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23-509: The first center of the park dates back to the sixteenth century ; however, the current configuration is due to a series of interventions carried out by the Chigi family , who owned the park between 1661 and 1988. Today, the entire area is a property of the Municipality of Ariccia. Parco Chigi is annexed to the historic Palazzo Chigi of Ariccia . In regards to the complex of the palace and

46-680: A champion of the new sciences, invented the first thermometer and made substantial contributions in the fields of physics and astronomy , becoming a major figure in the Scientific Revolution in Europe. Spain and Portugal colonized large parts of Central and South America , followed by France and England in Northern America and the Lesser Antilles . The Portuguese became the masters of trade between Brazil ,

69-690: A wide variety of language families such as the Austronesian and Sino-Tibetan languages , and should not be confused with the term Indo-Aryan , a group of languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent . Regions of the East Indies are sometimes known by the colonial empire they once belonged to, hence, Spanish East Indies means the Philippines , Dutch East Indies means Indonesia , and British East Indies refers to Malaysia . Historically,

92-585: The American conquest and later the independence of the Philippines . Dutch occupied colonies in the area were known for about 300 years as the Dutch East Indies until Indonesian independence . The East Indies may also include the former French Indochina , former British territories Brunei , Hong Kong and Singapore and former Portuguese Macau and Timor . It does not, however, include

115-602: The British East India Company and Dutch East India Company , among others, in the 17th century. The New World was initially thought to be the easternmost part of the Indies by explorer Christopher Columbus , who had grossly underestimated the westerly distance from Europe to Asia. Later, to avoid confusion, the New World came to be called the "West Indies", while the original Indies came to be called

138-771: The Indies ) is a term used in historical narratives of the Age of Discovery . The Indies broadly referred to various lands in the East or the Eastern Hemisphere , particularly the islands and mainlands found in and around the Indian Ocean by Portuguese explorers , soon after the Cape Route was discovered. In a narrow sense, the term was used to refer to the Malay Archipelago , which today comprises

161-545: The Indies . Eventually, the region would be broken up into a series of Indies : The East Indies, which was also called "Old Indies" or "Great Indies", consisting of India , and the West Indies, also called "New Indies" or "Little Indies", consisting of the Americas . These regions were important sources of trading goods, particularly cotton , indigo and spices after the establishment of European trading companies:

184-839: The Julian year 1501 (represented by the Roman numerals MDI) and ended with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (MDC), depending on the reckoning used (the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582). The 16th century is regarded by historians as the century which saw the rise of Western civilization . The Renaissance in Italy and Europe saw the emergence of important artists, authors and scientists, and led to

207-774: The Philippine Archipelago , Indonesian Archipelago , Borneo , and New Guinea . Historically, the term was used in the Age of Discovery to refer to the coasts of the landmasses comprising the Indian subcontinent and the Indochinese Peninsula along with the Malay Archipelago . During the era of European colonization , territories of the Spanish Empire in Asia were known as the Spanish East Indies for 333 years before

230-600: The Sur Empire founded by Sher Shah Suri , Deccan sultanates , Rajput states , and the Mughal Empire by Emperor Babur , a direct descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan . His successors Humayun and Akbar , enlarged the empire to include most of South Asia . Japan suffered a severe civil war at this time, known as the Sengoku period , and emerged from it as a unified nation under Toyotomi Hideyoshi . China

253-558: The early modern period , when East Asians such as the Han Chinese started to migrate south and became known as the Peranakans or Straits Chinese. Buddhism , Christianity , Islam and Hinduism are the most popular religions throughout the region, while Sikhism , Jainism , Chinese folk religion and various other traditional beliefs and practices are also prominent in some areas. The major languages in this area draw from

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276-709: The papacy and the Catholic Church . In England , the British-Italian Alberico Gentili wrote the first book on public international law and divided secularism from canon law and Catholic theology. European politics became dominated by religious conflicts, with the groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years' War being laid towards the end of the century. In the Middle East , the Ottoman Empire continued to expand, with

299-596: The sultan taking the title of caliph , while dealing with a resurgent Persia. Iran and Iraq were caught by a major popularity of the Shia sect of Islam under the rule of the Safavid dynasty of warrior-mystics, providing grounds for a Persia independent of the majority- Sunni Muslim world . In the Indian subcontinent , following the defeat of the Delhi Sultanate and Vijayanagara Empire , new powers emerged,

322-549: The Americas who are often called American Indians . However, in colonial times, the non-Indian Southeast Asians were also called "Indians". Peoples of the East Indies comprise a wide variety of cultural diversity, and the inhabitants do not consider themselves as belonging to a single ethnic group . The region is mostly populated by the Austronesians , who first expanded from the island of Taiwan , and later on during

345-664: The coasts of Africa, and their possessions in the Indies , whereas the Spanish came to dominate the Greater Antilles , Mexico , Peru , and opened trade across the Pacific Ocean , linking the Americas with the Indies. English and French privateers began to practice persistent theft of Spanish and Portuguese treasures. This era of colonialism established mercantilism as the leading school of economic thought, where

368-411: The economic system was viewed as a zero-sum game in which any gain by one party required a loss by another. The mercantilist doctrine encouraged the many intra-European wars of the period and arguably fueled European expansion and imperialism throughout the world until the 19th century or early 20th century . The Reformation in central and northern Europe gave a major blow to the authority of

391-575: The former Dutch New Guinea , which is geographically considered to be part of Melanesia . The inhabitants of the East Indies are never called East Indians , as they are not linguistically related to South Asia, most specifically the Indo-Aryan languages . It distinguishes them both from inhabitants of the Caribbean (which is also called the West Indies ) and from the indigenous peoples of

414-527: The foundation of important subjects which include accounting and political science . Copernicus proposed the heliocentric universe , which was met with strong resistance, and Tycho Brahe refuted the theory of celestial spheres through observational measurement of the 1572 appearance of a Milky Way supernova . These events directly challenged the long-held notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle , and led to major revolutions in astronomy and science. Galileo Galilei became

437-527: The king of Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia ) was identified with " Prester John of the Indies", since that part of the world was imagined to be one of "Three Indias". Exploration of the East Indies by European powers began in the last three years of the 15th century and continued into the 16th century, led by the Portuguese explorers . The Portuguese described the entire region they discovered as

460-632: The park was known as nemus Aricinum during the Roman era, and was dedicated to the goddess Diana . After the advent of Christianity , the sacred nature of the forest was lost, and it eventually became a hunting reserve during the Renaissance owned by the Savelli family. In the 17th century, the Chigi family, a prominent Roman noble family, purchased the town of Ariccia and the surrounding area, including

483-589: The park, some well-known architects contributed, such as Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Carlo Fontana . The park is particularly important within the regional park of the Castelli Romani: in fact, it is one of the few green areas of the Colli Albani in which there has been no penetration of chestnut trees , but the oldest plant species have survived, mostly oaks . The park has a rich history dating back to ancient times. The wooded area that now makes up

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506-663: The park. They transformed the park into an elegant Baroque garden , featuring statues, fountains, and other ornate features. Other notable features of the park include the Uccelliera, an aviary built in the 17th century, and the Vignola, a small building originally used as a vineyard . The park also contains a neviera , a structure used for storing snow during the summer months. 41°43′30″N 12°40′16″E  /  41.725°N 12.671°E  / 41.725; 12.671 16th century The 16th century began with

529-576: Was ruled by the Ming dynasty, which was becoming increasingly isolationist , coming into conflict with Japan over the control of Korea as well as Japanese pirates . In Africa, Christianity had begun to spread in Central Africa and Southern Africa . Until the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century, most of Africa was left uncolonized. East Indies The East Indies (or simply

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