w/ respectively, as in [waⁱjunpuwa] 'pare (it)' and [kaᵘwu˞ɳpa] 'cold ashes'. An orthography was developed by the Hansens and is used in their publications, which include a dictionary, a grammar sketch and bible portions. This orthography is also used in the bilingual school, and especially in the school's Literature Production Centre. The orthography

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444-399: Is shown in the above tables of consonants and vowels. Pintupi has only two possible syllable types: CV (a consonant followed by a vowel) and CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant). In the middle of a word, /m/ and /ŋ/ may appear in the syllable coda only when followed by a homorganic plosive, as in /t̻ampu/ 'left side' and /miŋkiɻi/ 'mouse'. Otherwise, only coronal sonorants may appear in

481-607: Is taught to local children in schools. The phonology of Pintupi has been described by K. C. and L. E. Hansen based on fieldwork conducted in Papunya, Northern Territory in 1967–1968. Pintupi has 17 consonant phonemes. The symbols used in the practical orthography are shown in brackets where they differ from the IPA symbols. The lamino-alveolars are frequently palatalised [t̻ʲ, n̻ʲ, l̻ʲ] , and /t̻/ often has an affricated allophone [tˢ] . The trill /r/ usually has

518-696: The 1993 Australia Day Honours for service to art. In 1994 he was granted a Fellowship from the Australia Council 's Visual Arts Board. He was elected president of the Papunya Community Council in the 1990s, and also 2002–2004. In 2006 his "Big Rain", a painting in Expressionist style, won the Tattersall’s Club Landscape Art Prize . From September 2016, a new Australian five-dollar note

555-455: The Pintupi , to move further west closer to their traditional country. After settling in a series of outstations , with little or no support from the government, the new community of Kintore was established about 250 kilometres (160 mi)west of Papunya in the early 1980s. The term " Finke River Mission " was initially an alternative name for the mission at Hermannsburg , but this name

592-502: The sand-painting tradition of the Warlpiri people, and has complex layers of meaning known only to Warlpiri elders ". Three stonemasons took 18 months to two years to hand-cut the 90,000 granite setts which were used in the 196-square-metre (2,110 sq ft) artwork. In 1985 he painted "Five Stories 1984". In the mid-1980s, he engaged in cross-cultural collaboration, notably with artist Tim Johnson , and moved away from

629-593: The 1980s began to attract national and then international attention as a significant Indigenous art movement , colloquially known as dot painting . Leading exponents of the style, who belonged to the Papunya Tula art cooperative founded in Papunya in 1972, included Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri , Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri , Kaapa Tjampitjinpa , Turkey Tolson Tjupurrula , and Pansy Napangardi . The company now operates out of Alice Springs, and covers an enormous area, extending into Western Australia , 700 kilometres (430 mi) west of Alice Springs. Papunya Tjupi Arts,

666-479: The area around Pikilyi. In 1983, Jagamara was commissioned to create the forecourt mosaic at the new Parliament House in Canberra . The mosaic, Possum and Wallaby Dreaming , is based on his painting of the same name. The mosaic shows "a gathering of a large group of people from the kangaroo , wallaby and goanna ancestors [who] are meeting to talk and to enact ceremonial obligations . The work derives from

703-518: The bush in fear. Jagamara lived at Haasts Bluff for a time with the same family group as Long Jack Phillipus Tjakamarra . Later his parents took him to Yuendumu for European education at the mission school. He left school after initiation and spent some time working jobs such as pig shooting, driving trucks and droving cattle . He spent time in the Australian Army before coming back to Yuendumu and then moving to Papunya in 1976 (after

740-443: The centre of another 36 surrounding boards. His painting style was initially meticulous dot-painting in the Papunya style, but he later simplified this, and by 2000 his work was described as " expressionistic and more " calligraphic " and flowing. His work and his life, Jagamara "held true to his jukurrpa ", which involved the Warlpiri interconnected cultural knowledge system and its law, with especial connection to place. Pikilyi

777-552: The death of his father) to settle and marry Marjorie Napaltjarri. He worked in the government store and observed the work of many of the older artists at Papunya Tula for many years (including working under the instruction of his uncle Jack Tjurpurrula) before he began to paint regularly in 1983. He was invited to join Papynya Artists in that year, and became one if its most well-known members. Jagamara painted Possum, Snake, Two Kangaroos, Flying Ant and Yam Dreamings for

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814-542: The first syllable (which is stressed), as in /ɳiːrki/ 'eagle' and /maːra/ 'ignorant'. When a suffix-initial /t/ follows a root-final consonant, the /t/ assimilates in place of articulation to the preceding consonant, as in /maɭan̻ + tu/ → [maɭan̻t̻u] 'younger sibling (transitive subject)', /pawuɭ + ta/ → [pawuɭʈa] 'at the spirit ground'. However, the sequence /r + t/ undergoes coalescence and surfaces as simple [ʈ] , as in /t̻intar + ta/ → [t̻intaʈa] 'at Tjintar'. When two identical CV sequences meet at

851-688: The indigenous communities of Papunya and Haasts Bluff in the west of the Northern Territory in the 1940s–1980s. The last Pintupi people to leave their traditional lifestyle in the desert came into Kiwirrkura in 1984. Over recent decades they have moved back into their traditional country, setting up the communities of Kintore (in Pintupi known as Walungurru ) in the Northern Territory, Kiwirrkura and Jupiter Well (in Pintupi Puntutjarrpa ) in Western Australia. Children who were born in Papunya and Haasts Bluff grew up speaking

888-726: The painting sold for the highest price ever paid for a painting by a living Aboriginal artist, with £401,000 (AUD$ 687,877 at the time) paid for it at Sotheby's in London . ) In 1989 he had his first solo exhibition in Melbourne at the Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi , and participated in the BMW Art Car Project by hand painting an M3 race car . Jagamara was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in

925-486: The region for their cattle. The Australian Government built a water bore and some basic housing at Papunya in the 1950s to provide room for the increasing populations of people in the already-established Aboriginal communities and reserves. The community grew to over a thousand people in the early 1970s and was plagued by poor living conditions, health problems, and tensions between various tribal and linguistic groups . These festering problems led many people, especially

962-403: The syllable coda. All consonants except the apico-alveolars and /l̻/ may appear in word-initial position; only coronal sonorants (except /ɻ/ ) may appear in word-final position. However, at the end of a clause, the syllable /pa/ is added to consonant-final words, so consonants may not appear in clause-final position. Short vowels may appear anywhere in the word; long vowels may appear only in

999-513: The symbols used in the practical orthography are shown enclosed in brackets where they differ from the phonemic symbols. The short vowel phonemes are devoiced when word-final at the end of a clause, as in [ŋurakutulpi̥] 'he finally (came) to camp', [kapilat̻uɻḁ] 'we all (brought) water for him', and [jilariŋu̥] 'it was close'. Short vowels are rhotacised before retroflex consonants, as in [wa˞ʈa] 'tree (generic)', [ka˞ɳa] 'spear (one type)', and [mu˞ɭi] 'a shelter'. The open vowel /a/

1036-560: The two men became friends, and collaborated over many years on a number of paintings (24 between 2001 and 2018 ). One of these collaborations, "Metafisica Australe" (2017) is held by QAGOMA in Brisbane , in its Australian Art Collection. This work incorporates elements of "Five Stories", the story of the two artists' entanglement and journeys, and ethical issues relating to non-Indigenous artists using references to Indigenous art. The work consists of 36 canvas boards created Jagamara as

1073-516: The usual Papunya style and colours. In 1996, Jagamara established a long-term relationship with Brisbane art dealer Michael Eather, around the same time starting to work with Brisbane’s Campfire Group . He worked alongside Paddy Carroll Tjungurrayi in the second Asia Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art at QAGOMA . In 2012, he was appointed by the NT Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority as one of

1110-524: The word, as in [ˈt̻akaˌmaraˌkuɳaɻa] 'for the benefit of Tjakamara' and [ˈjumaˌɻiŋkaˌmaraˌt̻uɻaka] 'because of mother-in-law'. However, the particle /ka/ (which indicates a change of subject) is not stressed when it is the first morpheme in a clause, as in /kaˈjanu/ '(he) went'. Pintupi-Luritja became the first Indigenous Australian language to receive a full, official translation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , when it

1147-404: Was 404. Pintupi and Luritja people were forced off their traditional country in the 1930s and moved into Hermannsburg (Ntaria) and Haasts Bluff , where there were government ration depots. There were often tragic confrontations between these people, with their nomadic hunter-gathering lifestyle, and the cattlemen who were moving into the country and over-using the limited water supplies of

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1184-484: Was born at Pikilyi, aka Vaughan Springs , Northern Territory (about 105 kilometres (65 mi) west of Yuendumu ), around 1946. His parents were both Walpiri and his father was an important "Medicine Man" in the Yuendumu community. He lived a traditional lifestyle, and his grandfather taught him sand -, body -, and shield -painting. He first saw white men at Mount Doreen Station , and remembers hiding in

1221-680: Was included in the South Australian Museum 's Dreamings: The Art of Aboriginal Australia , which toured to the New York’s Asia Society Galleries in New York in 1988, and elsewhere in the US. It appeared on the cover of the exhibition catalogue. Jagamara travelled to New York City with Billy Stockman Japaltjarri for the opening of the show, which was the start of his gaining an international audience. (In 2016,

1258-568: Was installed in the foyer of the Sydney Opera House . He was introduced to Queen Elizabeth II in 1988 at the opening of the New Parliament House , as the designer of the 196-square-metre (2,110 sq ft) mosaic in the forecourt of the building. His 1985 painting "Five Stories 1984" was one of the most reproduced works of Australian art in the 1980s. It was exhibited at the 1986 Biennale of Sydney , and

1295-802: Was introduced, featuring the Jagamara's mosaic at Parliament House. Jagamara died in November 2020, with his funeral in Alice Springs on 14 March 2021 attended by hundreds, including his longtime friend Vivien Johnson . A letter from the Prime Minister, Scott Morrison , was read at the funeral. Jagamara was one of the most significant proponents of the Western Desert style of painting, which remains an important style of contemporary Indigenous Australian art. His work lives on at

1332-518: Was later often used to include the settlements at Haasts Bluff , Areyonga and, later, Papunya. It now refers to all Lutheran missionary activity in Central Australia since the first mission was established at Hermannsburg in 1877. It is now home to a number of displaced Aboriginal people, mainly from the Pintupi and Luritja groups. At the 2016 Australian census , Papunya had a population of 404. The predominant religion at Papunya

1369-789: Was translated by elders and linguists at the Australian National University in 2015. Below is Article 1 in Pintupi-Luritja: Nganana maru tjuta, tjulkura tjuta, manta yurungka parrari nyinapayi tjutanya liipulala nyinanyi, nganana yanangu maru tjuta wiya kuyakuya. Yuwankarrangkuya palya nintingku kulini. Tjanaya palya kutjupa tjutaku tjukarurru nyinanytjaku, walytja tjuta nguwanpa, mingarrtjuwiya. Tjungungku palyangku kurrunpa kutjungku. Wangka ngaangku nganananya tjakultjunanyi rapa ngaranytjaku kutjupa tjuta nguwanpa. Michael Nelson Tjakamarra Kumantje Jagamara (the name preferred by his family )

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