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126-616: Crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn, Paraná has what is left of the araucaria forest, one of the most important subtropical forests in the world. At the border with Argentina is the National Park of Iguaçu , considered by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . 40 km (25 mi) from there, at the border with Paraguay, the largest dam in the world was built, the Hidroelétrica de Itaipu ( Itaipu Hydroelectric Dam ). The crime rate

252-751: A European predominance in the Brazilian population. A 1981 study of blood polymorphisms examined 1,000 people from Porto Alegre in Southern Brazil and 760 from Natal in Northeastern Brazil. It found that people identified as White in Porto Alegre had 8% African ancestry, while those in Natal had a mix of 58% White, 25% Black, and 17% Amerindian ancestry. The study also showed that individuals identified as White or Pardo in Natal have

378-486: A concubine or subjected to a condition of sexual slave , the black woman was the responsible for the growth of the "parda" population. The non-White population has grown mainly through sexual intercourse between the black female slave and the Portuguese master, which, together with assortative mating, explains the high degree of European ancestry in the black Brazilian population and the high degree of African ancestry in

504-591: A decree barring them from enlisting in the São Paulo Civil Guard. The Brazilian Black Front (Frente Negra Brasileira), Brazil's first black political party, was founded in 1931 to fight racism but was disbanded six years later during Getúlio Vargas’s New State period (1937-1945), which restricted political activities. Although this period was repressive, Vargas's 1931 Law of Naturalization of Labor, favoring Brazilian-born workers over European immigrants, garnered some Afro-Brazilian support for him. Before

630-558: A dominant European ancestry, while those identified as White in Porto Alegre have an overwhelming majority of European ancestry. According to an autosomal DNA genetic study from 2011, both "whites" and "pardos" from Fortaleza have a predominant degree of European ancestry (>70%), with minor but important African and Native American contributions. "Whites" and "pardos" from Belém and Ilhéus also were found to be predominantly European in ancestry, with minor Native American and African contributions. According to another study conducted at

756-679: A great number of racial terms are in use in Brazil, but most of these terms are used by small numbers of people. Edward Telles notes that 95% of the population used only six different terms ( branco, moreno, pardo, moreno-claro, preto and negro ). Petruccelli shows that the seven most common responses (the above plus amarela ) sum up 97% of responses, and the 10 most common (the previous plus mulata , clara , and morena-escura – dark brunette) make 99%. Racial classifications in Brazil are based primarily on skin color and on other physical characteristics such as facial features, hair texture, etc. This

882-499: A height of 5–80 metres (16–262 ft). The horizontal, spreading branches grow in whorls and are covered with leathery or needle-like leaves . In some species, the leaves are narrow, awl-shaped and lanceolate, barely overlapping each other; in others they are broad and flat, and overlap broadly. The trees are mostly dioecious , with male and female cones found on separate trees, though occasional individuals are monoecious or change sex with time. The female cones, usually high on

1008-508: A low presence in telenovelas , which are the most-watched programs on Brazilian television. The Brazilian soap operas, as well as throughout Latin America, are accused of under-representing the Black, Mixed and Amerindian population and over-representing whites. Brazil has produced soap operas since the 1960s, but it was only in 1996 that a black actress, Taís Araújo , was the protagonist of

1134-593: A portion of pardos are acculturated indigenous people or people with indigenous and European rather than African ancestry, especially in Northern Brazil . A survey from the early 2000s revealed that if the pardo category were removed from the census, at least half of those identifying as pardo would instead choose to identify as black. During the slavery period between the 16th and 19th centuries, Brazil received approximately four to five million Africans, who constituted about 40% of all Africans brought to

1260-585: A primary labor force. Over nearly three centuries from the late 1500s to the 1860s, Brazil was consistently the largest destination for African slaves in the Americas. In that period, approximately 4.9 million enslaved Africans were imported to Brazil. Brazilian slavery included a diverse range of labor roles. For example, gold mining in Brazil began to grow around 1690 in interior regions of Brazil, such as modern-day region of Minas Gerais . Slaves in Brazil also worked on sugar plantations, such as those found in

1386-458: A range of degree of African ancestry. Brazilians whose African features are more evident are generally seen by others as Blacks and may identify themselves as such, while the ones with less noticeable African features may not be seen as such. However, Brazilians rarely use the term "Afro-Brazilian" as a term of ethnic identity and never in informal discourse. Preto ("black") and pardo ("brown/mixed") are among five ethnic categories used by

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1512-458: A result of having "a drop of black blood." Research by Hasenbalg and Silva (1983) indicates that sociological racism is the primary factor uniting blacks and pardos. Two IBGE surveys, the 1976 National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) and the July 1998 Monthly Employment Survey (PME), have been analyzed to assess how Brazilians think of themselves in racial terms. The results of these surveys show that

1638-496: A school in the poor periphery of Rio de Janeiro, autosomal DNA study (from 2009), the "pardos" there were found to be on average over 80% European, and the "whites" were found out to carry very little Amerindian and/or African admixtures. In general, the test results showed that European ancestry is far more important than the students thought it would be. The "blacks" (pretos) of the periphery of Rio de Janeiro, according to this study, thought of themselves as predominantly African before

1764-424: A social context in which white men disputed indigenous or African women. According to Darcy Ribeiro the process of miscegenation between whites and blacks in Brazil, in contrast to an idealized racial democracy and a peaceful integration, was a process of sexual domination, in which the white man imposed an unequal relationship using violence because of his prime condition in society. As an official wife or as

1890-525: A stronger African component. Most black people are Christians , mainly Catholics . Afro-Brazilian religions such as Candomblé and Umbanda have many followers. Although these religions have a higher proportion of Black practitioners, Whites also make up a significant portion, particularly in Umbanda. These religions are mainly practiced in large urban centers such as Salvador , Recife , Rio de Janeiro , Porto Alegre , Brasília , São Luís . Candomblé

2016-421: A telenovela, playing the role of the famous slave Chica da Silva . In 2002, Araújo was the protagonist of another soap opera, being the only Black actress to have a more prominent role in a TV production of Brazil. Black actors in Brazil are usually required to follow stereotypes and are usually in subordinate and submissive roles, as maids, drivers, servants, bodyguards, and poor favelados . Joel Zito Araújo wrote

2142-470: A total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. Paraná was the 2nd largest producer in the country, with 3.2 million tons. Since 2006, Paraná has been leading the production of beans in Brazil. Brazil is the 3rd largest producer of beans in the world, with an annual harvest of around 3 million tons, 11% of world production. In 2018, the South Region was the main bean producer with 26.4% of the total, followed by

2268-641: A white Brazilian population has developed with more historic African ancestry, as well as a black population with European ancestry. In the United States, the efforts to enforce white supremacy resulted in southern states adopting a one-drop rule at the turn of the 20th century, so that people with any known African ancestry were automatically classified as Black, regardless of skin color. In the 21st century, many Black Americans have some degree of European ancestry, while few white Americans have African ancestry. The first Spaniards and Portuguese explorers in

2394-497: Is a Petrobras plant specialized in the production of the material. Approximately 7,800 tons are processed daily. In Food industry , In 2019, Brazil was the 2nd largest exporter of processed foods in the world, with a value of U $ 34.1 billion in exports. The Brazilian food and beverage industry's revenue in 2019 was R $ 699.9 billion, 9.7% of the country's Gross Domestic Product. In 2015, the industrial food and beverage sector in Brazil comprised 34,800 companies (not counting bakeries),

2520-455: Is a poor scientific indication of ancestry, because only a few genes are responsible for someone's skin color: a person who is considered White may have more African ancestry than a person who is considered Black, and vice versa. But, as race is a social construct, these classifications relate to how people are perceived and perceive themselves in society. In Brazil, class and economic status also affect how individuals are perceived. In Brazil it

2646-653: Is at Curitiba , capital of Paraná. The technological center of Curitiba has companies such as Siemens and Positivo Informatics. 87 companies and 16,000 employees work at Tecnoparque, an area of 127,000 m created by state law in 2007. Tecnoparque can grow up to 400,000 m with up to four times the number of workers it has today, reaching 68 thousand people. In the household appliances industry, sales of whitegoods (refrigerators, air conditioners, etc.) were 12.9 million units in 2017. The sector had its peak sales in 2012, with 18.9 million units. The biggest-selling brands were Brastemp, Electrolux , Consul and Philips . Brastemp

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2772-647: Is bounded on the north by São Paulo state , on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina state and the Misiones Province of Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and the republic of Paraguay, with the Paraná River as its western boundary line. The state can be separated into five main topographic areas, from east to west: a coastal zone, the mountains of Serra do Mar , and then three plateaus, each lower than

2898-418: Is closer to the original West African religions, and Umbanda blends Catholic and Kardecist Spiritism beliefs with African beliefs. Candomblé, Batuque , Xango and Tambor de Mina were introduced to Brazil by enslaved Africans. These enslaved Africans would summon their gods, called Orixas , Voduns or Inkices with chants and dances they had brought from Africa. These religions have been persecuted in

3024-456: Is considered low by Brazilian standards and the state is one of the most developed ones in the nation, ranking 4th in gross domestic product , only behind the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Minas Gerais. Before the discovery of the region by European explorers, indigenous populations inhabited the region for thousands of years. This included the Carijó in the lands closer to the sea, from

3150-456: Is currently a project to grant the main highways in the state ( BR-369 , BR-376 , BR-277 and some others) to the private sector in a large project to double 1,782 km of highways, among other improvement works. Araucaria Araucaria ( / æ r ɔː ˈ k ɛər i ə / ; original pronunciation: [a.ɾawˈka. ɾja]) is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Araucariaceae . While today they are largely confined to

3276-470: Is far from being self-sufficient in the production of barley. The Brazilian market consumes, on average, 1.5 million tons per year. Brazil produces 335 thousand tons, close to 22%. Most, 73%, come from Argentina and Uruguay. In 2018, Paraná was the 4th largest produce of tangerine in Brazil. Paraná also has a part of the production of peaches in Brazil. In 2019, in Brazil, there was a total production area of around 4 thousand hectares of strawberry . Paraná

3402-408: Is more strongly present along the coast, due to the high concentration of slaves working on sugar cane plantations. Another region that had a strong presence of Africans was the mining areas in the center of Brazil. Freyre wrote that the states with strongest African presence were Bahia and Minas Gerais, but that there is no region in Brazil where the black people have not penetrated. Many blacks fled to

3528-604: Is originally from São Bernardo do Campo-SP. Consul is originally from Santa Catarina, having merged with Brastemp and today being part of the multinational Whirlpool Corporation . Another famous Brazilian brand was Prosdócimo, founded in Curitiba, which was sold to Electrolux . In the small appliances sector, Paraná has one of the famous companies: Britânia , originally from Curitiba. In 2021, Paraná had 120,930 km of highways, 21,173 km of which were paved, and of these, 1,475 km were duplicated highways . There

3654-529: Is possible for two siblings of different colors to be classified as people of different races. Children who are born to a black mother and a European father would be classified as black if their features read more as African, and classified as white if their features appeared more European. The Brazilian emphasis on physical appearance rather than ancestry is evident from a large survey in which less than 10% of Brazilian black individuals cited Africa as one of their origins when allowed to provide multiple responses. In

3780-477: Is present in all human beings and passed down with only minor mutations through the maternal line. The other is the Y chromosome , that is present only in males and passed down with only minor mutations through the paternal line. Both can show from what part of the world a matrilineal or patrilineal ancestor of a person came from, but one can have in mind that they are only a fraction of the human genome, and reading ancestry from Y chromosome and mtDNA only tells 1/23rd

3906-522: Is still a problem and the state is one of the most difficult for foreigners trying to find jobs. In agriculture, the state stands out in the production of soybeans , maize , wheat , sugarcane , cassava , beans , tomato , orange and yerba mate , in addition to also producing coffee , oat , barley , peach , tangerine and strawberry . In 2020, the South Region produced 32% of the national total of cereals, vegetables and oilseeds. There were 77.2 million tons, second place in Brazil, losing only to

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4032-404: Is the 2nd largest producer. The Brazilian poultry flock, in 2018, was of the order of 1.5 billion heads. In 2017, the biggest poultry producing state in Brazil was Paraná (25.3%). In terms of chickens , in 2017 there were 242.8 million heads in the country. Among the states that were the largest producers, São Paulo led with 21.9%, followed by Paraná (10.1%). In the production of chicken eggs ,

4158-529: Is the government-owned Copel , which supplies electricity, natural gas and other utilities to Paraná and some surrounding areas and in 1997 was among the first Brazilian companies to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange (ELP). The main economic activities are agriculture, industry ( agribusiness , automotive, and paper) and plant extraction (wood and yerba mate ). Despite the good social indicators and high standard of living, unemployment

4284-634: Is the predominant ancestry in Brazil, accounting for nearly 70% of the ancestry of the population. European ancestry ranged from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South. The 2011 autosomal study samples came from blood donors, public health personnel and health students. Brazilian homogeneity is, therefore, greater within regions than between them: A 2015 autosomal genetic study, which also analyzed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of

4410-442: Is the sixth most populous state in Brazil. Its level of urbanization is 83.5%. The 2022 census survey gave the following breakdown by race for the state: 7,389,932 White (64.6%), 3,440,037 Mixed (30.1%), 485,781 Black (4.2%), 100,244 Asian (0.9%), and 28,000 Amerindian (0.2%). Parana's white population is primarily descendant of Portuguese, Italian, Polish and Ukrainian immigrants, but many German families also settled in

4536-1127: The pehuén ") as they traditionally harvested the seeds extensively for food. No distinct vernacular name exists for the genus. Many are called "pine", although they are only distantly related to true pines, in the genus Pinus . There are four extant sections and two extinct sections in the genus, sometimes treated as separate genera. A. hunsteinii Schum. A. bidwillii Hooker A. angustifolia (Bertoloni) Kuntze A. araucana (Molina) Koch A. cunninghamii Aiton ex A.Cunn. A. heterophylla (Salisbury) Franco A. muelleri (Carrière) Brongniart & Gris A. bernieri Buchholz A. subulata Vieillard A. biramulata Buchholz A. schmidii de Laubenfels A. montana Brongniart & Gris A. scopulorum de Laubenfels A. laubenfelsii Corbasson A. humboldtensis Buchholz A. rulei von Mueller A. luxurians (Brongniart & Gris) de Laubenfels A. nemorosa de Laubenfels A. columnaris (Forster) Hooker Genetic studies indicate that

4662-810: The Americas . Many Africans who escaped slavery fled to quilombos , communities where they could live freely and resist oppression. In 1850, Brazil determined the definitive prohibition of the transatlantic slave trade and in 1888 the country abolished slavery, making it the last one in the Americas to do so. With the largest Afro-descendant population outside of Africa, Brazil's cultural, social, and economic landscape has been profoundly shaped by Afro-Brazilians. Their contributions are especially notable in sports, cuisine, literature, music, and dance, with elements like samba and capoeira reflecting their heritage. In contemporary times, Afro-Brazilians still face socioeconomic disparities and racial discrimination and continue

4788-544: The Brazilian Black movement argue that the inclusion of this category in the census distorts Brazil's demographic depiction. They contend that the ideological privileging of whiteness in Brazilian society leads many Brazilians to ‘deny their blackness’ and ‘lighten’ themselves on the census by choosing the pardo category. Many black movement actors prefer the term negro , defining it as the sum of individuals who self-classify as brown ( pardo ) and black ( preto ) in

4914-505: The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), along with branco ("white"), amarelo ("yellow", ethnic East Asian), and indígena (indigenous). In the 2022 census, 20.7 million Brazilians (10,2% of the population) identified as preto , while 92.1 million (45,3% of the population) identified as pardo , together making up 55.5% of Brazil's population. The term preto is usually used to refer to those with

5040-553: The Captaincy of Pernambuco . Other products of slave labor in Brazil during that era in Brazilian history included tobacco , textiles , and cachaça , which were often vital items traded in exchange for slaves on the African continent. The nature of the work that slaves did had a direct effect on aspects of slaves' lives such as life expectancy and family formation. An example from an early inventory of African slaves (1569–71) from

5166-666: The Fon people and other neighboring ethnic groups. Bantu people were mostly brought from present-day Angola and the Congo , most belonging to the Bakongo or Ambundu ethnic groups. Bantu slaves were also taken from coastal Mozambique . They were sent in large scale to Rio de Janeiro , Minas Gerais . The Yoruba and other people from Benin and Togo were sent, as for them in Northeastern Brazil, particulary in Bahia. Gilberto Freyre noted

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5292-1017: The Mapuche people of Chile and southwest Argentina, the Kaingang people in Southern Brazil and among Native Australians . In South America Araucaria nuts or seeds are called piñas or piñones in Spanish and pinhões in Portuguese, like pine nuts in Europe. Pharmacological reports on genus Araucaria are anti-ulcer , antiviral , neuro-protective , anti-depressant and anti-coagulant . Afro-Brazilians Afro-Brazilians ( Portuguese : afro-brasileiros ; pronounced [ˈafɾo bɾaziˈle(j)ɾus] ) are an ethno-racial group consisting of Brazilians with predominantly or total Sub-Saharan African ancestry, these stand out for having dark skin . Most multiracial Brazilians also have

5418-596: The Southern Hemisphere , during the Jurassic and Cretaceous they were globally distributed. There are 20  extant species in New Caledonia (where 14 species are endemic , see New Caledonian Araucaria ), eastern Australia (including Norfolk Island ), New Guinea , Argentina , Brazil , Chile and Uruguay . Araucaria are mainly large trees with a massive erect stem, reaching

5544-626: The Tupi group, and the Caingangues in the interior, who belonged to the Jê group. Colonisation of the state by settlers started in the 16th century, but was mainly confined to the coasts. Being a region mostly abandoned by the Portuguese, the region was explored by other European countries, who searched primarily for Pau brasil . The most noteworthy presence was that of the Spanish, which brought with them jesuits . Soon, Jesuit reductions were opened in

5670-442: The " old mammies ". In 1970, in the soap A Cabana do Pai Tomás (based on American novel Uncle Tom's Cabin ) a white actor, Sérgio Cardoso, played Thomas, who was a black man in the book. The actor had to paint his body in black to look black. The choice of a White actor to play a black character caused major protests in Brazil. In 1975 the telenovela Gabriela was produced, based on a book by Jorge Amado , who described Gabriela,

5796-631: The 1820s and growing strongly in the late 19th century , 49% of the Caucasian population would have over 10% native African genes, according to that study. Thus, 86% of Brazilians would have at least 10% of genes that came from Africa. The researchers however were cautious about their conclusions: "Obviously these estimates were made by extrapolation of experimental results with relatively small samples and, therefore, their confidence limits are very ample". An autosomal study from 2011, also led by Sérgio Pena, but with nearly 1000 samples this time, from all over

5922-479: The 1940s, Afro-Brazilians also created their own newspapers and dance groups, with a small black elite leading intellectual thought in São Paulo ’s Black Press. Before abolition, the growth of the black population was mainly due to the acquisition of new slaves from Africa. In Brazil, the black population had a negative growth. This was due to the low life expectancy of the slaves, which was around seven years. It

6048-418: The 2002 study findings showed higher levels of bidirectional admixture between Africans and non-Africans. In 2007 BBC Brasil launched the project Raízes Afro-Brasileiras (Afro-Brazilian Roots), in which they analyzed the genetic ancestry of nine famous Brazilian blacks and "pardos". Three tests were based on analysis of different parts of their DNA: an examination of paternal ancestry, maternal ancestry and

6174-426: The African continent. The quilombola population in Brazil is 1,327,802 people, or 0.65% of the total population. The Northeast Region has 5,386 quilombola localities, 64% of the total. Bahia accounts for 29.90% of the quilombola population, followed by Maranhão, with 20.26%. Together, the two states are home to 50.16% of the country's quilombola population. The research analysed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), that

6300-620: The African population emerged in Brazil. By 1800, Brazil had the largest single population of African and creole slaves in any one colony in the American continent. In Africa, about 40% of Blacks died on the route between the areas of capture and the African coast. Another 15% died in the ships crossing the Atlantic Ocean between Africa and Brazil. From the Atlantic coast, the journey could take from 33 to 43 days. From Mozambique it could take as many as 76 days. Once in Brazil, from 10 to 12% of

6426-630: The Americas initially enslaved Amerindian populations . In the case of the Portuguese, the weakness of the political systems of the Tupi-Guarani Amerindian groups they conquered on the Brazilian coastline, and the inexperience of these Amerindians with systematic peasant labor, made them easy to exploit through non-coercive labor arrangements. However, several factors prevented the system of Amerindian slavery from being sustained in Brazil. For example, Native American populations were not numerous or accessible enough to meet all demands of

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6552-484: The IBGE race or color classification. Although evidence suggests that blacks and browns have similar socio-economic profiles and indicators of material well-being compared to whites, some researchers note that it is problematic to collapse pretos and pardos into a collective black category because part of Brazilians who self-identify as pardo are of mixed European and indigenous ancestry, not African. A survey conducted in

6678-678: The IBGE. Paraná is the largest producer in volume and Rio Grande do Sul in plantation areas (and where the sector is more industrialized). According to 2017 data, Paraná harvested 301 thousand tons of yerba mate by extractive method, and 237 thousand tons in plantation. The productive potential of yerba mate is still little explored in Brazil, with a good part of the harvest carried out by the extractive system and with low levels of productivity. However, many new producers are adopting more professional and efficient production systems, with technical acuity of management and globalized market vision. This tends to increase Brazil's export of this product. In 2017,

6804-459: The July 1998 PME, the categories Afro-Brasileiro ("Afro-Brazilian") and Africano Brasileiro ("African Brazilian") were not used at all; the category Africano ("African") was used by 0.004% of the respondents. In the 1976 PNAD, none of these terms was used even once. Lighter-skinned mulattoes (who obviously were descendants of some Europeans) were easily integrated into the white population. Through years of integration and racial assimilation,

6930-482: The Midwest (25.4%), Southeast Region (25.1%), Northeast (20.6%) and North (2.5%). The State of Paraná leads the ranking of the main national producers with 18.9% of the total produced. Paraná is the 2nd largest national producer of wheat , with 2.2 million tons in 2019, almost equal to Rio Grande do Sul, the biggest producer. The South Region is also the largest producer of oats in Brazil. In 2019, national production

7056-409: The Midwest. Paraná (14.9%) was the 2nd largest producer in the country. In soy , Paraná is the 2nd largest producer in the country, with about 16% of national production. It produced 19.8 million tons in 2020. In 2017, it was also 2nd largest producer of maize (corn). Brazil is the biggest producer of soy and the 2nd biggest producer of corn in the world. Regarding sugarcane , Paraná was, in 2017,

7182-712: The Northeastern population. Santos and Guerreiro (1995) found 47% European, 12% African, and 41% Amerindian ancestry in the north. In the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul, Dornelles et al. (1999) calculated 82% European, 7% African, and 11% Amerindian ancestries. Krieger et al. (1965) studied a Northeastern Brazilian population living in São Paulo and found that whites had 18% African and 12% Amerindian genetic contribution, while blacks had 28% European and 5% Amerindian genetic contribution. These Amerindian estimates, like others, have limitations. Compared to earlier studies,

7308-626: The Paraná had the fifth largest GDP of Brazil , representing 5.90% of the Brazilian GDP in 2005, against 6.4% in 2003. About 15% of Paraná's GDP comes from agriculture . Another 40% comes from industry and the remaining 45% comes from the tertiary sector . As for its exports, in 2012 the main products exported were soybeans (18.73%), Meat Poultry (10.50%), sugar in Natura (8.09%), Soybean Meal (8.00%) and corn (6.36%). The state's largest company

7434-577: The South with 1,505,526, and the Central-West with 1,490,124. As of 2022 , the city of São Paulo has the largest self-identified Black population in Brazil, with 1,160,073 individuals identifying as pretos . It is followed by Rio de Janeiro with 968,428, Salvador with 825,509, Belo Horizonte with 312,920, Brasília with 301,765, Recife with 182,546, Feira de Santana with 180,190, Fortaleza with 171,018, Porto Alegre with 168,196, and São Luís with 167,885. The 2022 census revealed that

7560-587: The Southeast (18%–20%). Extreme values for the Amerindian fraction were found in the South and Southeast (7%–8%) and North (17%–18%)". The researchers were cautious with the results as their samples came from paternity test takers which may have skewed the results partly. Several other older studies have suggested that European ancestry is the main component in all Brazilian regions. Salzano (1997) reported 51% European, 36% African, and 13% Amerindian ancestry for

7686-768: The West African and the Bantu people. The West Africans mostly belong to the Yoruba people , who became known as the "nagô". The word derives from ànàgó , a derogatory term used by the Dahomey to refer to Yoruba-speaking people. The Dahomey enslaved and sold large numbers of Yoruba, largely of Oyo heritage. Slaves descended from the Yoruba are strongly associated with the Candomblé religious tradition. Other slaves belonged to

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7812-404: The back was the most common repressive measure. About 40 lashes per day were common and they prevented the mutilation of slaves. The colonial chroniclers recorded the extreme violence and sadism of White women against female slaves, usually due to jealousy or to prevent a relationship between their husbands and the slaves. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database project estimated that, during

7938-402: The book A Negação do Brasil ( The Denial of Brazil ) which talks about how Brazilian TV hides the Black population. Araújo analyzed Brazilian soap operas from 1964 to 1997 and only 4 black families were represented as being of middle-class. Black women usually appear under strong sexual connotation and sensuality. Black men usually appear as rascals or criminals. Another common stereotype is of

8064-400: The brown population was the majority in 3,245 municipalities (58.3% of the total), while the self-identified black population was the majority in nine. More than half of the municipalities with a brown majority and all with a black majority are in the Northeast region of Brazil. With over 80% of its population being Afro-descendant, Salvador is considered the blackest city in the world outside

8190-420: The category " pardo ". In other words, people who identified as pardo , moreno , mulato , caboclo , indigenous, among others, were classified as " pardos ". In subsequent censuses, pardo was formalized as its own category, while Indigenous peoples gained a separate category only in 1991. Pardo literally translates to brown , but it can also refer to racial mixture. Activists and scholars associated with

8316-526: The census. Many scholars and social scientists have also combined the brown and black categories in their studies, using terms such as Afro-descendente , Afro-Brazilian, or negro . In 2010, the Brazilian Congress passed the Estatuto da Igualdade Racial (Statute of Racial Equality). The law adopts the racial term negro to refer to individuals who self-identify as black and brown according to

8442-458: The country, shows that in most Brazilian regions most Brazilians "whites" are less than 10% African in ancestry, and it also shows that the "pardos" are predominantly European in ancestry, the European ancestry being therefore the main component in the Brazilian population, in spite of a very high degree of African ancestry and significant Native American contribution. Other autosomal studies show

8568-597: The country. Brazil has two large electro-electronic production hubs, located in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas , in the State of São Paulo, and in Free Economic Zone of Manaus , in the State of Amazonas. There are large internationally renowned technology companies, as well as part of the industries that participate in its supply chain. The country also has other smaller centers, and one of them

8694-470: The darkest skin colour, so as a result of this many Brazilians of African descent identify themselves as pardos . The Brazilian Black Movement considers pretos and pardos together as part of a single category: negros (Blacks). In 2010, this perspective gained official recognition when Brazilian Congress passed a law creating the Statute of Racial Equality. However, this definition is contested since

8820-506: The early 2000s with a sample of 2,364 people from 102 municipalities showed that if the "brown" category were removed and Brazilians had to choose between "black" or "white", the population would appear 68% white and 32% black. In this binary format, 44% of those identifying as brown would choose the white category. According to a 2000 survey held in Rio de Janeiro , the entire self-reported preto population reported to have African ancestry. 86% of

8946-443: The eighth in the production of paper. The city that most produced these woods in Brazil was Telêmaco Borba (PR), and the 5th largest was Ortigueira (PR). In 2016, the top five states producing logs for paper and cellulose (mainly eucalyptus ) were: Paraná (15.9 million m), São Paulo (14.7 million m), Bahia (13.6 million m), Mato Grosso do Sul (9.9 million m) and Minas Gerais (7.8 million m). Together, they correspond to 72.7% of

9072-420: The extant members of the genus can be subdivided into two large clades – the first consisting of the sections Araucaria , Bunya , and Intermedia ; and the second of the strongly monophyletic section Eutacta . Sections Eutacta and Bunya are both the oldest taxa of the genus, with Eutacta possibly older. Araucaria bindrabunensis (previously classified under section Bunya ) has been transferred to

9198-434: The fifth largest producer of cane, third of sugar and fifth of alcohol in the country. It harvested about 46 million tons of cane this year. The state's sugar and alcohol sector has 25 plants and employs around 55,000 people. The regions of Umuarama, Paranavaí, Maringá and Jacarezinho concentrate production. Brazil is the largest world producer, with 672.8 million tons harvested in 2018. In cassava production, Brazil produced

9324-429: The fight for racial equality and social justice. Currently, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) uses five race or color categories in the census: branca (white), parda (brown/mixed), preta (black), amarela (yellow, ethnic East Asian) and indígena (indigenous). In the 1940 census, all individuals who did not identify as "white", "black" or "yellow" were subsequently aggregated into

9450-472: The fugitives, who, instead of hiding from police, seemed ready to engage in confrontation. It was as a response to such situation that, on 13 May 1888, slavery was abolished, as a means to restore order and the control of the ruling class, in a situation in which the slave system was almost completely disorganised. As an abolitionist newspaper, O Rebate , put it, ten years later, Political elites in Brazil actively promoted European immigration to " whiten "

9576-819: The genomic ancestry, allowing to estimate the percentage of African, European and Amerindian genes in the composition of an individual. Of the nine people analyzed, three had more European ancestry than African, while the other six people had more African ancestry, with varying degrees of European and Amerindian admixture. The African admixture varied from 19.5% in actress Ildi Silva to 99.3% in singer Milton Nascimento . The European admixture varied from 0.4% in Nascimento to 70% in Silva. The Amerindian admixture from 0.3% in Nascimento to 25.4% in football player Obina. Afro-Brazilians, along with other non-European groups, are significantly underrepresented in Brazilian media. They have

9702-661: The genus Araucarites . Members of Araucaria are found in Argentina , Brazil , New Caledonia , Norfolk Island , Australia , New Guinea , Chile and Papua (Indonesia) . Many if not all current populations are relicts , and of restricted distribution. They are found in forest and maquis shrubland , with an affinity for exposed sites. The earliest records of the genus date to the Middle Jurassic , represented by Araucaria mirabilis of Argentina, and Araucaria sphaerocarpa from England. Fossil records show that

9828-913: The genus also formerly occurred in the northern hemisphere until the end of the Cretaceous period. By far the greatest diversity exists in New Caledonia , likely due to a relatively recent adaptive radiation , as all New Caledonian species are more closely related to each other than they are to other Araucaria . Much of New Caledonia is composed of ultramafic rock with serpentine soils , with low levels of nutrients, but high levels of metals such as nickel . Consequently, its endemic Araucaria species are adapted to these conditions, and many species have been severely affected by nickel mining in New Caledonia and are now considered threatened or endangered, due to their habitat lying in prime areas for nickel mining activities. Some evidence suggests that

9954-493: The genus of the distinctive Chilean pine or monkey-puzzle tree ( Araucaria araucana ). The genus is named after the Spanish exonym Araucano ("from Arauco ") applied to the Mapuche of south-central Chile and south-west Argentina , whose territory incorporates natural stands of this genus. The Mapuche people call it pehuén , and consider it sacred. Some Mapuche living in the Andes name themselves Pehuenche ("people of

10080-839: The greatest slave revolts in the Americas, known as the Malê Revolt , when in 1835 they tried to take control of Salvador , until then the largest city of the American continent. Despite the large influx of Islamic slaves, most of the slaves in Brazil were brought from the Bantu regions of the Atlantic coast of Africa where today Congo and Angola are located, and also from Mozambique. In general, these people lived in tribes, kingdoms or city-states. The people from Congo had developed agriculture, raised livestock, domesticated animals such as goat, pig, chicken and dog and produced sculpture in wood. Some groups from Angola were nomadic and did not know agriculture. According to Petrônio Domingues, by 1887

10206-686: The heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%). According to another study from 2008, by the University of Brasília, European ancestry dominates in the whole of Brazil in all regions, accounting for 65,90% of

10332-472: The heritage of the population, followed by the African contribution (24,80%) and the Native American (9,3%). According to an autosomal DNA study (from 2003) focused on the composition of the Brazilian population as a whole, "European contribution [...] is highest in the South (81% to 82%), and lowest in the North (68% to 71%). The African component is lowest in the South (11%), while the highest values are found in

10458-725: The highest proportion of self-identified Black Brazilians, comprising 13.0% of its population. It is followed by the Southeast at 10.6%, the Central-West at 9.1%, the North at 8.8%, and the South at 5.0%. In absolute numbers, the Southeast has the largest self-identified Black population, with 9,003,372 individuals, while the Northeast has 7,127,018. Together, the Southeast and Northeast account for 78.08% of Black Brazilians. The North ranks third with 1,530,418 Black Brazilians, followed by

10584-424: The highest temperatures found in the northwest and the lowest around Palmas , which is considered the coldest city of Paraná by the meteorological body Simepar. In the coastal plain minimum average temperatures range between 16–18 °C (61–64 °F). Precipitation is less than 1,200 mm (47 in) a year in the north of the state, rising to above 1,800 mm (71 in) in the southwest and southeast of

10710-500: The hinterland of Brazil, including the Northern region, and met Amerindian and Mameluco populations. Many of these acculturated blacks were accepted in these communities and taught them the Portuguese language and the European culture. In these areas the blacks were "agents for transmitting European culture" to those isolated communities in Brazil. Many blacks mixed with the Amerindian and caboclo women. The Northeast region has

10836-698: The long necks of sauropod dinosaurs may have evolved specifically to browse the foliage of tall trees, including those of Araucaria . An analysis of modern Araucaria leaves found that they have a high energy content but are slow fermenting, making their ancestors a likely attractive target. Some of the species are relatively common in cultivation because of their distinctive, formal symmetrical growth habit. Several species are economically important for timber production. The edible large seeds of A. araucana , A. angustifolia and A. bidwillii — also known as Araucaria nuts , and often called, although improperly, pine nuts — are eaten as food, particularly among

10962-465: The main character, as a mulata . But to play Gabriela on television Rede Globo chose Sônia Braga , who is an olive-skinned woman. The producer claimed he "did not find any talented Black actress" for the role of Gabriela. In 2001 Rede Globo produced Porto dos Milagres , also based on a book by Jorge Amado. In the book Amado described a Bahia full of blacks. In the Rede Globo's soap opera, on

11088-463: The mainstream media, official bodies such as the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), ministries, government departments, and international organizations. However, not all people who identify as pardos are of African descent, especially in Northern Brazil, and identify with Blackness. Sociologist Demétrio Magnoli considers classifying all pretos and pardos as Blacks as an assault on

11214-658: The major differences between these groups. Some Sudanese peoples, such as Hausa , Fula and others, were Islamic and spoke Arabic and many of them could read and write in this language. Muslim slaves were brought from northern Mozambique. Freyre noted that many enslaved Africans were better educated than their masters, because many Muslim slaves were literate in Arabic, while many Portuguese Brazilian masters could not read or write in Portuguese. These slaves of greater Arab and Berber influence were largely sent to Bahia. These Muslim slaves, known as Malê in Brazil, produced one of

11340-528: The media. To change this trend, the Black Movement of Brazil entered in court against the fashion show, where almost all the models were whites. In a fashion show during São Paulo Fashion Week in January 2008, of the 344 models only eight (2.3% of total) were blacks. A public attorney required the fashion show to contract Black models and demanded that during São Paulo Fashion Week 2009, at least 10% of

11466-436: The models should be "Blacks, Afro-descendants or Indians", under penalty of fine of 250,000 reais. Carnival in Brazil is the traditional combination of a Roman Catholic festival with the lively celebrations of people of African ancestry. It evolved principally in urban coastal areas, notably in the former plantation zones along the coast between Recife and Rio de Janeiro. Salvador’s Carnival is less highly commercialized and has

11592-430: The national production of 85.1 million m. The ten largest producing municipalities had 22.9% of the country's production. They were the cities of Telêmaco Borba (PR), Três Lagoas (MS), Caravelas (BA), Mucuri (BA), Ortigueira (PR), São Mateus (ES), Dom Eliseu (PR), Nova Viçosa (BA), Water Clara (MS) and Ribas do Rio Pardo (MS). Paraná is the largest producer of oil shale in Brazil. In the city of São Mateus do Sul , there

11718-557: The north, mostly of Portuguese, but also of African and Amerindian origin, and another from southern Brazil to the southwest and west, mostly of Portuguese, Italian, and German origins. Most populous cities in Parana Religion in Paraná (2010) According to the 2010 Brazilian Census, most of the population (69.6%) is Roman Catholic , other religious groups include Protestants or evangelicals (22.2%), Spiritists (1.0%), None 4.6%, and people with other religions (2.6%). In 2013,

11844-527: The other hand, almost all the cast was white. The same situation has been seen in the 2018 telenovela Segundo Sol , leading to new protests, mainly in social medias. But once again TV Globo denied racism, saying "We base our cast selection by talent, not by race". In 2018, a survey conducted by UOL reported that Black actors represented approximately 7.98% of those employed in the drama departments of Brazil's three major television networks. The data considered

11970-846: The other, until the Paraná River is reached. According to the Köppen climate classification , the north and west of the state, and the east coast, is of the Cfa climate type, with the remainder being Cfb . An alternative analysis using the ECMWF model indicates that the Aw and Cwa Köppen types appear in the north. The northern part of the state is the convergence point between the Tropical Atlantic and Equatorial Continental air masses. The annual mean air temperature ranges between 15 and 24°, with

12096-456: The past, mainly due to Catholic influence. However, the Brazilian government has legalized them. In current practice, Umbanda followers leave offerings of food, candles and flowers in public places for the spirits. The Candomblé terreiros are more hidden from general view, except in famous festivals such as Iemanjá Festival and the Waters of Oxalá in the Northeast. From Bahia northwards there

12222-477: The plantation of Sergipe do Conde in Bahia shows that he owned nineteen males and one female. These uneven gender-ratios combined with the high mortality rate related to the physical duress that working in a mine or on a sugar plantation (for example) could have on a slave's body. The effect was often that many New World slave economies, including Brazil, relied on a constant importation of new slaves to replace those who had died. With Brazil’s proximity to Africa, it

12348-569: The population, banning African and Asian immigration in 1891. To incentivize European immigration, the federal government subsidized travel to Brazil until 1927. European and white Brazilian workers were favored in factory jobs over Brazilians of African descent, who were often relegated to domestic and plantation labor. Afro-Brazilians established their own social and cultural institutions to support each other. In Salvador, they founded religious brotherhoods like Rosário às Portas do Carmo (1888-1938). The Sociedade Protectora dos Desvalidos, created in 1832,

12474-515: The racial vision of Brazilians. Sociologist Simon Schwartzman points out that to "substitute negro for preto , suppressing the pardo alternative would mean to impose unto Brazil a vision of the racial issue as a dichotomy, similar to that of the United States, which would not be true." Members of the black movement in Brazil seek to define their racial identity in political and socioeconomic terms; pardos are grouped with blacks based on shared realities of racial discrimination rather than merely as

12600-413: The self-reported pardo and 38% of the self-reported white population reported to have African ancestors. It is notable that 14% of the pardos from Rio de Janeiro said they have no African ancestors. This percentage may be even higher in Northern Brazil , where there was a greater ethnic contribution from Amerindian populations. The fusion of pretos and pardos into negros tends to be validated by

12726-565: The settlers for labor. In many cases, exposure to European diseases caused high levels of mortality among the Amerindian population, to such an extent that workers became scarce. Historians estimate that about 30,000 Amerindians under the rule of the Portuguese died in a smallpox epidemic in the 1560s. The Iberian conquerors could not attract sufficient settlers from their own countries to the colonies and, after 1570, they began increasingly to bring enslaved people who had been kidnapped in Africa as

12852-649: The slave struggles pointed to a real possibility of widespread insurrection. On 23 October, in São Paulo, for instance, there were violent confrontations between the police and rioting Blacks, who chanted "long live freedom" and "death to the slaveowners". The president of the province, Rodrigues Alves, reported the situation as following: Uprisings erupted in Itu , Campinas , Indaiatuba , Amparo , Piracicaba and Capivari ; ten thousand fugitive slaves grouped in Santos . Flights were happening in daylight, guns were spotted among

12978-685: The slave trade, 4,821,126 Africans disembarked in Brazil. After thorough analyses in Africa and the Americas, researchers were able to trace the origins of the Africans brought to Brazil. About 70% of the slaves disembarked in Brazil came from Central-Western Africa. Today, this region includes the countries of Angola, the Republic of Congo, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Africans brought to Brazil belonged to two major groups:

13104-486: The slaves also died in the places where they were taken to be bought by their future masters. In consequence, only 45% of the Africans captured in Africa to become slaves in Brazil survived. Darcy Ribeiro estimated that, in this process, some 12 million Africans were captured to be brought to Brazil, even though the majority of them died before becoming slaves in the country. The African slaves in Brazil were known to have suffered various types of physical violence. Lashes on

13230-409: The soap operas that were either airing or in production at Globo, Record, and SBT. In the fashion world Afro-Brazilians are also poorly represented. In Brazil there is a clear predominance of models from the South of Brazil, mostly of European descent. Many black models complained of the difficulty of finding work in the fashion world in Brazil. This reflects a Caucasian standard of beauty demanded by

13356-435: The state ranks 2nd in Brazil, with 9,6% of national production. In fish farming , western Paraná, in municipalities close to Toledo and Cascavel , has become the largest fish-producing region in the country, with tilapia as the main cultivated species. The west represents 69% of all production in Paraná, the largest national producer, with 112 thousand tons. Of this amount, 91% refer to tilapia breeding. The South region

13482-426: The state's cattle herd was 9.3 million head, 10th place in the country. In 2018, Paraná produced a total of 4.4 billion liters of milk , making it the 2nd largest producer in the country. The city of Castro was the largest producer in the country in 2018, with 292 million liters of milk. In pork , the 3 southern states are the largest producers in the country. Brazil had 41.1 million head in 2017. Paraná (17.2%)

13608-611: The state's industry. In Brazil, the automotive sector represents close to 22% of industrial GDP. In 2019 the state came 2nd in national vehicle production, with a share of 15%. The state has Volkswagen , Renault , Audi , Volvo and DAF plants. In the paper and cellulose sector, Brazilian pulp production was 19.691 million tons in 2019. The country exported US$ 7.48 billion in pulp this year, US$ 3.25 billion only to China. Brazilian forest-based industry exports totaled US$ 9.7 billion (US$ 7.48 billion in cellulose, US$ 2 billion in paper and US$ 265 million in wood panels). Paper production

13734-522: The state. The Cfa climate, subtropical with good distribution of annual rainfall and hot summers, occurs in the coastal plain and western parts of the state. Average temperature is 19 °C (66 °F), with rainfall of 1,500 millimetres (59.1 in) per year. The Cfb climate, warm temperate with good distribution of annual rainfall and mild summers, occurs at higher elevation. The average annual temperatures are 17 °C (63 °F) and rainfall of 1,200 millimetres (47.2 in) per year. Parana

13860-535: The state. A variation of German known as Paraná-Wolga-Deutsch originated in the area. Initially settled by the Guarani and Kaingang Amerindians , until the 17th century, virtually no European presence existed in Paraná. The number of settlers grew around 1750 and the population was composed of Amerindians, Portuguese, and some Spaniards. African slaves from Angola and Mozambique were also present, but in fewer numbers than in other Brazilian areas, because Paraná

13986-1169: The story, since humans have 23 chromosome pairs in the cellular DNA. Analysing the Y chromosome, which comes from male ancestors through paternal line, it was concluded that half (50%) of Brazilian "negros" Y chromosomes come from Europe , 48% come from Africa and 1.6% come from Native Americans . Analysing their mitochondrial DNA, that comes from female ancestors though maternal line, 85% of them come from Africa, 12.5% come from Native Americans and 2.5% come from Europe. The high level of European ancestry in African Brazilians through paternal line exists because, for much of Brazil's history, there were more Caucasian males than Caucasian females. So inter-racial relationships between Caucasian males and African or Native American females were widespread. Over 75% of Caucasians from North and Northeastern Brazil would have over 10% native African genes, according to this particular study. Even in Southeastern and Southern Brazil , regions which received large waves of European immigration beginning in

14112-525: The study and yet they turned out predominantly European (at 52%), the African contribution at 41% and the Native American 7%. According to another autosomal DNA study, those who identified as Whites in Rio de Janeiro turned out to have 86.4% – and self identified pardos 68.1% – European ancestry on average (autosomal). Pretos were found out to have on average 41.8% European ancestry. An autosomal study from 2011 has also concluded that European ancestry

14238-414: The top of the tree, are globose , and vary in size among species from 7 to 25 centimetres (3 to 10 in) in diameter. They contain 80–200 large edible seeds, similar to pine nuts , though larger. The male cones are smaller, 4–10 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 –4 in) long, narrow to broad cylindrical, and 1.5–5 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 –2 in) broad. The genus is familiar to many people as

14364-645: The turnover of industries in Brazil reached R $ 153.0 billion in 2019, about 3% of the national GDP. The number of employees in the sector was 234.5 thousand people. Exports were US$ 5.6 billion, and the country's imports were US$ 32.0 billion. Brazil, despite its efforts over the decades to get rid of the dependence on technology imports, has not yet managed to reach this level. Imports are concentrated in expensive components, such as processors, microcontrollers, memories, under-mounted magnetic disks, lasers, LED and LCD. Cables for telecommunication and electricity distribution, wires, optical fibers and connectors are manufactured in

14490-455: The vast majority of which were small. These companies employed more than 1,600,000 workers, making the food and beverage industry the largest employer in the manufacturing industry. There are around 570 large companies in Brazil, which concentrate a good part of the total industry revenue. Paraná created food companies of national importance such as Frimesa , C.Vale , Nutrimental , Copacol, Coopavel and Matte Leão . In Electronics industry ,

14616-505: The western and south-western parts of the state, whose territory largely belonged to the Spanish crown. In 1554, Domingo Martínez de Irala founded the town of Ontiveros, one league away from the Guaíra Falls . In the 1940s, the northern part of the state was settled as a result of the expansion of the São Paulo coffee industry. The south-eastern part of the state was settled as a result of migration from Rio Grande do Sul . Paraná

14742-403: The white population. Historian Manolo Florentino refutes the idea that a large part of the Brazilian people is a result of the forced relationship between the rich Portuguese colonizer and the Amerindian or African slaves. According to him, most of the Portuguese settlers in Brazil were poor adventurers from Northern Portugal who immigrated to Brazil alone. Most of them were men (the proportion

14868-407: Was 10.535 million tons in 2019. The country exported 2.163 million tons. In 2016, the paper and cellulose industry in the South of the country represented 33% of the national total. This year, Paraná was the national leader in the production of roundwood (mainly eucalyptus ) for the pulp and paper industry (15.9 million m); Brazil was the second country that produced the most cellulose in the world and

14994-420: Was also because of the imbalance between the number of men and women. The vast majority of slaves were men, black women being a minority. Slaves rarely had a family and the unions between the slaves was hampered due to incessant hours of work. Another very important factor was that black women were held by white and mixed-race men. The Portuguese colonization, largely composed of men with very few women resulted in

15120-693: Was an early mutual aid society for Afro-Brazilians. There were also religiously affiliated groups led by Afro-Brazilian women, such as the Irmãndade de Boa Morte in Bahia. Facing exclusion from white social clubs, Afro-Brazilians formed their own organizations, including the Luvas Pretas in 1904 and the Palmares Civic Center in 1927, which served as a library and meeting place. Afro-Brazilians challenged racial exclusion through cultural and political movements. Notably, in 1928, they protested

15246-454: Was an unexplored region that did not need much slave manpower. As part of the province of São Paulo, immigration grew in the mid-19th century, mostly composed of Italian, German, Polish, Ukrainian, and Japanese peoples. While large numbers of Poles and Ukrainians are present in Paraná, their presence in the rest of Brazil is relatively small, especially Ukrainians. In the early 20th century, two waves of migration to Paraná occurred: one coming from

15372-407: Was close to 800 thousand tons, being almost all carried out in the South (Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul). About orange , Paraná was the 3rd largest producer in Brazil in 2018, with a total of 834 thousand tons. Although not a large production, Paraná is the Brazilian leader in the production of barley . The state harvested 219.2 thousand tons in 2019, 60% of the national production. However, Brazil

15498-403: Was easy for the Portuguese to continue transporting Africans to Brazil when enslaved people ran away or died. Not all Africans and their descendants were enslaved, some were free and others were able to buy their freedom by earning money for their services. Despite the changes in the slave population demographic related to the constant importation of slaves through the 1860s, a creole generation in

15624-406: Was eight or nine men for each woman) and then it was natural that they had relationships with the Amerindian or Black women. According to him the mixture of races in Brazil, more than a sexual domination of the rich Portuguese master over the poor slaves, was a mixture between the poor Portuguese settlers with the Amerindian and Black women. The Brazilian population of more evident black physiognomy

15750-597: Was the 4th largest producers in the country. In coffee , Paraná is the producer state located further south in the country. It was once the largest producing state in Brazil: in 1962, Paraná accounted for 58% of national production, but in 2017, it had only 2.7% of the total produced in the country. The coffee culture has been replaced by other planting crops, and the state's focus today has been to invest in special, more expensive coffee beans. In 2019, Brazil produced about 900 thousand tons of yerba mate annually, according to

15876-584: Was the main producer of honey in the country in 2017, accounting for 39.7% of the national total. Paraná was the 2nd largest producer in the country, with 14.3%. About industry , Paraná had an industrial GDP of R $ 92.8 billion in 2017, equivalent to 7.8% of the national industry. It employs 763,064 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Food (19.1%), Industrial Services of Public Utility, such as Electricity and Water (18.5%), Construction (17.3%), Motor Vehicles (8.1%), and Petroleum Derivatives and Biofuels (5.7%). These 5 sectors concentrate 68.7% of

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