Parauaea ( Greek : Παραυαία ) was an ancient Greek territory in the region of Epirus . The inhabitants of the area, a Thesprotian Greek tribe, were known as Parauaioi ( Greek : Παραυαῖοι ; also Parauaei or Parauaeans ), which meant "those dwelling beside" the Aous river.
38-653: Due to the fact that Greek toponyms that preserve archaic features are very densely found in the wider area (Epirus, western and northern Thessaly and Pieria), it appears that speakers of the Proto-Greek language inhabited a region which included Parauaea before the Late Bronze Age migrations (late 3rd-early 2nd millennium BC). At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War (429 BC), the Parauaei under
76-469: A hypothetically closer relationship between Greek and Armenian , although evidence remains scant. According to Filos (2014), the emergence of Proto-Greek was a long and continuous linguistic evolution, as the predecessors of Greek speakers were migrating towards the outskirts of Greece, somewhere to the north(-west) of the Greek peninsula proper, where they eventually merged with pre-Greek populations to form
114-600: A West Greek (consisting of Doric and Northwest Greek) and an East Greek (consisting of Aeolic, Arcado-Cypriot, and Attic-Ionic) group. However, after the decipherment of the Linear B script, Walter Porzig and Ernst Risch argued for a division between a Northern (consisting of Doric, Northwest Greek, and Aeolic) and a Southern (consisting of Mycenaean, Arcado-Cypriot, and Attic-Ionic) group, which remains fundamental until today. During this period of c. 1700 BC , South Greek-speaking tribes spread to Boeotia, Attica, and
152-436: A closer link between the latter two branches, which can thus be unified to a " Graeco-Albanian " branch. Shared innovations include the first person singular mediopassive ending *-mai , and lexical innovations such as *ai̯ĝ- 'goat', dʰeh 1 s- 'god'. The word for " goat " is a remarkable common proto-form of non-Indo-European origin exclusively shared between Albanian, Armenian, and Greek. It could have been borrowed at
190-519: A distinct "Balkanic" (or "Paleo-Balkanic") Indo-European branch based on shared Indo-European morphological, lexical, and phonetic innovations, as well as shared lexical proto-forms from a common pre-Indo-European substratum. The Balkanic subgroup comprises three branches of modern and well-attested ancient languages, viz. Armenian, Graeco-Phrygian (= Greek + Phrygian) and "Illyric" (= Albanian + Messapian). Some scholars further propose that innovations exclusively shared by Greek and Albanian point to
228-528: A following aspirated consonant occurred in the same word. It was a relatively late change in Proto-Greek history, and must have occurred independently of the similar dissimilation of aspirates (also known as Grassmann's law ) in Indo-Iranian , although it may represent a common areal feature . The change may have even been post-Mycenaean: Greek is unique among Indo-European languages in reflecting
266-566: A geographical grouping of various Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Balkans and surrounding areas in ancient times . In antiquity, Dacian, Greek, Illyrian, Messapic, Paeonian, Phrygian and Thracian were the Paleo-Balkan languages which were attested in literature. They may have included other unattested languages. Paleo-Balkan studies are obscured by the scarce attestation of these languages outside of Ancient Greek and, to
304-399: A glide, *t͡sy , in the case of both original *t and original *tʰ . Either way, restored *t(ʰ)y would go on to merge via the second palatalization with the reflex of *k(ʰ)y , resulting in a distinct outcome from the *t͡s derived from the first palatalization. There may also have been restoration of *y after original *d in the same circumstances, but if so, it apparently merged with
342-547: A lesser extent, Messapic and Phrygian . Although linguists consider each of them to be a member of the Indo-European family of languages , the internal relationships are still debated. A Palaeo-Balkanic or Balkanic Indo-European branch has been proposed in recent research, comprising the Albanoid or Illyric ( Albanian - Messapic ), Armenian , and Graeco-Phrygian ( Hellenic - Phrygian ) subbranches. Regardless of
380-645: A post-Proto-Indo-European linguistic and geographic separation between the "Balkanic" group consisting of Albanian, Armenian, and Greek, and a group to the North of the Black Sea consisting of Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian. A remarkable PIE root that underwent in Albanian, Armenian, and Greek a common evolution and semantic shift in the post PIE period is PIE *mel-i(t)- 'honey', from which Albanian bletë , Armenian mełu , and Greek μέλισσα , 'bee' derived. However,
418-496: A pre-stage that was common to these languages from a pre-Indo-European substrate language that in turn had loaned the word from a third source, from which the pre-IE substrate of the proto-form that is shared between Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian could also have borrowed it. Hence it can be viewed as an old cultural word, which was slowly transmitted to two different pre-Indo-European substrate languages, and then independently adopted by two groups of Indo-European speakers, reflecting
SECTION 10
#1732775838949456-576: A region that included southwestern Illyria, Epirus, northwestern Thessaly and western Macedonia. Older theories like those of Vladimir I. Georgiev placed Proto-Greek in northwestern Greece and adjacent areas (approximately up to the Aulon river to the north), including Parauaea , Tymphaia , Athamania , Dolopia , Amphilochia , and Acarnania , as well as west and north Thessaly ( Histiaeotis , Perrhaibia , Tripolis ), and Pieria in Macedonia, during
494-523: A separate sound in Mycenaean) and geminated palatal consonants. Any aspiration was lost in the process. The palatalized consonants later simplified, mostly losing their palatal character. Palatalization occurred in two separate stages. The first stage affected only dental consonants, and the second stage affected all consonants. The first palatalization replaced post-PIE sequences of dental stop + *y with alveolar affricates: The affricate derived from
532-403: Is a matter of contention and uncertainty. The place of Paeonian remains unclear. Not much has been determined in the study of Paeonian, and some linguists do not recognize a Paeonian area separate from Illyrian or Thracian. Phrygian , on the other hand, is considered to have been most likely a close relative of Greek. The classification of Ancient Macedonian and its relationship to Greek
570-438: Is also proposed. The consensus now is that Illyrian was quite distinct from Venetic and Liburnian, but a close linguistic relation has not been ruled out and is still being investigated. Another hypothesis would group Illyrian with Dacian and Thracian into a Thraco-Illyrian branch, and a competing hypothesis would exclude Illyrian from a Daco-Thracian grouping in favor of Mysian . The classification of Thracian itself
608-463: Is also under investigation. Sources suggest that Macedonian is in fact a variation of Doric Greek , or alternatively a closely related sister language grouped together with Greek in a family called Hellenic . Armenian Greek Phrygian (extinct) Messapic (extinct) Albanian While "Paleo-Balkan" languages are conventionally understood as a linguistic areal grouping, in recent historical linguistic research scholars propose
646-543: Is the Indo-European language which was the last common ancestor of all varieties of Greek , including Mycenaean Greek , the subsequent ancient Greek dialects (i.e., Attic , Ionic , Aeolic , Doric , Arcadocypriot , and ancient Macedonian —either a dialect or a closely related Hellenic language ) and, ultimately, Koine , Byzantine and Modern Greek (along with its variants ). Proto-Greek speakers entered Greece sometime between 2200 and 1900 BC, with
684-497: The *d͡z that resulted from the first palatalization before leaving any visible trace. However, restoration is not evident in Mycenaean Greek , where the reflex of original *t(ʰ)y (which became a consonant transcribed as ⟨s⟩) is consistently written differently from the reflex of original *k(ʰ)y (which became a consonant transcribed as ⟨z⟩ via the second palatalization). The second palatalization took place following
722-533: The Late Neolithic . The boundaries are based on the high concentration of archaic Greek place-names in the region, in contrast to southern Greece which preserves many pre-Greek . Radoslav Katičić considered these findings highly significant, and agreed that due to the minimal traces of pre-Greek toponymy in the region, Epirus and western Thessaly must have formed the region of concentration of Proto-Greek speakers, before their spread southwards. However,
760-559: The Paleo-Balkan language area. A grouping of Messapian with Illyrian has been proposed for about a century, but remains an unproven hypothesis due to the fragmentary attestation of Illyrian. The theory is based on classical sources, archaeology , as well as onomastic considerations. Messapian material culture bears a number of similarities to Illyrian material culture. Some Messapian anthroponyms have close Illyrian equivalents. A grouping of Illyrian with Venetic and Liburnian , once spoken in northeastern Italy and Liburnia respectively,
798-670: The Peloponnese, while North Greek was spoken in Epirus, Thessaly, parts of Central Greece, and perhaps also Macedonia. Proto-Greek is reconstructed with the following phonemes: The primary sound changes separating Proto-Greek from the Proto-Indo-European language include the following. Major changes included: Grassmann's law was a process of dissimilation in words containing multiple aspirates. It caused an initial aspirated sound to lose its aspiration when
SECTION 20
#1732775838949836-458: The Proto-Greek language. A. L. Katona (2000) places the beginning of the migration from Ukraine towards the south c. 2400 – c. 2300 BC . Their proposed route of migration passed through Romania and the eastern Balkans to the Evros river valley from where their main body moved west. As such Katona as well as M.V Sakellariou agree that the main body of Greek speakers settled in
874-402: The arrival of Proto-Greek speakers into the Greek peninsula to 2200 BC, while Carl Blegen (1928) dates it to c. 1900 BC . Ivo Hajnal dates the beginning of the diversification of Proto-Greek into the subsequent Greek dialects to a point not significantly earlier than 1700 BC. The conventional division of the Greek dialects prior to 1955 differentiated them between
912-496: The cases may stem from an early insertion of /e/ next to a laryngeal not adjacent to a vowel in the Indo-European dialect ancestral to Greek (subsequently coloured to /e/ , /a/ , /o/ by the particular laryngeal in question) prior to the general merger of laryngeals: A laryngeal adjacent to a vowel develops along the same lines as other Indo-European languages: Consonants followed by consonantal *y were palatalized , producing various affricate consonants (still represented as
950-467: The context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, with the Armenian language , which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose
988-672: The dating of proto-Greek in Bronze Age Greece is compatible with the inherited lexicon from the common Proto-Indo-European language , which excludes any possibility of it being present in Neolithic Greece . In modern bibliography, models about the settlement and development of proto-Greek speakers in the Greek peninsula place it in the region at the earliest around 2200–2000 BC, during the Early Helladic III. Asko Parpola and Christian Carpelan (2005) date
1026-495: The diversification into a southern and a northern group beginning by approximately 1700 BC. Proto-Greek emerged from the diversification of the late Proto-Indo-European language (PIE); a process whose last phase gave rise to the later language families and occurred c. 2500 BC . Pre-Proto-Greek, the Indo-European dialect from which Proto-Greek originated, emerged c. 2400 – c. 2200 BC , in an area which bordered pre- Proto-Indo-Iranian to
1064-693: The east and pre- Proto-Armenian and pre-Proto- Phrygian to the west, at the eastern borders of southeastern Europe; according to the Kurgan hypothesis . Speakers of what would become Proto-Greek, migrated from their homeland (which could have been northeast of the Black Sea ), and reached Greece in a date set around the transition of the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Bronze Age. The evolution of Proto-Greek could be considered within
1102-463: The first palatalization of *ty and *tʰy merged with the outcome of the inherited clusters *ts , *ds and *tʰs , all becoming *t͡s . After the first palatalization changed *ty and *tʰy into *t͡s , the consonant *y was restored after original *t or *tʰ in morphologically transparent formations. The initial outcome of restoration may have been simply *ty and *tʰy , or alternatively, restoration may have yielded an affricate followed by
1140-497: The historical period. Paleo-Balkan languages Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Paleo-Balkan languages are
1178-514: The leadership of king Oroidos ( Greek : Ὄροιδος ) joined forced together with the nearby Orestae as allies of Sparta against Acarnania . That time they were more loosely associated with the adjacent tribes of the Molossians and the Atintanes . In 350 BC, Parauaea was incorporated into the Greek kingdom of Macedon by Phillip II as part of Upper Macedonia . Later in 294 BC, the area
Parauaea - Misplaced Pages Continue
1216-669: The name, there is no direct evidence to support the location for the hypothetical common ancestor of these languages in the Balkan peninsula itself. Τhe common stage between the Late Proto-Indo-European dialects of Pre-Albanian, Pre-Armenian, and Pre-Greek, is considered to have occurred in the Late Yamnaya period, after the westward migrations of Eary Yamnaya across the Pontic–Caspian steppe ; also remaining in
1254-536: The paucity of the available 'Illyrian' linguistic material and to the dual nature of its interpretation. Today, the only source of information about the Illyrian language consists of a handful of Illyrian words cited in classical sources, and numerous examples of Illyrian anthroponyms , ethnonyms , toponyms and hydronyms . Messapian was spoken on the Italian peninsula, but is generally regarded an offshoot from
1292-512: The resolution of syllabic laryngeals and sonorants, and prior to Grassmann's law. It affected all consonants followed by the palatal glide *y . The following table, based on American linguist Andrew Sihler , shows the outcomes of the second palatalization: Sihler reconstructs the palatalized stops (shown in the above table as *ť *ď ) with a degree of assibilation and transcribes them as *č *ǰ . The resulting palatal consonants and clusters of Proto-Greek were resolved in varying ways prior to
1330-429: The three different laryngeals with distinct vowels. Most Indo-European languages can be traced back to a dialectal variety of late Proto-Indo-European (PIE) in which all three laryngeals had merged (after colouring adjacent short /e/ vowels), but Greek clearly cannot. For that reason, Greek is extremely important in reconstructing PIE forms. Greek shows distinct reflexes of the laryngeals in various positions: All of
1368-745: The western steppe for a prolonged period of time, separated from the Indo-European dialects that later gave rise to the Corded Ware and Bell Beaker cultures in Europe. Due to the processes of Hellenization , Romanization and Slavicization in the Balkans, the only surviving representatives of the ancient languages of the region are Greek and Albanian. The Albanian language evolved from either Illyrian , often supported for obvious geographic and historical reasons as well as for some fragmentary linguistic evidence, or an unmentioned language that
1406-414: Was closely related to Illyrian and Messapic . Illyrian is a group of reputedly Indo-European languages whose relationship to other Indo-European languages as well as to the languages of the Paleo-Balkan group, many of which might be offshoots of Illyrian, is poorly understood due to the paucity of data and is still being examined. The centum or satem character of Illyrian is difficult to detect due to
1444-773: Was under the control of Pyrrhus of Epirus . In the 3rd century BC, they are described as a "Thesprotian nation/tribe" by Rhianus and by Stephanus of Byzantium (6th century AD) quoting Rhianus. Parauaea was among the northern Epirote tribal regions in antiquity. Proto-Greek language Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Proto-Greek language (also known as Proto-Hellenic )
#948051