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40-578: The name "Parahyangan" has its origins in Sundanese words that mean "the abode of hyangs (gods)". Parahyangan is a mountainous region, and ancient Indonesians believed that the gods resided on the mountaintops. A Sundanese legend of Sangkuriang contains the memory of the prehistoric ancient lake in the Bandung basin highland, which suggests that the Sundanese had already inhabited the region since

80-492: A /a/ , é /ɛ/ , i /i/ , o /ɔ/ , u /u/ , e /ə/ , and eu /ɨ/ . According to Müller-Gotama (2001) there are 18 consonants in the Sundanese phonology: /b/ , /tʃ/ , /d/ , /ɡ/ , /h/ , /dʒ/ , /k/ , /l/ , /m/ , /n/ , /p/ , /r/ , /s/ , /ŋ/ , /t/ , /ɲ/ , /w/ , /j/ ; however, influences from foreign languages have introduced several additional consonants such as /f/ , /v/ , /z/ (as in fonem , qur'an , xerox , zakat ). The consonantal phonemes are transcribed with

120-454: A "not" to English "do" or "does"). To negate clauses where the subject is linked to adjectives or nouns (where, in English, it would normally require a linking verb like "be"), sanés is used. In this sentence, "acan" is used to signpost that the speaker has not done something, but they will do it in a short notice. Other words that can be used to negate clauses are moal (to signpost that

160-703: A casual variant of sanés . Moal and its longer variant moal waka can also be used casually. Other words include teu hayang (which can also sound aggressive depending on context) and embung (which is somewhat a casual counterpart of alim ). Dupi (for polite situation) /Ari (for formal situation) -(question) example: Polite: Formal: Polite: Formal: Examples: teuas (hard), tiis (cool for water and solid objects), tiris (cool for air), hipu (soft), lada (hot/spicy, usually for foods), haneut (warm), etc. Sundanese has three generic prepositions for spatial expressions: Using different type of prepositions can result in different meanings. di cai: at

200-728: A kind of "standard" variety of written languages in Sundanese society. Sundanese magazines, newspapers, literary books and theses, mostly using the loma variant. Apart from the two previous levels, there is actually one more lowest level, namely cohag (rough). This level is only used when angry or just to show intimacy between speakers. This register can only be found in the Sundanese Priangan dialect, while other dialects such as Bantenese Language , generally do not recognize this register. For many words, there are distinct loma and lemes forms, e.g. arék (loma) vs. badé (lemes) "want", maca (loma) vs. maos (lemes) "read". In

240-655: A military campaign throughout Java and vassalized the Sultanate of Cirebon. In 1618, Mataram troops conquered Ciamis and Sumedang and ruled most of the Parahyangan region. In 1630 Sultan Agung deported the native population of Parahyangan after he quashed rebellions in the area. The Mataram Sultanate was involved in a power struggle with the Dutch East India Company (VOC) centered in Batavia . Mataram

280-628: Is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in Java , primarily by the Sundanese . It has approximately 32 million native speakers in the western third of Java ; they represent about 15% of Indonesia 's total population. According to American linguist Robert Blust , Sundanese is closely related to the Malayic languages , as well as to language groups spoken in Borneo such as the Land Dayak languages or

320-537: Is a part of the former Sunda Kingdom . The inland mountainous region of Parahyangan was considered sacred in the Sunda Wiwitan beliefs. The kabuyutan or mandala (sacred sanctuary) of Jayagiri was mentioned in ancient Sundanese texts and is located somewhere in Parahyangan highlands, probably north of modern-day Bandung on the slopes of Mount Tangkuban Perahu . After the fall of the Sunda Kingdom in

360-824: The Kayan–Murik languages , based on high lexical similarities between these languages. Sundanese is mainly spoken on the west side of the island of Java , in an area known as Tatar Sunda ( Pasundan ). However, Sundanese is also spoken in the western part of Central Java , especially in Brebes and Cilacap Regency , because these areas were previously under the control of the Galuh Kingdom . Many place names in Cilacap are still Sundanese names such as Dayeuhluhur , Cimanggu, Cipari, even as far as Banyumas , such as Cilongok, Cingebul, Gumelar, and others. Until 1600 AD, Sundanese

400-700: The Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian Manuscript, Carita Parahyangan , Amanat Galunggung , and Guru Talapakan . In addition, according to some Sundanese language experts until around the 6th century , the area of speech reached around the Dieng Plateau in Central Java , based on the name "Dieng" which is considered the name Sundanese (from the origin of the word dihyang which is an Old Sundanese word). Along with transmigration and immigration carried out by

440-435: The ar infix into the stem word. If the stem word starts with l , or contains r following the infix, the infix ar becomes al . Also, as with other Sundanese infixes (such as um ), if the word starts with vowel, the infix becomes a prefix. Examples: However, it is reported that this use of al instead of ar (as illustrated in (4) above) does not to occur if the 'r' is in onset of a neighbouring syllable. For example,

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480-817: The lemes level, some words further distinguish humble and respectful forms, the former being used to refer to oneself, and the latter for the addressee and third persons, e.g. rorompok "(my own) house" vs. bumi "(your or someone else's) house" (the loma form is imah ). Similar systems of speech levels are found in Japanese , Korean and Thai . simkuring (formal) kuring (formal) kami (non-formal, expressing speaker's superiority) hidep (for younger) silaing anjeunna sim kuring sadayana (formal) haridep (for younger) hilap (for myself) calik (for myself) Other Austronesian languages (especially those in western Indonesia) commonly use reduplication to create plural forms. However, Sundanese inserts

520-623: The 16th century, Parahyangan was administered by the nobles and aristocrats of Cianjur , Sumedang , and Ciamis , centered in Sumedang Larang Kingdom . These princes claimed as the rightful heir and descendants of the Sunda kings lineage, King Siliwangi . Although the dominant power at that time was held by Banten and Cirebon Sultanates, the Sundanese aristocrats of Parahyangan highland enjoyed relatively internal freedom and autonomy. In 1617, Sultan Agung of Mataram launched

560-658: The Dutch started to exert more and more influence in the Western part of Java. Mataram finally ceded all control of Cheribon and regions to the south, including the Preanger region, in 1705. The eastern part of what would become this residency was at first ruled from Cirebon in a residency called the Cheribonsche Preanger Regentschappen , while the western parts were allowed to remain under

600-550: The Dutch, was the coffee grown in Preanger. In the early 20th century, Bandung grew into a significant settlement and a planned city. The pre-war Bandung was designed as the new capital of the Dutch East Indies, although World War II brought this plan to an end. After Indonesian independence, the Parahyangan is considered the romantic historical name for the mountainous region of West Java surrounding Bandung. The area of Parahyangan Tengah ( Central Parahyangan ) covers

640-656: The Rancaekek area, Bandung Regency , east of Bandung. The temple is estimated to be dated from the early 7th century CE, around the same period — or even earlier than the Dieng temples of Central Java. The oldest written historical reference to the Parahyangan region dates back to circa 14th century, found in Cikapundung inscription, where the region was one of the settlements within the Kingdom of Pajajaran . Parahyangan

680-495: The Stone Age era. Another popular Sundanese proverb and legend mentioned about the creation of Parahyangan highlands is: "When the hyangs (gods) were smiling, the land of Parahyangan was created". The train serving Jakarta and Bandung was called Kereta Api Parahyangan ( lit.   ' the Parahyangan train ' ). Since April 2010, it is merged with Argo Gede to become Argo Parahyangan. The Sundanese cultural area in

720-558: The Sundanese ethnics, speakers of this language have spread beyond the island of Java . For example, in Lampung , South Sumatra , Bengkulu , Riau , West Kalimantan , Southeast Sulawesi , and even outside the country of Indonesia, such as Taiwan , Japan , Australia , and other countries, a significant number of ethnic Sundanese live in areas outside the Pasundan . Sundanese has several dialects, conventionally described according to

760-582: The Sundanese language were written in the Old Sundanese script ( Aksara Sunda Kuno ). After the arrival of Islam, the Pegon script is also used, usually for religious purposes. The Latin script then began to be used after the arrival of Europeans. In modern times, most of Sundanese literature is written in Latin. Meanwhile, the regional governments of West Java and Banten have been actively promoting

800-703: The bathroom/toilet Preanger Regencies Residency Preanger Regencies Residency ( Dutch : Residentie Preanger-Regentschappen ), sometimes referred to as Preanger Residency and renamed Priangan Residency after 1931, was an administrative division ( residency ) of the Dutch East Indies located in Parahyangan , West Java which existed from 1817 to 1925. Its capital was in Cianjur until 1856 and thereafter in Bandung . The residency contained

840-719: The control of local princes. That situation remained until 1808, when Napoleonic governor Herman Willem Daendels reorganized the territory in a prefecture (the Batavian and Priangan Regencies) and connected it to Batavia via the Great Post Road . In 1818, after the short French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies , the territory was reestablished by the Dutch as the Preanger Regencies Residency. The residency as established in 1818 consisted of three major divisions: The capital of

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880-471: The following regencies ( kabupaten ), together with the independent cities of Bandung and Cimahi , which are geographically within these regencies although administratively independent. Other than central Parahyangan, there is also an area known as Parahyangan Timur ( Eastern Parahyangan ). Together with the independent cities of Tasikmalaya and Banjar , which are geographically within these regencies although administratively independent, this area covers

920-468: The letters p, b, t, d, k, g, c /t͡ʃ/ , j /d͡ʒ/ , h, ng ( /ŋ/ ), ny /ɲ/ , m, n, s /s/ , w, l, r /r~ɾ/ , and y /j/ . Other consonants that originally appear in Indonesian loanwords are mostly transferred into native consonants: f/v /f/ → p, sy /ʃ/ → s, z /z/ → j, and kh /x/ → h. Epenthetic semivowels /w/ and /j/ are inserted after a high vowel immediately followed by another vowel, as in

960-550: The locations of the people: The Priangan dialect, which covers the largest area where Sundanese people lives ( Parahyangan in Sundanese), is the most widely spoken type of Sundanese language, taught in elementary till senior-high schools (equivalent to twelfth-year school grade) in West Java and Banten Province. The language has been written in different writing systems throughout history. The earliest attested documents of

1000-482: The municipality of Bandung and the regencies ( regentschap ) of Bandoeng , Soemedang , Tasikmalaja , Tjiamis and Garoet . In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the area of Preanger ( Parahyangan ) had belonged to the Mataram Sultanate . In the late seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company allied itself with Mataram, but demanded territorial and trade concessions. During this time,

1040-494: The plural form of the adjective curiga (suspicious) is caruriga and not * caluriga , because the 'r' in the root occurs at the start of the following syllable. The prefix can be reduplicated to denote very- , or the plural of groups. For example, "b arar udak" denotes many, many children or many groups of children ( budak is child in Sundanese). Another example, "b alal ageur" denotes plural adjective of "very well-behaved". Most active forms of Sundanese verbs are identical to

1080-416: The port of Batavia and many other parts of Java, the Preanger was open for investment, exploitation, and business. Preanger Regencies Residency , which was founded in 1818, became an essential and productive plantation area during the Dutch East Indies era that produced coffee , tea , quinine , and many cash crops that benefited many wealthy Dutch plantation owners. The Java coffee , promoted worldwide by

1120-552: The regencies of: While in the west, the area known as Parahyangan Barat ( Western Parahyangan ) covers: The Western Parahyangan area is occasionally mentioned as Bogor Raya (Greater Bogor) if grouped with Bogor Regency and the City of Bogor . Sundanese language Sundanese ( / ˌ s ʌ n d ə ˈ n iː z / SUN -də- NEEZ ; endonym : basa Sunda , Sundanese script : ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ , Pegon script : بَاسَا سُوْندَا , pronounced [basa sunda] )

1160-458: The residency was transferred from Cianjur to Bandung in 1856, but the seat of the resident himself was not moved there until 1864. In 1866, Limbangan was also separated to be its own division with an Assistant Resident. During the early twentieth century, the residency had a number of Tea estates in its mountainous areas, as well as being a center of Tapioca flour production in the Indies. It

1200-420: The root, as with diuk "sit" or dahar "eat". Some others depend on the initial phoneme in the root: There are several words to negate a statement in Sundanese. These are also different by the polite ( lemes ) and casual ( loma ) registers, as well as dialect. In Priangan Sundanese, Polite negation is done by adding a henteu (the shorter form, teu is also commonly used) to negate most verbs (akin to adding

1240-417: The speaker is not going to do something) and alim (to show that the speaker does not want to do something). Other Sundanese dialects may have different ways to negate statements. There are a wide range of casual negation helper words. In Priangan Sundanese, this can be done with a number of words. The shorter version, can , is also commonly used especially in spoken speech. The word lain can be used as

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1280-408: The speech level has been narrowed to only two parts: basa hormat (respectful) and basa loma (fair). Besides that, the term was changed to " tatakrama basa " ( lit.   ' language manners ' ), although the substance remained the same. The hormat variant is a subtle language to respect, while the loma variant is fair, neutral and familiar use. This variety of loma language is then used as

1320-444: The use of Standard Sundanese script ( Aksara Sunda Baku ) in public places and on road signs. Although Pegon script is now mostly used in pesantrens (Islamic boarding schools) and Sundanese Islamic literature, it can still occasionally be seen in public places and on road signs in certain areas, such as Lembang and Tasikmalaya . Sundanese orthography is highly phonemic (see also Sundanese script ). There are seven vowels:

1360-588: The western part of Java can be divided into several parts, which consist of: The region has been home to early humans since the prehistoric era (at least since 9,500 BCE). There have been some prehistoric archaeological findings of early human settlements, in Pawon cave in the Padalarang karst area, West of Bandung, and around the old lake of Bandung . The ruins of the Bojongmenje temple were discovered in

1400-452: The words: Sundanese has an elaborate system of register distinguishing levels of formality. At the beginning of speech level development, it was known 6 levels of Sundanese language: basa kasar (rough), sedeng (medium), lemes (polite), lemes pisan (very polite), kasar pisan (very rough), and basa panengah (intermediate). But since the 1988 Congress of Sundanese Language in Bogor,

1440-577: Was also one of the earliest areas in the Indies to industrialize significantly. During this time, Bandung was also the location of the first university in the Indies and the place where a number of important printing presses were located, including the popular newspaper De Preangerbode . In 1915, Garut Regency was transferred from the Cheribon Residency to Preanger. In 1925, the four residencies of western Java were subdivided into nine new residencies. The former Preanger Regencies Residency

1480-458: Was broken up into three smaller residencies: West-Priangan , Midden-Priangan en Oost-Priangan . However, in 1931 they were reorganized once again, with parts of the former residency now being divided between Buitzenzorg Residency and the renamed Priangan Residency. Those borders were kept by the Japanese during their occupation of Java during World War II , and for a short time by

1520-461: Was gradually weakened later through a struggle for succession of Javanese princes and Dutch involvements in internal Mataram court affairs. To secure their positions, later Mataram kings had made significant concessions with the VOC and had given up many of its lands originally acquired by Sultan Agung, including the Parahyangan. Since the early 18th century, the Parahyangan was under Dutch rule. The area

1560-459: Was known as De Preanger during the Dutch colonial period. Its capital was initially located in Tjiandjoer (Cianjur) and later moved to Bandung which gradually developed into an important settlement. By the 19th century, the Dutch had established its hold over most of Java. Moreover, through the construction of Daendels ' Java Great Post Road that connected the Preanger plantation area with

1600-685: Was the state language in the kingdoms of Salakanagara , Tarumanagara , Sunda , Galuh , Pajajaran , and Sumedang Larang . During this period, Sundanese was heavily influenced by the Sanskrit language as seen in the Batu Tapak Kaki Kiri Nyoreang inscription at the time of King Purnawarman , using the Pallava script . Sundanese at that time was used in the fields of state, art, and daily life, many religious books were written in Sundanese and used Old Sundanese script such as

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