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63-514: The Parabellum MG 14 was a 7.92 mm caliber World War I machine gun built by Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken . It was a redesign of the Maschinengewehr 08 machine gun (itself an adaptation of the Maxim gun ) system intended for use on aircraft and zeppelins. Like the earlier Vickers machine gun , it used a toggle action that broke upwards rather than downwards, the opposite way to

126-531: A Lafette tripod and aimed through the MG Z 34 or MG Z 40 telescopic sight, the effective range of the MG 34 and MG 42 general-purpose machine guns in long-range indirect fire support roles could be extended out to 3,500 m (3,828 yd), though plunging fire or indirect fire methods were not as commonly used by machine gunners during World War II as they were during World War I. This indirect firing method exploits

189-642: A "J" in English speaking communities and German ammunition manufacturers often write "JS" instead of "IS" to avoid confusing customers. The letter "S" stands for Spitzgeschoß ("pointed bullet"), and the English designation " spitzer " for that style of bullet is derived from this German term. The mainly European arms standards body Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives (Permanent International Commission for portable firearms testing) (C.I.P.)—an organisation for standards in ammunition for civilian use—currently (2012) designates

252-567: A 14/17 version with a 3x telescopic sight. [REDACTED] 8x57 mm IS The 7.92×57mm Mauser (designated as the 8mm Mauser or 8×57mm by the SAAMI and 8 × 57 IS by the C.I.P. ) is a rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge . The 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge was adopted by the German Empire in 1903–1905, and was the German service cartridge in both World Wars . In its prime,

315-439: A 600 millimetres (23.62 in) long barrel and an operating pressure of 320 MPa (46,412 psi). From a 740 millimetres (29.13 in) long barrel the muzzle velocity increased to 785 m/s (2,575 ft/s). From its 1914 introduction the s.S. Patrone was mainly issued for aerial combat and as of 1918 in the later stages of World War I to infantry machine gunners. The desire for adopting new shorter barreled rifles and

378-658: A Berdan-primed steel case with a green lacquer coating. The case mouth and primer pocket were sealed with a red sealant. It is unusual in that it has a uniform 56mm-long case, perhaps for cleaner extraction when used in belt-fed 8mm machine guns. Since it is from the portion after the neck, it chambers and feeds safely and extracts positively. It has sometimes been confused with the rather different Hungarian 8×56mmR Mannlicher cartridge. Some experts mistakenly believed it to be an experimental rimless pointed-bullet Hungarian "sniper rifle cartridge" developed by Hungary's Factory 22 ( Andezit Muvek ) until it became available as surplus. It

441-507: A G1 ballistic coefficient between 0.593 and 0.557 (ballistic coefficients are somewhat debatable) or a ballistic coefficient of approximately 0.295 (G7). When fired at the typical muzzle velocity of 760 m/s (2,493 ft/s) out of a 600 mm (23.6 in) barrel the s.S. bullet retained supersonic velocity up to and past 1,000 m (1,094 yd) (V 1000 ≈ Mach 1.07) under International Standard Atmosphere conditions at sea level ( air density ρ = 1.225 kg/m ). Mounted to

504-574: A high sectional density . The 7.92×57mm Mauser cannot be used in countries that ban civil use of former or current military rifle cartridges, though since 2013 is no longer restricted in France. The rimmed variant of the 7.92×57mm Mauser, the 8×57mm IRS , was developed later for break-barrel rifles and combination guns . The 8×57mm IRS is commercially offered as a chambering option in European break-action rifles. The naming of this cartridge

567-430: A limited-edition Model 700 Classic bolt action hunting rifle chambered for the 7.92×57mm Mauser. The 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge's performance makes it suitable for the hunting all medium-sized game such as the deer family, chamois , mouflon , bighorn sheep , wild boar and bear . The 7.92×57mm Mauser can offer very good penetrating ability due to a fast twist rate that enables it to fire long, heavy bullets with

630-576: A relatively heavy, 14.7 g (227 gr), round-nosed ball bullet with a diameter of 8.08 mm (0.318 in). The M/88 bore originally had 7.90 mm (0.311 in) lands diameter and 8.10 mm (0.319 in) grooves diameter. The M/88 barrel bore specification was changed by 1894–1895 to 7.90 mm (0.311 in) lands diameter and 8.20 mm (0.323 in) grooves diameter to improve accuracy and reduce barrel wear in M/88 chambered arms. German government driven efforts to further improve on

693-459: A result the new cartridge was not fully interchangeable with the old one). The 1903 pattern S Patrone (S ball cartridge) was loaded with a lighter 9.9 grams (153 gr), pointed Spitzgeschoß (spire point bullet) of 8.2 mm (0.323 in) diameter and more powerful double-base (based on nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin ) smokeless powder resulting in nearly 38% higher muzzle velocity and 27% more muzzle energy. The operating pressure

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756-500: A shorter barrel and also provided better accuracy. Because of this the S Patrone was phased out in 1933 and the s.S. Patrone became the standard German service ball cartridge in the 1930s when the German rearmament program started. The s.S. ball projectile with a 5.9 millimetres (0.23 in) long 6° 25′ 51″ boat tail was designed for long range use and offered the best aerodynamic efficiency and external ballistic performance of any standard rifle bullet used during World War II, with

819-429: Is 35,000 psi (241.3 MPa) piezo pressure or (37,000 CUP ). This is considerably lower than the C.I.P. pressure limit and is done for liability reasons, in case a 7.92×57mm Mauser "S-bore" cartridge is fired in an "I-bore" rifle that has a narrower throat and barrel diameter. Most European ammunition manufacturers load to a lower C.I.P. pressure limit - 380.00 MPa (55,114 psi) P max piezo pressure for

882-414: Is cultural and epoch dependent and hence not uniform around the world. The 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge is also known by the following designations: This list is not conclusive and other nomenclature or designation variations might be encountered. The 7.92 naming convention is often used by English speaking sources for the military issued 7.92×57mm Mauser and 7.92×33mm Kurz cartridges. Remarkably, both

945-550: Is not clear why the cartridge was manufactured, as the Romanian military used the standard Communist-Bloc 7.62mm M91 Mosin-Nagant rifle round. Some believe it may have been for an experimental self-loading rifle or for a Communist Bloc client. It was most likely for use in the obsolete 8mm vz 24 rifles and MG 42 machine guns used by the Romanian Garzile Patriotice ("Patriotic Guards") from 1968 to

1008-888: Is quite remarkable for a standard military rifle round. For recognition the primer sealant was green, and it had a yellow-tip marked bullet. According to the book “Du und dein Heer"(1943) the regular s.S. projectile had the following penetration performance: 85 cm (33 in) of dry pine wood at 100 m (109 yd), 65 cm (26 in) at 400 m (437 yd), 45 cm (18 in) at 800 m (875 yd) and 10 cm (4 in) at 1,800 m (1,969 yd), 10 mm (0.39 in) of iron at 300 m (328 yd), 7 mm (0.28 in) at 550 m (601 yd), 5 mm (0.20 in) of steel at 100 m (109 yd) and 3 mm (0.12 in) at 600 m (656 yd). During World War II German snipers were issued with purpose-manufactured sniping ammunition, known as

1071-404: Is the projected area perpendicular to the applied force. On a spring , the bearing area refers to the amount of area on the top or bottom surface of the spring in contact with the constraining part. The ways of machine tools , such as dovetail slides, box ways, prismatic ways, and other types of machine slides are also bearing surfaces. This article about a mechanical engineering topic

1134-436: The 1948 Arab–Israeli War . Israel did not have a domestic arms industry and could not manufacture rifles but it could produce replacement parts and refurbish weapons. Israel only used its Mauser rifles in their original configuration for a short period, when NATO countries adopted a standard rifle cartridge, the 7.62×51mm NATO , Israel replaced all of the 7.92×57mm Mauser barrels on its Mauser rifles with barrels chambered for

1197-490: The Patrone 88 was replaced in 1904 and 1905 by the S Patrone . As the bolt thrust of the 7.92×57mm Mauser is relatively low compared to many other service rounds used in the early 20th century, many arms originally chambered for the Patrone 88 could be and were adapted for chambering the S Patrone by reaming out metal from the chamber as it required a wider chamber throat to take the differently shaped and thicker brass of

1260-469: The s.S. Patrone useful maximum range, that is defined by the maximum range of a small-arms projectile while still maintaining the minimum kinetic energy required to put unprotected personnel out of action, which is generally believed to be 15 kilogram-meters (147 J / 108 ft⋅lbf). The s.S. Patrone had a maximum range of approximately 4,700 m (5,140 yd). Even by contemporary (2012) standards 1000 m (1,094 yards) effective supersonic range

1323-513: The "Mauser" tag, though the Mauser company had nothing to do with the development of this cartridge. The letter "J" often mentioned by English speaking sources is actually an "I" for Infanterie (German for " infantry "). A stamped "I" at the cartridge bottom in writing styles used in the past in Germany could be easily mistaken for a "J". Even in the 21st century the "I" is often substituted by

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1386-511: The 'effect-firing' s.S. round. The 'effect-firing' s.S. round featured an extra carefully measured propellant charge and seated an sS full-metal-jacketed boat-tail projectile of match-grade build quality, lacking usual features such as a cannelure, to further improve the already high G1 ballistic coefficient to approximately 0.595 (G1) or 0.300 (G7). The 'effect-firing' s.S. projectile had a form factor (G7 i ) of 0.869, which indicates good aerodynamic efficiency and external ballistic performance for

1449-464: The 7.9 mm back into military service with the onset of the Yugoslav wars . This was the parent case for many other later cartridges, such as: Bearing surface On a screw , the bearing area loosely refers to the underside of the head. Strictly speaking, the bearing area refers to the area of the screw head that directly bears on the part being fastened. For a cylindrical bearing, it

1512-452: The 7.92 and 7,9 used in these and alike designations do not exactly comply to the actual C.I.P. or SAAMI cartridge, chamber and bore dimensions. All other non-military issued rimless and rimmed rifle cartridges originating from Germany having approximately 8 mm bullet diameter are connected to 8 mm namings. The widespread use in German military Gewehr 98 and Karabiner 98k service rifles designed and manufactured by Mauser caused

1575-537: The 7.92×57mm Mauser as the 8 × 57 IS . This designation has the power of law for civil use in C.I.P. member states like the United Kingdom. The United States standardizing body for sporting cartridges Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) currently (2012) designates the 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge as the 8mm Mauser , also known as 8×57mm . The German military used 7,9mm as designation or omitted any diameter reference and only printed

1638-482: The 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge as standard issue from its independence. It gradually converted over in the 1950s and 1960s to using Warsaw Pact standard calibers. The 7.92 LPS gs MD71 (7.92×56mm) cartridge was manufactured in Romania by their Factory 22 ( UM Sadu ) from 1972 to 1978. It had a 10 g (154.3 gr) Semi-Armor-Piercing bullet with a copper jacket and mild steel core, corrosive VT stick propellant, and

1701-591: The 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge rather than use the original 6.5×55mm Ag m/42 cartridge. Its military use continues today (2012) in some former Yugoslavia republics. The Zastava M76 sniper rifle, M48 bolt-action rifle and the license-built copy of the MG 42 , the M53 Šarac machine gun use this cartridge. Rifles formerly manufactured for the Wehrmacht , captured by the Allies and acquired by Israel were important in

1764-629: The 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge was one of the world's most popular military cartridges. In the 21st century it is still a popular sport and hunting cartridge that is factory-produced in Europe and the United States. The parent cartridge, upon which the 7.92×57mm Mauser is based, was adopted by Germany in 1888 as the Patrone 88 (cartridge 88) or M/88 (along with the Gewehr 1888 service rifle). It

1827-507: The 8×57mm I civilian Patrone 88 offspring - for I-bore cartridges and use 8.08 to 8.09 mm (0.318 to 0.319 in) diameter projectiles; while the US based manufacturer Hornady followed their lead in their (now discontinued) EuroSpec brand 8×57 JS load. Germany produced many military versions of the cartridge, and continued the development of different variations until the end of World War II . The bullet lengths substantially varied between

1890-628: The Chinese, especially early in the war. After World War II it was used by the early Bundeswehr of West Germany . It saw limited uses by the various (police and paramilitary ) units in East Germany before being completely phased out of service in the 1960s. Later, when Egypt decided to manufacture the Hakim rifle , a licensed copy of the Swedish Ag m/42 , they redesigned the breech to accept

1953-607: The M.5K/MG, as noted by Otto Parschau . The MG 14 and subsequent MG 14/17 did make one important contribution to the fixed forward-firing LMG 08 and LMG's 08/15 guns, in that their 30mm wide cloth ammunition belt was compatible with those weapons, The fixed forward-firing guns used fixed ammunition feed guides and judging by surviving photographs, the belts were used exclusively by the Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte for all fixed forward-firing guns. The belts can be readily identified by two grommets (instead of three for

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2016-572: The M53. Yugoslavian state arms manufacturers like Prvi Partizan started making 7.92×57mm Mauser ammunition for export to the Middle East in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1970s the JNA started to develop a new more accurate 7.9 mm ammunition, sniper universal ball M75, variant, designated M75 . This was done to support the new Zastava M76 sniper/designated marksman rifle for the JNA. Other adoption of

2079-423: The MG 08, making for a much more compact receiver. The fusee spring was replaced with an internal spring design, the breech block was completely different and the spent cartridges dropped out the bottom of the receiver, rather than being ejected forward through a hole under the breech from the receiver. There appear to be no action or receiver parts interchangeable with the MG 08. The MG 08's belt-style ammunition feed

2142-445: The aim to use less material and their ammunition boxes were marked Für Gewehr ("for rifle") use. Other military cartridge cases were made extra sturdy and their ammunition boxes were marked Für MG ("for machine gun") use. The data for the 7.92×57mm Mauser s.S. Patrone of 1934 and S.m.E. are for Karabiner 98k rifles with 600 mm (23.6 in) barrel length. The German standard s.S. Patrone ("s.S. ball cartridge")

2205-407: The ammunition where tracer round 7.9 mm cartridge, ball with tracer, designated M70 . The M70 tracer round burns out to 900  m (984  yd ). For training and ceremonial use a 7.9 mm cartridge, blank was adopted. By the mid-1980s the JNA started to push toward adopting Soviet / Warsaw Pact 7.62×54mm R ammunition. This process was interrupted by the fall of Yugoslavia and brought

2268-400: The bullet diameter. In 1940 Germany introduced S.m.E. - Spitzgeschoß mit Eisenkern ("spitzer with iron core") — mild steel cored projectile ammunition. The S.m.E. ammunition was developed to replace the s.S. ammunition to save on lead and other metals that became scarce in Germany during World War II. The projectile core was covered by a relatively thin layer of lead. Muzzle velocity

2331-420: The cartridge's high performance and versatility, led to the 7.92×57mm Mauser being adopted by the armed forces of various governments. These included: Spain , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Romania , Iran , Turkey , China , Egypt , Yugoslavia , former German African colonies . This made the round the most widely used military rifle cartridge in the world during the inter-war years. During World War II it

2394-417: The case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt-action rifles and machine guns alike, under extreme conditions. [REDACTED] 7.92×57mm Mauser maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters. Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 19.1 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in), 4 grooves, Ø of

2457-842: The different cartridge types, but all were loaded to an overall length of 80.6 mm (3.17 in). The Germans had started using steel cases in World War I , and by the end of 1943, most German ammunition had that type of case. The weights and case capacities of the World War II military cartridge cases varied somewhat. The German military ammunition manufacturer Polte produced brass cartridge cases weighing 10.32 g (159 gr) with 4.03 ml (62 gr) H 2 O case capacity and steel cartridge cases weighing 10.90 g (168 gr) with 3.95 ml (61 gr) H 2 O case capacity. The steel cartridge cases were produced in copper plated and lacquered executions. Some military cartridge cases were made with

2520-675: The early 1980s. After World War II the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia used the 7.92×57mm Mauser as a military service round. The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) designated their 7.92×57mm Mauser ammunition as 7.9 mm. At the end of the 1940s the Yugoslav People's Army adopted a 7.9 mm cartridge, ball M49 variant, designated M49 , as infantry ammunition for use in Mauser-type bolt-action rifles and MG 42 general-purpose machinegun clones like

2583-425: The exact type of loading on ammunition boxes during World War II. In Sweden the cartridge was designated "8mm patron m/39" The Polish military used 7,9mm or 7,92mm designations (mostly 7,9mm). The Norwegian military used the designation 7,92×57 mm, sometimes "7,92 Lett" ("lett" meaning light ) to differentiate it from the similar but not interchangeable 7,92×61 Tung ( heavy ). Ammunition produced by Raufoss after

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2646-469: The five Fokker M.5K/MG pre-production prototypes for the Fokker E.I . However, the limited supplies of the weapon were more urgently needed for observers in reconnaissance aircraft and defensive gunners aboard Zeppelins and heavier-than-air bombers and it was reserved for flexible mounts where its combination of light weight and high rate of fire were most useful. The weapon was also temperamental when used on

2709-514: The introduction of the Karabiner 98k were reasons for changing the standard German service ball rifle cartridge. The 1903 pattern 7.92×57mm Mauser S Patrone produced excessive muzzle flash when fired from arms that did not have a long barrel like the Gewehr 98. It was found that the s.S. Patrone , originally designed for long range machine gun use, produced less muzzle flash out of rifles that had

2772-784: The lands = 7.89 mm (0.311 in), Ø grooves = 8.20 mm (0.323 in), land width = 4.40 mm (0.173 in) and the primer type is large rifle. According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the 7.92×57mm Mauser can handle up to 390.00 MPa (56,565 psi) P max piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that 7.92×57mm Mauser chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2013) proof tested at 487.50 MPa (70,706 psi) PE piezo pressure. The SAAMI (voluntary) Maximum Average Pressure (MAP) for this cartridge

2835-440: The lengthened S.m.E. lg projectile was more accurate compared to the shorter S.m.E. projectile. Special ammunition included: British cartridges included "ball", "armour-piercing", "tracer", and "incendiary". Blanks and a drill round were also available for instruction purposes. The drill round was an aluminium bullet fixed in a chromium-plated case which had three deep lengthwise recesses painted red to identify it. Ammunition

2898-597: The mid-1930s Germany stopped obeying the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles and gradually the civilian use of 7.92×57mm Mauser chambered rifles by German hunters and sport shooters was resumed. In 1939 the Normalisierungsverordnung (Normalization regulation) effectively prohibited the production of non S-bore/7.92×57mm Mauser chambered arms in Nazi Germany. In post-World War 2 Germany,

2961-648: The new S Patrone . The rimless cartridge cases have been used as the parent cases for several other necked-down and necked-up cartridges and a rimmed variant. Due to restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles , the Germans were not able to develop or sell any military equipment after World War I. In the post-war years, 7.92×57mm Mauser chambered Gewehr 98 pattern rifles were produced in Belgium , Czechoslovakia , Poland , Mexico , Austria and China . This, and

3024-585: The new 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. After World War I the Treaty of Versailles imposed comprehensive and complex restrictions upon the post-war German armed forces (the Reichswehr ). According to the treaty the Reichswehr could, on a limited scale, continue using the 7.92×57mm Mauser as their service cartridge. The Treaty of Versailles however effectively nixed the civilian use of 7.92×57mm Mauser chambered rifles by German hunters and sport shooters. During

3087-517: The performance of the military M/88 ammunition and the service arms in which the M/88 was used after several development steps eventually resulted in the official adoption on 3 April 1903 by the G.P.K. of the dimensionally redesigned 7.92×57mm Mauser chambering. Besides the chambering, the bore (designated as "S-bore") was also dimensionally redesigned because the new bullet with a shorter cylindrical part had reduced bearing surface , which necessitated increasing its diameter and deepening barrel grooves (as

3150-789: The production of the various preceding chamberings is allowed again, but these chamberings have become rare in post-1939 produced arms. The 7.92×57mm Mauser is a common chambering offering in rifles marketed for European and North American sportsmen, alongside broadly similar cartridges such as the 5.6×57mm , 6.5×55mm , 6.5×57mm, and the 6.5×68mm and 8×68mm S magnum hunting cartridges. Major European manufacturers like Zastava Arms , Blaser , Česká Zbrojovka firearms , Heym , Mauser Jagdwaffen GmbH and Steyr Mannlicher produce factory new 7.92×57mm Mauser hunting rifles and European ammunition manufacturers like Blaser, Lapua, RUAG Ammotec/RWS , Prvi Partizan , Sako and Sellier & Bellot produce factory new ammunition. In 2004 Remington Arms offered

3213-585: The s.S. ammunition. In 1943 the lead content of the S.m.E. bullet was further reduced. To compensate for the lead reduction the mild steel core was redesigned resulting in a projectile lengthened to 39.8 mm (1.57 in) to retain the original S.m.E. bullet weight of 11.55 g (178.2 gr). This ammunition was designated S.m.E. lg - Spitzgeschoß mit Eisenkern lang ("spitzer with iron core long") and lacked recognition marks. The S.m.E. lg external ballistic characteristics were practically identical to s.S. ammunition up to 1,400 m (1,531 yd) and

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3276-474: The war was designated 7,92×57. The British military's Besa machine gun was chambered for the 7.92×57mm Mauser, and was used in armoured vehicles during World War II. The British referred to this ammunition as Cartridge SA, 7.92. United States intelligence documents from World War II refer to the cartridge as 7.92 or 7.92 mm or 7.92-mm. The 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge has a cartridge case capacity of 4.09 ml (63 grains) H 2 O. The exterior shape of

3339-411: The wider MG 08 and MG 08/15 belts used by ground forces) and the lack of extended brass tab (also used by the MG 08 and MG 08/15 ground guns). This not only reduced weight and bulk but it also allowed for much lighter and smaller empty belt chutes, which came out of all LMG 08's and LMG 08/15's and led down into storage bins in the aircraft. At least three versions survive, a water cooled, an air cooled and

3402-411: Was 300 MPa (43,511 psi). With the improved ballistic coefficient – (G1 BC) of approximately 0.321 to 0.337 (ballistic coefficients are somewhat debatable) – of the new bullet, the 1903 pattern cartridge had an improved maximum effective range and a flatter trajectory, and was therefore less critical of range estimation compared to the M/88 cartridge. In German military service

3465-462: Was 790 m/s (2,592 ft/s) and the operating pressure was 310 MPa (44,962 psi). For recognition the primer annulus or whole primers were colored blue. S.m.E. bullets were 37.3 mm (1.47 in) long, boat-tailed, and weighed 11.55 g (178.2 gr). The mild steel core weights varied between the four production sub-executions from 5.47 to 5.79 g (84.4 to 89.4 gr). From 1942 onwards S.m.E. ammunition practically replaced

3528-512: Was a copy of the German SmK cartridge. The armor-piercing-with-tracer PS ( przeciwpancerny smugowy ) and incendiary Z ( zapalający ) cartridges were Polish modifications of the original German counterpart designs. The Polish designed a machine gun cartridge loaded with the long-range D bullet ( dalekosiężny ), which offered a maximum plunging fire range of 5,200 m (5,687 yd) to 5,500 m (6,015 yd). The Romanian military used

3591-544: Was a first-generation smokeless propellant cartridge designed by the German Gewehr-Prüfungskommission ( lit.   ' Rifle Testing Commission ' , abbreviated to G.P.K. ), as the new smokeless propellant introduced as Poudre B in the 1886 pattern 8mm Lebel had started a military rifle ammunition revolution. The M/88 cartridge was loaded with 2.75 g (42.4 gr) of single-base (based on nitrocellulose ) smokeless powder and

3654-428: Was enclosed in a drum, the recoil casing was lightened and the cooling jacket was modified for air- instead of water-cooling. The rate of fire was 700 rounds/minute. The belt was reduced to 30 mm in width. An MG 14 was used in the early development of the German version of the gun synchroniser by Anthony Fokker . The MG 14 was used with the first version of the pioneering Fokker Stangensteuerung synchronizer on

3717-415: Was loaded with the 9.9 g (152.8 gr) S bullet ( Spiczasty , "Pointed [Ball]"), a copy of the 1905 pattern German S Patrone . For machine guns a cartridge variant loaded with the heavier 12.8 g (197.5 gr) SC bullet ( Spiczasty Ciężki , "Pointed, Heavy [Ball]") — a copy of the German 1934 pattern s.S. cartridge — was used. The variant loaded with the armor-piercing P bullet ( przeciwpancerny )

3780-524: Was one of the few cartridges used by both the Axis and Allied powers, a distinction that it shared with the 9×19mm Parabellum pistol round. Apart from being the standard rifle cartridge of the German and Polish armed forces, it was also used by the armed forces of the United Kingdom in the Besa machine gun , which was mounted in some of their tanks and other armoured vehicles, as well as being extensively used by

3843-465: Was only fitted to tanks and armoured cars of British design (the original Czech design was also produced for German use following the occupation of Czechoslovakia ) and captured German ammunition was used when available. The cartridges manufactured in Poland during the interwar period were mainly copies or modifications of the corresponding original German cartridge designs. The standard rifle cartridge

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3906-419: Was originally designed for long range machine gun use. It was loaded with a 35.3 mm (1.39 in) long, boat-tailed, s.S. - schweres Spitzgeschoß ("heavy pointed or spitzer bullet") full metal jacket bullet and very well made. It was lead filled, had a gilding-metal-plated jacket, and weighed 12.8 grams (197.53 gr). The s.S. Patrone had a muzzle velocity of 760 m/s (2,493 ft/s) fired from

3969-414: Was supplied in belted form with 225 rounds per belt. The ball case was filled with a charge of around 45 grains (3 g) of nitro-cellulose. The British cartridge was used in only one weapon—the Besa machine gun . This was a Czechoslovak ZB-53 design adopted shortly before the war as a move towards rimless ammunition across the armed service. However the move was disrupted by the lead up to war. The BESA

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